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1.
大陆中部地壳应变局部化与应变弱化 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
大陆岩石圈流变学研究是构造地质学学科发展的必然,也是发展板块构造理论、探索大陆板块内部变形与动力学演化的核心问题。大陆中部地壳是大陆岩石圈中一个具有特殊性的圈层,其主要成分以花岗质岩石为代表,位于岩石脆-韧性转变域。在中部地壳层次上,岩石既具有脆性变形特点,又具有韧性变形属性,而且常常表现出多种流变强度。研究成果显示,中部地壳岩石流变具有许多特殊性:1)应变局部化是中部地壳流动最为典型表现形式;2)存在大陆地壳多震层:多震与强震,显示出中部地壳既弱又强的流变学属性;3)液/岩反应强烈,流体相直接影响着岩石的流变性;4)在许多地区存在有地球物理异常体(低速高导体)。大陆中部地壳应变局部化是板块相互作用过程中地壳层次上应变积累与集中的重要表现。在宏观尺度、中小型尺度和微观尺度上都有着重要的构造特点。地壳岩石的应变弱化,是诱发应变局部化的主要机制。多种形式的水致弱化(包括液压致裂、反应弱化、水解弱化等)与结构弱化(包括细粒化、晶格取向、成分分带性等)对于应变局部化具有重要的贡献。大陆地壳岩石流变学、中部地壳弱化与应变局部化研究,是未来岩石圈流变学研究的重要方向。 相似文献
2.
超越板块构造——我国构造地质学要做些什么? 总被引：25，自引：1，他引：24
对近十年来全球构造学和构造地质学的重要进展进行了简要评述.30年前建立的全球构造理论改变了人们对地球及其演化的认识.作为固体地球统一理论的板块构造主要涉及刚性板块边界之间的变形、地震活动和火山作用.至今还没有完整理论阐明板块运动的驱动力和地幔对流机制.板块边界和板内变形等许多问题仍然无法回答.大陆岩石圈和大洋岩石圈在成分、厚度和力学强度方面有明显的差别, 因此现有板块构造不完全适合于大陆构造.大陆地壳和地幔流变学的综合研究是认识大陆构造和超越板块构造的最佳途径.流变学是大陆造山带几何学和动力学的桥梁.大陆岩石圈对构造作用、重力作用和热作用的响应在很大程度上取决于其流变强度.岩石圈流变性质是岩石圈分层和塑性流动的主导因素.大量透入性变形和巨型大陆造山带内部构造显示非刚性特征.大陆构造和力学行为主要由地壳强度而不是地幔强度所控制.从大陆岩石圈多层性和力学强度不均匀性表征看, 现在是抛弃传统“三明治”构造模式的时候了.面对地球系统科学和地球动力学新思维发展趋势, 多学科综合研究大陆构造(造山带)和加速高水平构造地质学人才的培养是我国构造地质学发展的最紧迫任务 相似文献
3.
大陆内部变形在很大程度受制于大陆岩石圈流变侧向不均一性,而温度(地热梯度)是影响地壳和地幔岩石流变性质的主导因素。由热引起的地壳/地幔岩石材料的热弱化是弱化的主要途径,为陆内变形准备了物质条件。在构造外力(板块相关的或非相关的)的作用下,这些受到热弱化的岩石材料极易发生变形,导致岩石圈内部的造山带和变形带的形成。文章试图在广泛的国内外文献搜集和综合分析基础上,介绍由生热元素(heat producing elements)聚集产生的地壳/地幔(岩石)热弱化以及随后地幔下降流构造力作用造成的大陆内部应变局部化和陆内构造变形。这些地幔下降流是由大陆岩石圈地幔重力(瑞利 泰勒型)不稳定性发育引起的。 相似文献
4.
板内造山作用与成矿 总被引：14，自引：3，他引：14
中国大陆广泛分布强烈的板内变形和造山作用,传统的板块构造理论常常将其解释为板块边缘汇聚力的远程效应。然而,中国大陆的板内造山作用与汇聚板块边界之间缺乏可预期的动力学联系,不能简单地解释为大陆碰撞或板块俯冲的远程效应。本文提出另一种可供选择的解释,认为板内变形主要取决于岩石圈不均一性。相邻的板块拼合在一起形成统一板块之后,区域地质演化进入板内阶段。板块碰撞导致的岩石圈不均一性和重力不稳定性可以触发强烈的板内变形甚至造山作用,其延迟时间的长短取决于岩石圈不稳定性的程度和地球深部的热扰动。与板缘造山带相比,板内造山作用缺少板块俯冲-碰撞过程,板内造山带的演化历史相对简单,通常是以岩石圈拆沉作用开始,以地壳的垂向增生为特征,最后以岩石圈拆沉作用结束或形成重力不稳定岩石圈。因此,板内造山作用一般沿着古造山带发育。古造山带岩石圈结构低成熟度的特点不仅是岩石圈不稳定性的主要原因之一,而且由于挥发分和含矿元素的富集在活化过程中具有很强的成矿潜力。板内造山带的成矿作用依赖于深埋在岩石圈-软流圈系统不同深度水平上含矿流体的突然释放,主要发生在造山作用初始阶段和造山后伸展阶段。 相似文献
5.
中国大陆岩石圈结构、盆地构造和油气运移探讨 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
文中在研究了中国大陆壳内与上地幔高导层的分布和成因的基础上 (由于篇幅所限 ,中国大陆壳内与上地幔高导层分布及其成因在另文给出 ) ,首先对中国大陆岩石圈热状态和地壳热状态进行了定量分析 ,提出了冷、热岩石圈 ,冷、热地壳和冷、热盆地的概念 ,根据岩石圈的变形、热状态和构造活动性 ,提出了刚性岩石圈和塑性岩石圈的概念 ,根据岩石圈的动力学特征对中国大陆盆地进行了分类研究。在此基础上 ,对处于不同地区的大型盆地的构造特征和油气运移规律进行了分析。阐述了前人各种油气模式及其存在的问题后 ,探讨了地壳深部热流体对油气的生成和运移的作用。最后 ,认为在有壳内高导层的盆地中 ,深部流体可向上地壳中的生油和储油层提供大量的热流体 ,并产生高流体压力 ,对油气运移起了主导作用。 相似文献
6.
初论板内造山带 总被引：55，自引：10，他引：45
讨论了关于板内造山带含义的不同认识。指出板内造山带是一种特殊类型的造山带,而不是板缘造山带或板间造山带持续发展的结果。简要介绍分别发育在４ 个大陆的不同时代的板内造山带,总结板内造山带在区域大地构造位置、造山带构造格局、构造变形与变质作用、岩浆活动与沉积作用、造山带构造演化等方面与板缘造山带的差异。板内造山带形成于相对较老且强硬的岩石圈板块内部,造山带内部构造单元不具有平行于造山带走向分布的特征,即不具有线状构造格局,构造变形具有地台基底乃至整个地壳卷入的厚皮构造性质,同造山区域变质作用微弱,同造山岩浆活动、沉积作用和构造变形均无极性演化趋势。岩石圈拆沉作用（ｄｅｌａｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎ） 可较好地解释板内造山带的火山活动特征。尽管板块间相互作用（ 俯冲或碰撞）所产生的水平挤压应力似乎更易于阐明板内造山带的收缩变形特征;但是,板块间相互碰撞或俯冲产生的边界应力可否有效地被远程传递,尚有待进一步研究和解决。将板块间相互作用的水平应力场与岩石圈纵向物质与能量调整（ 重力、热力等） 因素作综合考虑,可能是解决板内造山带造山作用机制的有效途径 相似文献
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8.
青藏高原大陆动力学的科学问题 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：7
在初步分析大陆动力学的基本含义及其与岩石圈动力学关系的基础上,提出了青藏高原大陆动力学8个方面的科学问题,其核心科学问题是:青藏高原的形成是印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞的滞后效应还是大陆板内构造过程;青藏高原不同构造演化阶段是否具有不同的动力学机制;解体的青藏高原岩石圈下地壳何时、何处、如何和为何流动;青藏高原怎样与周边的盆地同步强耦合作用;如何通过青藏高原大陆动力学的创新带动能源、资源、环境、灾害等应用基础理论的创新. 相似文献
9.
《地学前缘》2017,(3):13-26
文章主要利用中—新生代热史、地壳分层结构以及流变学参数,模拟计算渤海湾盆地中—新生代岩石圈热结构和热-流变结构演化特征。结果表明,盆地由三叠纪—侏罗纪时期的"冷幔热壳"型岩石圈热结构转变为白垩纪至今的"热幔冷壳"型岩石圈热结构。从济阳坳陷岩石圈热-流变结构演化特征来看,中生代早期上地壳上部、中地壳上部及上地幔顶部表现为厚的脆性层;早白垩世初期中地壳上部及上地幔顶部的脆性层完全转变为韧性层;晚白垩世开始,中地壳上部出现薄层的脆性层;古近纪早期中地壳上部脆性层变薄变浅;现今则除了发育上地壳上部、中地壳上部脆性层外,上地幔顶部开始在浅部发育薄的脆性层。中—新生代岩石圈总强度演化表明在早白垩世晚期和古近纪早期经历了两期减弱,中生代早期岩石圈总强度远大于中侏罗世之后的岩石圈总强度。岩石圈热-流变结构和强度演化与华北克拉通破坏过程中岩石圈厚度的变化具有良好的对应关系,从侧面反映太平洋板块俯冲和回撤导致华北克拉通东部破坏的地球动力学过程。因此,岩石圈热-流变结构可以为盆地形成、大陆边缘和造山带等的动力学演化过程研究提供科学依据。 相似文献
10.
新生代大陆板内伸展盆-山耦合与大陆碰撞效应——以渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷、周缘隆起及边界断裂构造演化为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
新生代印欧大陆碰撞引发了中国西部前缘大规模多阶段地壳挤压缩短、构造变形与隆升及岩浆事件,在中国东部,新生代山脉的抬升、盆地的伸展、沉降,以及郯庐断裂带新生代的活动与青藏高原的隆升具有准同时性,伸展盆地-伸展山脉之间存在耦合关系。这种对应关系呈"幕式"变化,主要表现在印欧大陆碰撞岩石圈增厚、构造变形和抬升的高峰时期,对应盆地岩石圈伸展、减薄、快速构造沉降以及郯庐断裂带活动等阶段,当构造转入相对稳定(松弛)时期,表现为高原剥蚀夷平、岩浆活动频繁以及盆地构造沉降速率减缓等阶段。从全球板块构造的角度来看,中国西部、东部新生代挤压、伸展和走滑活动属同一动力学体系条件下的耦合关系,驱动力可能是两大板块碰撞、深部地幔脉动上涌以及新生代太平洋板块与欧亚板块俯冲和速率变化的共同作用。 相似文献
11.
Lithosphere rheology during intraplate basin extension and inversion Inferences from automated modeling of four basins in western Europe 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Forward reconstructions of the (mainly) Mesozoic and younger rheological evolution have been made for four basins (Broad Fourteens Basin, Sole Pit Basin, Brittany Basin and the Iberian Basin) in a very consistent way by backstripping and automatic forward modeling of subsidence data, including potentially important effects of heat production, sediment infill and sedimentary blanketing. For default compositional and thermal parameters, the modeling results show strengthening in all basins, and in particular during inversion, with strength increases up to about 2 TN m−1 (20%) relative to their initial values. Given predominantly relatively constant intraplate stresses in continental lithosphere, this is in disagreement with repeated localization of basin deformation.
In a thorough sensitivity analysis we explore the possibilities that permissible variations in tectonic history, compositional, rheological and thermal parameters can, in a particular combination, result in slight weakening of the basin, in agreement with reactivation during inversion. However, such a combination reflects an extreme scenario, which is not founded by geological evidence and, statistically, is very unlikely to apply for all basins.
A far more likely explanation for relative and permanent weakening of the basins is the presence of pre-existing weak zones, deviating from standard rheological assumptions. At (upper) crustal levels, weakening can be attributed to pre-existing marked faults by a reduced friction angle. This weakening has a pronounced influence on lithospheric strength provided that the reduction in friction angle of pre-existing faults can be extrapolated to the upper mantle. Alternatively, weakening of the upper mantle can be attributed to (1) ductile localization mechanisms, as reflected by the occurrence of upper mantle shear zones, or (2) the occurrence of rheologically weak material, as indicated by upper mantle reflectors. 相似文献
12.
《Gondwana Research》2014,25(3-4):815-837
Thermo-tectonic age and inherited structure exert the main controls on the bulk strength of the lithosphere in intraplate settings. Mechanical decoupling within the lithosphere strongly affects the interaction between deep Earth and surface processes. Thermo-mechanical models demonstrate the particular importance of the rheological stratification of the lithosphere in the preservation of ancient cratonic blocks, in the surface expression of plume- and mantle lithosphere interactions and their impact on the “dynamic” topography in general. The same is true for the effect of large-scale lithospheric folding on intraplate basin formation and associated differential vertical motions. Initiation of continental lithosphere subduction, crucial for linking orogenic deformation to intraplate deformation, appears to be facilitated by plume–lithosphere interactions. We present a discussion of these aspects, focusing on better process- understanding of continental deformation, in the context of a number of well-documented cases of intraplate deformation. 相似文献
13.
Intraplate compressional features, such as inverted extensional basins, upthrust basement blocks and whole lithospheric folds, play an important role in the structural framework of many cratons. Although compressional intraplate deformation can occur in a number of dynamic settings, stresses related to collisional plate coupling appear to be responsible for the development of the most important compressional intraplate structures. These can occur at distances of up to ±1600 km from a collision front, both in the fore-arc (foreland) and back-arc (hinterland) positions with respect to the subduction system controlling the evolution of the corresponding orogen. Back-arc compression associated with island arcs and Andean-type orogens occurs during periods of increased convergence rates between the subducting and overriding plates. For the build-up of intraplate compressional stresses in fore-arc and foreland domains, four collision-related scenarios are envisaged: (1) during the initiation of a subduction zone along a passive margin or within an oceanic basin; (2) during subduction impediment caused by the arrival of more buoyant crust, such as an oceanic plateau or a microcontinent at a subduction zone; (3) during the initial collision of an orogenic wedge with a passive margin, depending on the lithospheric and crustal configuration of the latter, the presence or absence of a thick passive margin sedimentary prism, and convergence rates and directions; (4) during post-collisional over-thickening and uplift of an orogenic wedge. The build-up of collision-related compressional intraplate stresses is indicative for mechanical coupling between an orogenic wedge and its fore- and/or hinterland. Crustal-scale intraplate deformation reflects mechanical coupling at crustal levels whereas lithosphere-scale deformation indicates mechanical coupling at the level of the mantle-lithosphere, probably in response to collisional lithospheric over-thickening of the orogen, slab detachment and the development of a mantle back-stop. The intensity of collisional coupling between an orogen and its fore- and hinterland is temporally and spatially variable. This can be a function of oblique collision. However, the build-up of high pore fluid pressures in subducted sediments may also account for mechanical decoupling of an orogen and its fore- and/or hinterland. Processes governing mechanical coupling/decoupling of orogens and fore- and hinterlands are still poorly understood and require further research. Localization of collision-related compressional intraplate deformations is controlled by spatial and temporal strength variations of the lithosphere in which the thermal regime, the crustal thickness, the pattern of pre-existing crustal and mantle discontinuities, as well as sedimentary loads and their thermal blanketing effect play an important role. The stratigraphic record of collision-related intraplate compressional deformation can contribute to dating of orogenic activity affecting the respective plate margin. 相似文献
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借鉴国内外已有的盆地研究成果,在盆地分析的基础上,从岩石圈板块作用、岩石圈深部作用和岩石圈表生作用3个方面,兼顾系统性、科学性和应用性,确立了盆地新的分类原则,由此深入研究了盆地形成与演化的动力学类型,并进一步阐述了盆地形成与演化的地球动力学机制。研究结果表明:在盆地分类中,首先主要根据盆地形成的地球动力学环境如岩石圈板块作用环境、深部作用环境以及表生作用环境来划分大类;再根据盆地形成与演化的各种地质作用及其动力学过程如构造作用(伸展、挤压或剪切过程)、热力作用及重力作用进行主要类型划分;再根据盆地的基底性质和地壳类型(如陆壳、洋壳或过渡壳)以及盆地的沉积充填史和构造古地理等(如海相盆地、陆相盆地或过渡相盆地)细分亚类。盆地形成与演化的动力学类型主要包括:单一构造或热体制下盆地演化时的原型盆地类型、单一重力体制下盆地演化的原型盆地类型、多种构造-热体制下盆地演化的叠合盆地类型以及多种构造-热体制下盆地演化的残留盆地类型。在单一构造或热体制下,从板块作用或壳幔作用角度原型盆地动力学类型主要划分为:伸展盆地(陆内伸展盆地、陆间伸展盆地、大洋伸展盆地和弧后伸展盆地),挠曲盆地(弧后挠曲盆地、周缘挠曲盆地、陆内挠曲盆地),走滑盆地(走滑伸展盆地、走滑挠曲盆地)以及克拉通盆地(克拉通退缩盆地、克拉通扩展盆地和克拉通迁移盆地);单一重力体制下原型盆地动力学类型有负载盆地和撞击盆地;多种构造-热体制下的叠合盆地动力学类型有叠加盆地和复合盆地;多种构造-热体制下盆地演化的残留盆地动力学类型有伸展隆起下局部沉降引起的残留盆地、推覆褶皱隆起引起的残留盆地、俯冲至局部碰撞引起的残留盆地及周边抬升隆起引起的残留盆地。关于盆地形成与演化的地球动力学机制包括:岩石圈的板块作用机制,岩石圈的深部作用机制以及岩石圈的表生作用机制。岩石圈的板块作用机制包括板块伸展、挤压和剪切作用;岩石圈的深部作用机制包括软流圈与超级地幔柱对岩石圈的作用,尤其是壳幔作用;岩石圈的表生作用机制也很重要,包括盆地的重力作用、大气作用、海洋作用和生物作用。通过本文的研究,可以为研究整个岩石圈演化、壳幔作用、地球动力学过程以及成藏成矿机制奠定重要理论基础;同时,对于沉积盆地矿产资源、能源资源、水资源勘探和开发,以及灾害防治和环境保护也具有重要应用价值。 相似文献
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M. SANDIFORD 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2010,28(6):569-577
Variations in gravitational potential energy contribute to the intraplate stress field thereby providing the means by which lithospheric density structure is communicated at the plate scale. In this light, the near equivalence in the gravitational potential energy of typical continental lithosphere with the mid‐ocean ridges is particularly intriguing. Assuming this equivalence is not simply a chance outcome of continental growth, it then probably involves long‐term modulation of the density configuration of the continents via stress regimes that are able to induce significant strains over geological time. Following this notion, this work explores the possibility that the emergence of a chemically, thermally and mechanically structured continental lithosphere reflects a set of thermally sensitive feedback mechanisms in response to Wilson cycle oscillatory forcing about an ambient stress state set by the mid‐ocean ridge system. Such a hypothesis requires the continents are weak enough to sustain long‐term (108 years) strain rates of the order of ～10?17 s?1 as suggested by observations that continental lithosphere is almost everywhere critically stressed, by estimates of seismogenic strain rates in stable continental interiors such as Australia and by the low‐temperature thermochronological record of the continents that requires significant relief generation on the 108 year time‐scale. Furthermore, this notion provides a mechanism that helps explain interpretations of recently published heat flow data that imply the distribution of heat‐producing elements within the continents may be tuned to produce a characteristic thermal regime at Moho depths. 相似文献