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冷泉流体沉积碳酸盐岩的地质地球化学特征 总被引：39，自引：3，他引：36
冷泉流体是指来自海底沉积界面之下的低温流体以喷涌和渗漏方式注入盆地, 并产生系列的物理和化学及生物作用, 这种作用及产物称为冷泉?它是继洋中脊以盆下源中高温流体的热泉被发现和研究之后的又一个新的盆地流体沉积领域?日前研究较多的是以水? 碳氢化合物 (天然气和石油) ? 硫化氢? 细粒沉积物为主要成分, 温度与海水相近的流体, 广泛发育于活动和被动大陆边缘斜坡海底?冷泉流体沉积体系发育高密度的化学自养生物群, 以碳酸盐岩和天然气水合物为主, 有少量的硫化物和硫酸盐等?冷泉碳酸盐岩的产状有丘? 结核? 硬底? 烟囱? 胶结物和小脉等, 以化学自养生物碎屑和多期次的自生碳酸盐胶结物组成的生物丘最为常见, 它在物质来源? 形成环境? 形成作用等方面与传统来源于海水碳的碳酸盐岩建隆不同, 用术语 C h e r m o h e r m 表示, 以区别于传统海水碳酸盐岩建隆术语b i o h e r m s ? l i t h o h e r m s ? p s e u d o b i o h e r m s 和 b i o s t r o m e s ?地层中石化的化学自养生物丘常是含有大量底栖生物化石的碳酸盐岩建隆产于深水相沉积地层中, 在沉积环境和相分析上出现纵向和横向的不连续, 甚至出现反常现象?矿物以镁方解石? 白云石和文石为主, 与传统的碳酸盐岩相似, 在地球化学组成上最大的区别是冷泉流体沉积碳酸盐岩的碳来源于冷泉体系中的细菌生物成因碳, 具有特别负的碳同位素值?冷泉在海底主要沿构造带和高渗透地层呈线性群, 或围绕泥火山或盐底劈顶部呈圆形或不规则状冷泉群分布,或以海底地形低凹处和峡谷转向处呈孤立冷泉形式产出?冷泉流体以沉积建造流体为主?上覆快速堆积? 成岩压实和胶结作用? 构造挤压和变形作用? 深部的后生作用和成岩作用? 海底沉积物中的天然气水合物分解作用是建造流体向上运移进入海底成为冷泉的驱动力?冷泉碳酸盐岩的沉积作用主要有胶结作用? 充填作用和生物化学沉积作用?冷泉流体中的碳主要是以甲烷为主的碳氢化合物形式存在, 经微生物作用转变为 C O2 ,最终形成冷泉碳酸盐岩? 相似文献
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《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2015,(Z1)
<正>海底冷泉是指来自海底沉积地层的气体以喷涌或渗漏的方式注入海洋中的一种海洋地质现象[1]。冷泉沉积物一般由碳酸盐和硫化物组成,这些自生矿物一方面将渗漏甲烷和海水中的硫转化并固定在海底沉积物中,显著地调控着全球甲烷收支平衡;另一方面,几乎所有的天然气水合物产地均发现有自生碳酸盐和硫化物的存在。因此,自生碳酸盐和硫化物对下伏天然气水合物具有指示作用,是天然气水合物赋存的地球化学找矿标志和含甲烷冷泉流体渗漏的地球化学标志[2]。自生碳酸盐和硫化物的形成与甲烷 相似文献
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海底可视技术是一种可以直观地对海底地形地貌、表层沉积物类型、生物群落等进行实时观察的调查手段。本文介绍了海底摄像、电视抓斗、深拖系统和ROV四种海底可视技术，并对海底可视技术在南海北部陆坡天然气水合物勘查中的应用进行阐述。利用海底可视技术，在南海北部陆坡发现了天然气水合物气体“冷泉”喷溢形成的自生碳酸盐岩和活动于天然气水合物冷喷溢口或渗流口周围的菌席、双壳类、管状蠕虫等化能自养生物群，圈定出该陆坡由天然气水合物气体“冷泉”喷溢形成的巨型碳酸盐岩面积达430km^2。 相似文献
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南海北部神狐海区的自生碳酸盐岩烟囱——海底富烃流体活动的记录 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
大陆边缘海的流体喷流活动或水合物分解都会导致自生碳酸盐岩的形成。南海北部神狐海区出现的自生碳酸盐岩主要为烟囱状，以铁白云石、文石、方解石碳酸盐矿物为主；稳定同位素研究显示，烟囱的δ^13CPDB值在-40．18‰～-38．69‰、δ^18OPDB值在3．75‰～4．31‰之间变化，显示了导源于甲烷厌氧氧化作用的特征，是海底富含甲烷的流体活动的最终产物。持续或间断的流体喷流活动，使神狐海区碳酸盐岩烟囱发生单阶段或多阶段沉淀。 相似文献
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海底天然气渗漏系统微生物作用及冷泉碳酸盐岩的特征 总被引：18，自引：3，他引：18
海底天然气渗漏系统是全球海洋环境中广泛分布的自然现象。部分渗漏天然气通过细菌作用转变为二氧化碳,同时海水硫酸盐被还原为硫化氢, 与孔隙水中的钙和铁结合而沉淀冷泉碳酸盐岩。冷泉碳酸盐岩的常见矿物有微晶方解石、文石、白云石和黄铁矿。冷泉碳酸盐岩常发育一些特殊的组构, 如黄铁矿环带结核、溶蚀面、平底晶洞、凝块和向下生长的叠层石组构等。碳酸盐岩特别负的δ13C值指示碳来源于生物成因的甲烷, 而18O富集可能与天然气水合物的分解有关。冷泉碳酸盐岩中黄铁矿的δ34S值低于海水的, 这指示硫来源于微生物还原的海水硫。冷泉碳酸盐岩中的生物标志化合物及其极负的δ13C值指示微生物的生命代谢活动。 相似文献
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南海北部深海甲烷冷泉自生碳酸盐岩显微结构特征与流体活动关系初探 总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3
对2002年"海洋四号"在南海北部深水冷泉活动区水深约3000m海底获得的1块自生碳酸盐岩展开了岩石学、地球化学和显微结构的分析研究。结果表明,该HD-83站位岩石样品为有多孔不规则块体,属于与扩散流有关的冷泉自生碳酸盐岩。其自生碳酸盐矿物成分为镁方解石或文石,含量达全岩的17%。全岩碳同位素值δ13C为-61.403‰,氧同位素值δ18O为3.5606‰,属于甲烷冷泉喷口成因自生碳酸盐岩,甲烷来源以微生物成因为主。该岩石显微结构有泡孔状、充填通道、不规则裂隙、虫孔边缘加厚4种主要类型。通过对比,推知这些显微结构可能与甲烷分解排气释放或流体逃逸通道有关。本研究注意到在岩石的裂隙或孔道中菌丝体普遍存在,可能属于菌席的组成份子,依靠通道内流体进行化能合成。 相似文献
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黔东北地区南华系大塘坡组冷泉碳酸盐岩及其意义 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4
黔东北及毗邻地区新元古界南华系下统铁丝坳组冰碛层(相当于Sturtian冰期) 之上, 大塘坡组的底部分布一套黑色岩系.在一系列同期形成的断陷盆地近中心区域, 黑色岩系下部主要由菱锰矿、白云岩等碳酸盐岩组成.通过对该地区出露的这套碳酸盐岩的野外地质构造、矿物成分、碳、氧、硫稳定同位素特征的研究, 发现除碳稳定同位素表现出强烈的负偏移外, 硫同位素值表现出明显的正偏移, 还发现了大量气孔状构造和泥火山、底辟等典型构造.其特征与现代海底天然气水合物的渗漏、释放和环境突变所形成的冷泉碳酸盐岩机理一致, 进而认为这套碳酸盐岩成因是新元古界古海洋的海底天然气水合物渗漏所形成的冷泉碳酸盐岩沉积.该成果拓展了海底天然气水合物研究领域和时空范围, 对其所导致的成岩成矿作用、环境评价的分析研究提供了新思路. 相似文献
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海底冷泉在旁扫声纳图像上的识别 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
海底冷泉是指来自海底沉积地层(或更深)的气体以喷涌或渗漏的方式注入海洋中的一种海洋地质现象,它普遍发育于主动大陆边缘和被动大陆边缘。海底冷泉研究在天然气水合物、全球气候变化、极端生物群落等研究方面都具有重要意义。利用实测的海上资料,通过分析水体声学剖面上的冷泉气柱、旁扫声纳图像上的亮斑异常以及柱状沉积物样品中天然气水合物等的对应关系,指出旁扫声纳图像上出现的亮斑异常是海底冷泉喷逸的指示。海底冷泉逸出的大量气泡遮蔽海底,从而形成一个强波阻抗界面,这个强波阻抗界面在旁扫声纳图像上形成亮斑异常。通过亮斑异常,可以判定海底冷泉的存在。旁扫声纳可以成为海底冷泉探测的有力方法。 相似文献
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2015年3月"海马"号遥控无人潜水器(ROV)在南海北部陆坡西部海域首次发现活动冷泉,并命名为"海马"冷泉,此后中国地质调查局广州海洋地质调查局先后组织了3个航次,对"海马"冷泉开展进一步勘查和研究。本次研究在综合分析4个航次调查数据的基础上,初步阐述"海马"冷泉的分布范围、地形地貌、生物群落、自生碳酸盐岩和流体活动等特征。总体而言,"海马"冷泉区地势平缓,气体渗漏现象非常发育,是以CH4为主要气体渗漏形成的活动冷泉区,且气体渗漏活动具有时空迁移性。气体碳同位素组成表明,海马冷泉区的CH4为混合成因气,且以微生物成因为主;"海马"冷泉区发育有多种类型的化能自养冷泉生物群落,冷泉区种类丰富,目前已报道了多个冷泉生物新种。这些发现为研究南海北部陆坡西部海域天然气水合物分解及其环境效应、冷泉生物生命起源与演化和南海与印度洋及太平洋物种迁移贯通等科学问题提供重要依据。 相似文献
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Biogeochemical controls on authigenic carbonate formation at the Chapopote “asphalt volcano”, Bay of Campeche 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Thomas H. Naehr Daniel Birgel Gerhard Bohrmann Ian R. MacDonald Sabine Kasten 《Chemical Geology》2009,266(3-4):399-411
The Campeche Knolls in the Bay of Campeche, southern Gulf of Mexico, were investigated through detailed seafloor mapping, ROV surveys, and sediment and pore water sampling. The knolls are elongated, submarine hills created by salt tectonics with a positive relief of up to 800 m above the surrounding seafloor. Several of the knolls are associated with sea-surface oil slicks identified from satellite data, indicating the presence of hydrocarbon seeps on the seafloor. One of the knolls, named “Chapopote”, was studied in detail during two international research expeditions (SO174/2 and M67/2) and is characterized by extensive hydrocarbon seepage including large asphalt flows, oil and gas seeps, and seafloor gas hydrate deposits. Chemosymbiotic biological communities and authigenic carbonate deposits are associated with the seeps and are the result of both biogeochemical turnover and the interaction between downward-diffusing seawater and hydrocarbon-rich pore fluids at shallow sediment depth. Authigenic carbonates are characterized by aragonite, exhibit a porous texture, and are cemented by a matrix of microsparitic to sparitic aragonite. Macropores of the carbonates were completely filled with liquid oil. Carbonate microfabrics include peloidal or clotted fabrics that may indicate the existence of microenvironments resulting from microbial metabolism. Banded/botryoidal aragonite cements line the intra- and bioclasts and incompletely fill the pore spaces. The stable carbon isotopic composition of authigenic aragonite varies between − 28.6‰ and − 17.9‰ (PDB), identifying oil oxidation as the primary source of carbon to the DIC pool, while lipid biomarker data demonstrate the concurrent existence of microbial communities responsible for anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). These observations indicate the presence of additional, AOM-independent reactions responsible for carbon sequestration at hydrocarbon seeps and demonstrate the complexity of biogeochemical processes at seep sites in the Gulf of Mexico basin. Oxygen isotope data of authigenic aragonite vary from + 2.5‰ to + 3.8‰ (PDB), indicating carbonate precipitation in slight disequilibrium with the surrounding pore fluids. 相似文献
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Sources of fluids and gases expelled at cold seeps offshore Georgia, eastern Black Sea 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Anja Reitz Thomas Pape Mark Schmidt Florian Scholz Giovanni Aloisi Stephan M. Weise 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(11):3250-46
Four seep sites located within an ∼20 km2 area offshore Georgia (Batumi seep area, Pechori Mound, Iberia Mound, and Colkheti Seep) show characteristic differences with respect to element concentrations, and oxygen, hydrogen, strontium, and chlorine isotope signatures in pore waters, as well as impregnation of sediments with petroleum and hydrocarbon potential. All seep sites have active gas seepage, near surface authigenic carbonates and gas hydrates. Cokheti Seep, Iberia Mound, and Pechori Mound are characterized by oil-stained sediments and gas seepage decoupled from deep fluid advection and bottom water intrusion induced by gas bubble release. Pechori Mound is further characterized by deep fluid advection of lower salinity pore fluids. The Pechori Mound pore fluids are altered by mineral/water reactions at elevated temperatures (between 60 and 110 °C) indicated by heavier oxygen and lighter chlorine isotope values, distinct Li and B enrichment, and K depletion. Strontium isotope ratios indicate that fluids originate from late Oligocene strata. This finding is supported by the occurrence of hydrocarbon impregnations within the sediments. Furthermore, light hydrocarbons and high molecular weight impregnates indicate a predominant thermogenic origin for the gas and oil at Pechori Mound, Iberia Mound, and Colkheti Seep. C15+ hydrocarbons at the oil seeps are allochtonous, whereas those at the Batumi seep area are autochthonous. The presence of oleanane, an angiosperm biomarker, suggests that the hydrocarbon source rocks belong to the Maikopian Formation. In summary, all investigated seep sites show a high hydrocarbon potential and hydrocarbons of Iberia Mound, Colkheti Seep, and Pechori Mound are predominantly of thermogenic origin. However, only at the latter seep site advection of deep pore fluids is indicated. 相似文献
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《China Geology》2020,3(1):16-27
Bottom simulating reflector (BSR) has been recognized as one of the indicators of gas hydrates. However, BSR and hydrate are not one-to-one correspondence. In the Xisha area of South China Sea (SCS), carbonate rocks wildly develop, which continuously distribute parallel to the seafloor with high amplitude on seismic sections, exhibiting reflections similar to BSRs in the Shenhu area nearby. This phenomenon causes some interference to hydrates identification. In this paper, the authors discussed the typical geophysical differences between carbonate rocks and hydrates, indicating that the main difference exists in relationship between porosity and velocity, causing different amplitude versus offset (AVO) characters. Then the authors proposed a new model assuming that the carbonates form the matrix and the hydrate fill the pore as a part of the matrix. The key modeling parameters have been optimized constrained by P-velocities and S-velocities simultaneously, and the model works well both for carbonate rock and gas hydrate bearing sediments. For quantitative identification, the authors calculated the velocities when carbonates and hydrates form the matrix together in different proportions. Then they proposed a carbonate and hydrate identification template (CHIT), in which the possible hydrate saturation (PHS) and possible carbonate content (PCC) can be both scaled out for a group of sample composed by P-velocity and S-velocity. If PHS is far larger than PCC, it is more likely to be a hydrate sample because carbonates and hydrates do not coexist normally. The real data application shows that the template can effectively distinguish between hydrates and carbonate rocks, consequently reducing the risk of hydrate exploration. 相似文献
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海底天然气渗漏系统演化特征及对形成水合物的影响 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
通过天然气沉淀水合物的动力学模拟计算,研究了墨西哥湾GC185区BushHill海底天然气渗漏系统的演化特征及对水合物沉淀的影响。渗漏早期,天然气渗漏速度大(q>18.4kg/m2-a),海底沉积以泥火山为主,渗漏天然气具有与气源天然气几乎一致的组成,形成的水合物具有最重的天然气成分。渗漏晚期,天然气渗漏速度很慢(q<0.55kg/m2-a),在海底附近没有水合物沉淀,主要以冷泉碳酸盐岩发育为主,水合物产于海底之下一定深度的沉积层中。介于二者间的渗漏中期(q:0.55～18.4kg/m2-a),海底发育水合物、自养生物群为特征,渗漏速度控制了水合物和渗漏天然气的组成及沉淀水合物的天然气比例。BushHill渗漏系统近10年的深潜重复采样显示,渗漏天然气和水合物天然气的化学组成在时空上是多变的,相对应的渗漏速度在时间上的变化约为3倍,在空间上的变化近2个数量级。 相似文献
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Shuhong Wang Wen Yan Vitor H. Magalhães Zhong Chen Luis M. Pinheiro Nikolaus Gussone 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(5):2087-2094
This paper carried out mineral and geochemical studies on a profile through a diagenetic methane-derived authigenic carbonate sample that was collected from southwestern Dongsha area of the northern South China Sea. Five samples locating in the cross-sectional middle mainly consist of dolomite and quartz, and two samples close to the surface have a small amount of Mg-calcite. The δ13C values of the samples vary between ?30.59 and ?0.30 % VPDB, with δ18O values ranging from 3.07 to 3.59 % VPDB, δ44/40Ca values ranging from 1.35 to 1.47 % SRM915a, indicating a contribution of methane to the carbon pool where the precipitation of authigenic carbonates occurred. Based on the isotope values alone, it can not be distinguished if the carbon source is thermogenic gas or a mixture of biogenic methane and marine dissolved inorganic carbon. The δ18O values are in general consistent with dolomite precipitation from a fluid similar to present seawater. The observed small variation might be related to the oxygen isotope composition of seep fluid. The relative small range in calcium isotope values suggests that relatively constant growth conditions and precipitation from seawater. The central part of the carbonate nodule formed under the strong influence of methane seepage, and the external part is less influenced by methane, either due to reduced methane flux to the surface or caused by erosional exhumation of the carbonate nodule from greater depth to the sediment surface. 相似文献