共查询到16条相似文献，搜索用时 128 毫秒
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土石坝漫顶溃决往往在其下游产生巨大的洪水灾难,研究坝体溃决及洪水演进是防灾减灾的需要。对土石坝漫顶溃决过程现象、机理及其模拟的研究进展进行了综述。讨论了物理模型试验的尺度设计,总结了不同尺度、不同类型、不同条件溃坝试验的研究成果;按照参数模型、简化物理模型、精细物理模型,分类总结了漫顶溃坝数学模型研究进展;阐述了溃坝洪水演进方面的试验与模拟研究。在此基础上,对该研究领域今后的研究工作提出了若干展望,包括河道边界对溃坝过程及溃坝洪水传播过程的影响、非均质土石坝溃决机理、溃坝过程中挟沙水流冲蚀规律、溃坝下游河床的冲淤调整及泥沙分选、溃坝对水生态环境的冲击影响等。 相似文献
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对土石坝溃决模拟技术的最新研究成果进行了总结和评价,在此基础上对该研究领域今后的研究工作提出了若干建议,包括:应研究提出不同坝型溃决可能性分析评价方法;针对不同坝型开展溃坝离心模型试验,揭示在不同致灾因子作用下,土石坝溃决机理和溃口发展过程;开展土石坝初始管涌形成以后发展过程的试验研究,揭示孔流转变为堰流的控制条件;针对溃坝水流的流线曲率较大、溃坝水流大多是非恒定超临界流以及筑坝材料粒径级配范围变化大等特点,开展大型溃坝水工水力学模型试验,揭示不同坝型的溃口流量过程、泥沙输移及下游河道洪水演进规律。 相似文献
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大型天然土石坝的溃坝方式及环境效应分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
岷江上游分布有大量的古滑坡堵江形成的土石坝体。本文首先调查了扣山古滑坡堵江坝形成的地质环境和坝体的几何特征、溃口形态;然后采取坝体土石样品,进行了室内大型土工试验,考虑湖水、坝体渗流和岩土体的耦合作用,采用有限元进行了古滑坡堵江坝的稳定性分析,计算了溃坝洪水的最大洪流量及其洪水在下游的演化特征,认为该天然滑坡堵江坝的溃决方式为漫坝瞬时全溃,天然土石坝的溃决将对沿岸及下游地区的生态环境产生巨大的影响。 相似文献
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针对当前土石坝溃决机理试验研究中泥沙粒径取值偏小、各砂样粒径相差不大的现状,采用粒径对比明显的两组砂样进行了土石坝漫顶溃决试验.试验表明,在给定的较强的初始冲刷条件下,粗细两种颗粒坝体的溃决过程基本一致,均是以水流的下切侵蚀为主,在坝顶下缘位置有溯源冲刷现象出现.整个溃决过程可明显分为3个阶段,第1阶段为坝顶下缘处陡坎形成阶段;第2阶段为陡坎坍塌,冲刷加剧阶段;第3阶段为出现逆行沙垄的冲刷终止阶段.试验还发现,下游坝坡对溃决过程的影响比较显著,坝坡越陡,坝顶侵蚀速率越快,洪峰值越大.另外,由于粗颗粒抗冲刷性强,同等条件下粗颗粒坝体溃决洪水过程偏矮胖,洪峰值偏小,但是值得注意的是,相比于较大的颗粒粒径差距而言,其洪峰值的差异并不是太大. 相似文献
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溃坝洪水演进模拟的准确性是制约水库洪水预演有效性的关键。基于光滑粒子流体动力学(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics, SPH)方法提出了适用于溃坝洪水演进分析的数值模拟方法。通过设置溃口粒子与粒子库,基于黎曼不变量对SPH粒子状态进行修正,构建施加边界条件的改进SPH溃坝洪水演进模型,将SPH瞬时全溃整体模型转换为考虑溃口水流变化的入流边界模型,实现SPH方法与溃口计算模型的耦合。以Malpasset溃坝事件为例,检验了该模型计算溃坝洪水的精度,结果表明该模型精度相对较高,与实测值吻合较好;应用该模型模拟了某水库溃坝洪水演进预演过程,评估其对下游输水干渠及交叉建筑物排水倒虹吸的洪水冲击风险,结果表明在上游水库遭遇超标准洪水漫顶溃坝工况下,洪水演进至排水倒虹吸处的最大洪水位未超过校核洪水位。改进SPH模型精度高,可靠性强,与溃口计算模型耦合性好,可作为溃坝洪水演进模拟的通用手段之一。 相似文献
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滑坡堰塞坝作为结构松散的堆积物,随着上游水位的不断上涨,其稳定性不断降低,并存在突然溃坝的风险。以唐家山滑坡堰塞坝为研究对象,基于相似原理,开展符合坝体颗粒级配的室内水槽物理模型实验,模拟了不同坝后蓄水量、不同水位和不同颗粒物质组成条件下坝体渗流、漫顶破坏的整个过程。监测结果显示：堰塞坝漫顶溃坝主要分为渗流、漫顶、冲刷和溃决4个过程;坝体堆积颗粒级配越差,坝体允许渗流坡降越小;相同材料配比的坝体,上游水位相同时,坝体底部水平位移最大,且漫顶溃坝时溃口尺寸与蓄水量正相关。该研究结果揭示了堰塞坝漫顶破坏规律,可为堰塞坝溃坝防治提供理论参考。 相似文献
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黄河下游主槽两侧修建的生产堤通常仅能抵御中小洪水,用于保护滩区农田与村庄安全;当遭遇大洪水引发生产堤溃决时,漫滩洪水会严重威胁滩区群众的生命财产安全。当前研究溃堤洪水的传播过程与演进机理多采用数值模拟,而原型观测及模型试验成果十分有限。通过溃堤漫滩洪水的概化模型试验,模拟了生产堤溃决后主槽内的水位变化及不同程度漫滩洪水的传播过程。试验结果表明:(1)溃堤后漫滩水流以涨水波的形式向滩区迅速传播,主槽内水位具有先降低,然后维持稳定,再升高,最后趋于稳定的变化过程,且溃口上、下游水位变化速率不同;滩区水位总体表现为持续升高,最后趋于稳定的趋势。(2)漫滩洪水波的波前到达时间主要与滩区地形及距溃口的距离有关,波前首先以溃口为中心呈近似对称式椭圆形分布,而后转变为非对称分布;溃堤水流在滩区传播过程中伴有水跃发生,水跃发生的位置由距溃口较远处逐渐趋向溃口位置。(3)溃口流量与溃口内外水位差直接相关,呈先减小、然后维持稳定、再减小最后为0的变化特性。研究成果不仅可以提升对溃堤洪水在滩区演进规律的认识,丰富溃堤洪水动力学理论,还可为数学模型验证提供实测资料。 相似文献
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堤防溃决时溃口附近水流形态及溃决流量变化过程的正确描述是指导溃口堵复及时避险、预测溃堤洪水演进并进一步评估淹没损失的前提条件.通过弯道水槽中的概化模型试验,根据无粘性土堤防漫顶溃决的溃口变化和水流运动特征,将无粘性土堤防溃决过程分为漫流、冲槽、展宽及稳定4个阶段.试验系统研究了堤防溃决后河道以及溃口附近水位的变化过程,研究了河道洪水流量、洪水位和筑堤材料对溃口处水位的影响.基于大量的试验资料,进一步归纳总结出溃决流量与溃口口门宽度及溃口处水头变化之间的关系. 相似文献
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《地下水》2016,(5)
三河口水利枢纽工程导流标准为10 a一遇,相应的上游围堰采用土石围堰,10 a一遇设计标准,在施工期挡水运行。子午河为季节性河流,夏季易发生暴雨,具有历时短,强度大的特点,如发生超标洪水,存在溃决的风险,溃决洪水具有历时段、洪峰流量大的特点,对上游围堰以下河段分布的部分城镇带来一定影响。根据围堰的坝体的材料和特点,拟定溃决方式为逐渐溃决进行溃坝洪水计算,根据河道特性进行沿程洪水演进分析,结合演进分析对下游村镇洪泛区进行普查,根据溃坝洪水对下游群众的生命安全是否造成灾害确定溃坝洪水范围。通过对该工程溃坝洪水风险分析,如发生溃坝,会对下游的城镇和群众造成一定的损失和影响,并提出加强水情测报、保证工程质量以及下游群众撤离方案等防止和减小溃坝影响的措施,同时建议应将围堰工程溃坝影响分析纳入施工专业导截流方案比选的一个条件。 相似文献
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Landslide dam failure can trigger catastrophic flooding in the downstream. However, field observation of such flooding is
rarely available, while laboratory experimental studies are sparse. The mechanism of landslide dam failure and the flood has
so far remained insufficiently understood. Here, we present an experimental investigation of landslide dam failure and the
flood. A total of 28 runs of experiments are carried out in a flume of 80 m × 1.2 m × 0.8 m, with differing inflow discharge,
dam composition, dam geometry, and initial breach dimension. An array of twelve automatic water-level probes is deployed to
measure the stage hydrographs along the flume, and the video recording of the dam failure processes facilitates an estimation
of the widening of initial breach. Under the present experimental conditions with dams composed of homogeneous materials,
landslide dam failure is primarily caused by erosion of overtopping flow, and lateral mass collapse is also considerable during
the cause of breach widening. Cohesive clay may act to mitigate the seepage through the dam and thus its subsidence and appreciably
modulate the dam failure process and the flood. However, the impacts of clay may be readily overwhelmed by a large inflow
discharge and initial breach. Gravels in the dam may appreciably depress the rate of the dam failure process and thus modify
the flood. The present work provides new experimental data set for testing mathematical models of the flood flow due to landslide
dam failure. 相似文献
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The standard procedure in Quebec, Canada, for evaluating the failure of an embankment dam, per the Loi sur la sécurité des barrages, specifies a 30-min-long failure scenario with a breach width equal to four times the maximal height of the dam. We demonstrate a new method for evaluating the flood overtopping failure scenario for embankment dams with concrete upstream slope protection, using Toulnustouc dam for example computations. Our new methodology computes safety factors for a range of potential failure mechanisms taking into account geotechnical, hydraulic, and structural factors. We compile the results of our investigations of the various dam failure mechanisms and compare the corresponding dam failure hydrographs to the current hydrograph specified in the standard analysis procedures. Our investigations tend to invalidate the current standard procedures for evaluating the failure of rock-fill dams with concrete upstream faces, by indicating that the current standard procedures underestimate the peak failure discharge and overestimate the time to the peak discharge. 相似文献
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The Usoi dam was created in the winter of 1911 after an enormous seismogenic rock slide completely blocked the valley of the
Bartang River in the Pamir Mountains of southeastern Tajikistan. At present the dam impounds 17 million cubic meters of water
in Lake Sarez. Flood volume and discharge estimates were made for several landslide generated floods that could overtop the
dam. For landslide volumes of 200, 500, and 1,000 million cubic meters, estimated overtopping flood volumes were 2, 22, and
87 million cubic meters of water, respectively. Estimated peak discharge at the dam for these three flood scenarios were 57,000,
490,000, and 1,580,000 m3/s, based on triangular hydrographs of 70-, 90-, and 110-s durations, respectively. Flood-routing simulations were made for
the three landslide-induced overtopping floods over a 530-km reach of the Bartang and Panj Rivers below the Usoi dam. A one-dimensional
flow model using a Riemann numerical solution technique was selected for the analysis. For the 87 million cubic meter volume
overtopping flood scenario, the peak flows were approximately 1, 100, 800, and 550 m3/s at locations 50, 100, and 150 km downstream of the dam respectively. 相似文献
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当前极端气候频发,溃坝事件时有发生,提出一种超标准洪水条件下快速判别土石坝安全性的方法对于提升中国防洪决策水平、提高抗洪抢险能力具有重要的意义。然而,由于坝体结构复杂,不确定因素众多,超标准条件下快速判断土石坝安全性具有非常大的难度。借鉴堰塞湖天然坝安全性判别的研究方法,将判别分析法应用于超标准洪水条件下土石坝的安全性快速判别分析,结果证明,该套思路是可行的。从各坝体安全性判别分析方法的预测结果来看,判别分析法和IDB指标判别方法具有较高的判别正确率,两种判别方法正确率均达到90.0%,优于其它简单指标判别方法。 相似文献
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The problem of dam safety is one of the most important research topics of water conservancy projects, and many researchers pay much attention to study the risk of earth dam overtopping. This paper synthesizes in the definition of risk the probabilities of dam failure and the corresponding losses, including the probability estimation, losses evaluation and criteria exploring risk approaches. Then, a comprehensive risk assessment system of dam flood overtopping is established, which is widely applicable. Gate failure, randomness of flood, initial water level and time-varying effects are incorporated in the failure probability model. Many complex factors are simplified in losses estimation. In addition, thresholds of various types of losses are proposed and are adapted to the national conditions. The methodology is applied to the Lianghekou hydropower station in China to illustrate the assessment process of flood overtopping risk and to evaluate its safe loophole with a view to the failure of spillway gates. Monte Carlo simulation and JC method programs are adopted to solve the model based on MATLAB tools and DELPHI. The results show that the losses pose significant impact on the risk assessment and should be considered in the assessment of risk. Probability calculation and loss estimation could be well combined with standards, providing a basis for risk management and decision-making. 相似文献