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1.
华北地台上寒武统崮山组出现了大量的竹叶状灰岩。通过对山东唐王寨剖面崮山组的系统研究,识别出页岩、疙瘩状泥晶灰岩、泥质条带泥晶灰岩、薄层状泥晶灰岩、生物扰动泥晶灰岩、颗粒质（生物碎屑）泥岩-泥质颗粒岩、含交错层理鲕粒灰岩及竹叶状灰岩8种岩石类型,这些岩石类型组成了页岩盆地、深潮下带及浅潮下带岩石组合。竹叶状灰岩中砾屑和基质的特征及其沉积序列,表明砾屑和基质的来源多样并且在不同的沉积环境中其成因具有多样性。据此总结出崮山组竹叶状灰岩具有4种可能的成因类型：1）竹叶状灰岩中砾屑和基质可能均为原地形成或者仅有短距离的搬运过程;2）竹叶状灰岩中砾屑和基质可能均为近岸形成并经历了长距离的搬运过程,或者竹叶状灰岩的沉积环境经历了海平面的突然升高;3）竹叶状灰岩中基质可能来源于近岸未固结的鲕粒和生物碎屑及原地的灰泥,与原地破碎生成的砾屑和灰泥等混合沉积;4）竹叶状灰岩中砾屑可能来源于远岸的固结的泥晶灰岩,并经搬运作用与原地未固结的灰泥及骨架颗粒等基质混合沉积。 相似文献
2.
Flat-pebble conglomerate: its multiple origins and relationship to metre-scale depositional cycles 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
Paul M. Myrow Lauren Tice Bonny Archuleta† Bryn Clark‡ John F. Taylor§ Robert L. Ripperdan¶ 《Sedimentology》2004,51(5):973-996
Carbonate flat‐pebble conglomerate is an important component of Precambrian to lower Palaeozoic strata, but its origins remain enigmatic. The Upper Cambrian to Lower Ordovician strata of the Snowy Range Formation in northern Wyoming and southern Montana contain abundant flat‐pebble conglomerate beds in shallow‐water cyclic and non‐cyclic strata. Several origins of flat‐pebble conglomerate are inferred for these strata. In one case, all stages of development of flat‐pebble conglomerate are captured within storm‐dominated shoreface deposits of hummocky cross‐stratified (HCS) fine carbonate grainstone. A variety of synsedimentary deformation structures records the transition from mildly deformed in situ stratification to buckled beds of partially disarticulated bedding to fully developed flat‐pebble conglomerate. These features resulted from failure of a shoreface and subsequent brittle and ductile deformation of compacted to early cemented deposits. Failure was induced by either storm or seismic waves, and many beds failed along discrete slide scar surfaces. Centimetre‐scale laminae within thick amalgamated HCS beds were planes of weakness that led to the development of platy clasts within partly disarticulated and rotated bedding of the buckled beds. In some cases, buckled masses accelerated downslope until they exceeded their internal friction, completely disarticulated into clasts and transformed into a mass flow of individual cm‐ to dm‐scale clasts. This transition was accompanied by the addition of sand‐sized echinoderm‐rich debris from local sources, which slightly lowered friction by reducing clast–clast interactions. The resulting dominantly horizontal clast orientations suggest transport by dense, viscous flow dominated by laminar shear. These flows generally came to rest on the lower shoreface, although in some cases they continued a limited distance beyond fairweather wave base and were interbedded with shale and grainstone beds. The clasts in these beds show no evidence of extensive reworking (i.e. not well rounded) or condensation (i.e. no rinds or coatings). A second type of flat‐pebble conglomerate bed occurs at the top of upward‐coarsening, metre‐scale cycles. The flat‐pebble conglomerate beds cap these shoaling cycles and represent either lowstand deposits or, in some cases, may represent transgressive lags. The clasts are well rounded, display borings and have iron‐rich coatings. The matrix to these beds locally includes glauconite. These beds were considerably reworked and represent condensed deposits. Thrombolites occur above the flat‐pebble beds and record microbial growth before initial transgression at the cycle boundaries. A third type of flat‐pebble conglomerate bed occurs within unusual metre‐scale, shale‐dominated, asymmetric, subaqueous cycles in Shoshone Canyon, Wyoming. Flat‐pebble beds in these cycles consist solely of clasts of carbonate nodules identical to those that are in situ within underlying shale beds. These deeper water cycles can be interpreted as either upward‐shoaling or ‐deepening cycles. The flat‐pebble conglomerate beds record winnowing and reworking of shale and carbonate nodules to lags, during either lowstand or the first stages of transgression. 相似文献
3.
奥陶纪末的赫南特期爆发全球冰川事件,渝东南-黔北地区赫南特期沉积的观音桥组,从岩相、古生物组合、古环境等方面表现出该地区对赫南特期冰川事件的响应。通过对观音桥组沉积特征的分析,发现其主要分为3类:一类为颗粒灰岩,细分为泥晶生屑砂屑灰岩和亮晶鲕粒灰岩、亮晶砂屑灰岩等,含珊瑚等化石,代表了中高能量的浅滩环境;一类主要为粉砂质灰岩、粉砂质泥灰岩组合,含腕足类及三叶虫动物群,沉积环境为潮坪。这两类是近岸沉积,主要受相对海平面下降的影响。另一类为形成于浅海陆棚环境的混合岩相,包括泥灰岩与钙质泥岩组合、粉砂质泥岩与泥质粉砂岩组合及含炭泥灰岩;生物包括三叶虫、笔石及腕足等,尤其是标志性冷水型Hirnantia动物群的短暂繁盛,表明其受海水温度变凉的影响较大。潮坪靠近黔中古陆分布,局部发育浅滩,远离古陆变为浅海陆棚环境。总体上,观音桥组沉积环境比五峰组与龙马溪组黑色笔石相页岩的缺氧滞留深水陆棚环境更浅、相对海平面及水温更低,是赫南特期冰川事件直接影响的结果。 相似文献
4.
塔里木盆地塔中Ⅲ区奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层是近年来勘探重点区域,良里塔格组储层内沉积泥质灰岩条带,以及一间房组洞穴顶部存在的沉积泥质条带,给储层预测带来了较大难度。为提高储层预测精度,分析奥陶系良里塔格组和一间房组储层内泥质展布规律,建立沉积泥质灰岩条带背景纵波阻抗体,完成了无井约束叠后地质统计学反演。研究结果表明,无井反演储层预测纵向发育位置、储层级别和已钻井吻合较好。利用叠前同时反演得到纵横波速比,通过纵波阻抗与纵横波速比交会图分析法,划分了一间房组优质储层、泥质充填储层、基质灰岩分布区间,对洞穴型储层泥质充填、叠前流体预测反演进行探索,确保储层预测的可靠性。 相似文献
5.
Micaceous quartzites from a subvertical shear zone in the Tauern Window contain abundant quartz clasts derived from dismembered quartz‐tourmaline veins. Bulk plane strain deformation affected these rocks at amphibolite facies conditions. Shape changes suggest net shortening of the clasts by 11–64%, with a mean value of 35%. Quartz within the clasts accommodated this strain largely via dislocation creep processes. On the high‐stress flanks of the clasts, however, quartz was removed via solution mass transfer (pressure solution) processes; the resulting change in bulk composition allowed growth of porphyroblastic staurolite + chlorite ± kyanite on the clast flanks. Matrix SiO2 contents decrease from c. 83 wt% away from the clasts to 49–58% in the selvages on the clast flanks. The chemical changes are consistent with c. 70% volume loss in the high‐stress zones. Calculated shortening values within the clast flanks are similar to the volume‐loss estimates, and are greatly in excess of the shortening values calculated from the clasts themselves. Flow laws for dislocation creep versus pressure solution imply large strain‐rate gradients and/or differential stress gradients between the matrix and the clast selvages. In a rock containing a large proportion of semirigid clasts, weakening within the clast flanks could dominate rock rheology. In our samples, however, weakening within the selvages was self limiting: (1) growth of strong staurolite porphyroblasts in the selvages protected remaining quartz from dissolution; and (2) overall flattening of the quartz clasts probably decreased the resolved shear stress on the flanks to values near those of the matrix, which would have reduced the driving force for solution‐transfer creep. Extreme chemical changes nonetheless occurred over short distances. The necessity of maintaining strain compatibility may lead to significant localized dissolution in rocks containing rheologic heterogeneities, and overall weakening of the rocks may result. Solution‐transfer creep may be a major process whereby weakening and strain localization occur during deep‐crustal metamorphism of polymineralic rocks. 相似文献
6.
Fossil mammal sites of late Miocene age (ca 9 Ma) occur in hourglass‐shaped, non‐interconnected cavities up to 15 m deep, hosted in mudstone (mostly sepiolite), chert and carbonate bedrock in Cerro de los Batallones. This paper provides a model for the sedimentary infilling of the cavities, which functioned as traps for vertebrate faunas and contain one of the richest and best preserved Neogene mammal assemblages of the Iberian Peninsula. Generation of the mammal‐bearing cavities started with the solution of underlying evaporites, which resulted in fissures that were subsequently enlarged by subsurface piping, a process rarely preserved in the ancient sedimentary record. The system of subterranean cavities evolved into a pseudokarst landscape, resulting in doline‐like shafts reaching the ancient land surface. The sedimentary infilling of the cavities comprises both clastic and carbonate lithofacies that were investigated by outcrop observation, standard and scanning electron microscope petrography, mineralogical analysis, and stable isotope geochemistry. Gravel and breccia talus deposits, clast and mud‐supported gravel, pebbly sandstone and mudstone are common detrital infill deposits mostly derived by overflow erosion of bedrock. The deposits containing the mammal bones are marls, and occur both in subsurface cavities and doline‐like depressions. In the underground cavities, marlstone was mainly of clastic origin and accumulated in ponds scattered over the floor of the cavity. In contrast, marlstone deposits in the surface dolines formed mostly as a result of biochemical carbonate deposition in small shallow lakes subjected to fluctuation of the water level. The δ18O and δ13C carbonate values indicate different origins for the two kinds of marls. During the final phases of pipe infill the doline marlstone sealed the mammal sites, usually off‐lapping the adjacent bedrock. 相似文献
7.
Marine overwash from the north a few centuries ago transported hundreds of angular cobbles and boulders tens to hundreds of meters southward from limestone outcrops in the interior of Anegada, 140?km east?Cnortheast of Puerto Rico. We examined two of several cobble and boulder fields as part of an effort to interpret whether the overwash resulted from a tsunami or a storm in a location where both events are known to occur. One of the cobble and boulder field extends 200?m southward from limestone outcrops that are 300?m inland from the island??s north shore. The other field extends 100?m southward from a limestone knoll located 800?m from the nearest shore. In the two fields, we measured the size, orientation, and spatial distribution of a total of 161 clasts and determined their stratigraphic positions with respect to an overwash sand and shell sheet deposit. In both fields, we found the spacing between clasts increased southward and that clast long-axis orientations are consistent with a transport trending north?Csouth. Almost half the clasts are partially buried in a landward thinning and fining overwash sand and none were found embedded in the shelly mud of a pre-overwash marine pond. The two cobble and boulder fields resemble modern tsunami deposits in which dispersed clasts extend inland as a single layer. The fields contrast with coarse clast storm deposits that often form wedge-shaped shore-parallel ridges. These comparisons suggest that the overwash resulted from a tsunami and not from a storm. 相似文献
8.
Numerous shallow‐marine limestone layers of the Furongian (Late Cambrian) Chaomidian Formation in the Jiulongshan section (Shandong Province, China) are breccias. Some of these breccias show abundant vertical to sub‐vertical clasts. Typically, these clasts end abruptly at the contact plane with the overlying deposit, either abutting the overlying sedimentary bed or via an erosional plane that truncates the clasts. A few exposures show concentrations of clasts that must have been uplifted to the extent that they transgressed the then sedimentary surface or (possibly) penetrated the overlying sediment which, in this case, consists of muds or marls. The clasts tend to show clusters with respect to the enclosing fabric. All clasts are parallel to each other in a specific cluster, while the various clusters may show different orientations of the clasts. It is deduced that both the exceptional position and the exceptional orientation of the clasts must be ascribed to the upward movement of the clasts under the influence of pore water escaping under high pressure through fluidized sediment. 相似文献
9.
对鄂西—湘西北地区多个沉积剖面的地层及沉积相进行了详细分析,结果表明,该区二叠纪栖霞期至茅口初期主要为内克拉通碳酸盐岩缓坡环境,发育内缓坡相、中缓坡相、外缓坡相和盆地相.内缓坡相以厚层至块状生物碎屑石灰岩为主,生物颗粒以绿藻和底栖有孔虫为主,缺乏高能沉积的生物颗粒.中缓坡相以中厚层含生物碎屑颗粒石灰岩以及厚层灰泥石灰岩... 相似文献
10.
A. G. PLINT 《Sedimentology》1986,33(3):387-399
Pennsylvanian fluvial channel sandstones in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia contain numerous examples of eroded mudstone surfaces, including in situ mudstone beds, boulders and slumped blocks. The eroded surfaces bear a variety of structures including linear scours, flutes, longitudinal furrows and rill marks. A block of interchannel mudstone up to 40 m in extent, displays a basal slip-plane, slump-related deformation and evidence of intense corrasion on a channel floor. Mudstone clasts from small pebbles to boulders over 4 m long are common immediately above channel-base erosion surfaces and represent a lag. Clasts over 20 cm diameter are commonly fluted, occasionally on all sides, suggesting clast rotation. Rill marks occur on large mudclasts and in situ mudstone surfaces and indicate emergence and erosion by surging water or surface runoff. Preservation of the delicate erosional structures depended on a highly cohesive mud substrate and subsequent rapid burial. A previous interpretation of the mud blocks and their surficial features as the result of mud intrusion is inconsistent with the field evidence. 相似文献
11.
鄂尔多斯盆地西缘砾质冲积扇沉积学特征 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：10
晚三叠世鄂尔多斯西缘冲积扇沉积主要由碎屑流、颗粒流、片流及河道砾岩等组成。文中讨论了各类砾岩的沉积学特征,同时指出,不同成因的砾岩,其粒度分布曲线形态及某些粒度参数亦不同.据此本文提出了根据-系列新的粒度分布曲线形态和粒度参数Mdf,Rgs和Mdf/Rgs等甄别冲积扇中不同类型砾岩的设想。 相似文献
12.
Triassic carbonate buildup flanks in the Dolomites, northern Italy: breccias, boulder fabric and the importance of early diagenesis 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Wolfgang Blendinger 《Sedimentology》2001,48(5):919-933
The flanks of Middle Triassic carbonate buildups in the Dolomites show well‐developed clinostratification, with typical angles of 30–40°. This paper focuses on the metre‐scale fabric of these clinoforms and sets these within the context of their large‐scale and microscopic features. Clinoform stratification is caused by fibrous cement crusts, by stylolites paralleling a vague stratification and by pelagic limestone interbedded with the lower portions of the clinoforms. These parts of the clinoforms locally exhibit a boulder fabric. A fracture system, subvertical to clinostratification, is filled by fibrous cements and marine internal sediment. The analysis of clinoform fabric indicates that parts consist of in situ automicrite. Other parts of the clinoforms are made up of breccia. The breccias occur as isolated pockets and lenses with random orientation and dimensions ranging from a few square decimetres to hundreds of square metres. The breccias have gradual contacts with the unbrecciated host rock. Breccia components are mostly angular, show a microfacies similar to that of the unbrecciated host rock and are composed of millimetre‐ to decimetre‐sized particles that generally float in radiaxial‐fibrous cement. Matching grain boundaries are common. Calcite cement typically makes up 20 and 40 vol.% of the brecciated areas. Clinostratification, the fracture system, brecciation and boulder fabric point to gravity induced deformation of in situ flank deposits rather than gravity induced depositional processes. Brecciation appears to result from translational sliding (millimetres to metres) on the steep buildup flanks, which caused fracturing of the vaguely stratified automicrite, followed by displacive growth of fibrous cement. Cementation occurred in a (shallow) burial, marine phreatic environment, because cement clasts are virtually absent from the flank‐derived gravity flows in the adjoining basinal sediments. Displacive cement growth indicates a volume increase of the clinoforms during diagenesis of up to 20–40 vol.% and can account for the local drag of buildup interior limestones. Similarly, the boulder fabric appears to be a diagenetic feature, which resulted from differential settling of incompletely lithified boundstone and grainstone, and the interbedded pelagic limestone. 相似文献
13.
Deep-water stratigraphic cyclicity and carbonate mud mound development in the Middle Cambrian Marjum Formation, House Range, Utah, USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Abstract In mid‐Middle Cambrian time, shallow‐water sedimentation along the Cordilleran passive margin was abruptly interrupted by the development of the deep‐water House Range embayment across Nevada and Utah. The Marjum Formation (330 m) in the central House Range represents deposition in the deepest part of the embayment and is composed of five deep‐water facies: limestone–argillaceous limestone rhythmites; shale; thin carbonate mud mounds; bioturbated limestone; and cross‐bedded limestone. These facies are cyclically arranged into 1·5 to 30 m thick parasequences that include rhythmite–mound, rhythmite–shale, rhythmite–bioturbated limestone and rhythmite–cross‐bedded limestone parasequences. Using biostratigraphically constrained sediment accumulation rates, the parasequences range in duration from ≈14 to 270 kyr. The mud mounds are thin (<2 m), closely spaced, laterally linked, symmetrical domes composed of massive, fenestral, peloidal to clotted microspar with sparse unoriented, poorly sorted skeletal material, calcitized bacterial(?) filaments/tubes and abundant fenestrae and stroma‐ tactoid structures. These petrographic and sedimentological features suggest that the microspar, peloids/clots and syndepositional micritic cement were precipitated in situ from the activity of benthic microbial communities. Concentrated growth of the microbial communities occurred during periods of decreased input of fine detrital carbonate transported offshore from the adjacent shallow‐water carbonate platform. In the neighbouring Wah Wah Range and throughout the southern Great Basin, coeval mid‐Middle Cambrian shallow‐water carbonates are composed of abundant metre‐scale, upward‐shallowing parasequences that record high‐frequency (104?105 years) eustatic sea‐level changes. Given this regional stratigraphic relationship, the Marjum Formation parasequences probably formed in response to high‐frequency sea‐level fluctuations that controlled the amount of detrital carbonate input into the deeper water embayment. During high‐frequency sea‐level rise and early highstand, detrital carbonate input into the embayment decreased as a result of carbonate factory retrogradation, resulting in the deposition of shale (base of rhythmite–shale parasequences) or thin nodular rhythmites, followed by in situ precipitated mud mounds (lower portion of rhythmite–mound parasequences). During the ensuing high‐frequency sea‐level fall/lowstand, detrital carbonate influx into the embayment increased on account of carbonate factory pro‐ gradation towards the embayment, resulting in deposition of rhythmites (upper part of rhythmite–mound parasequences), reworking of rhythmites by a lowered storm wave base (cross‐bedded limestone deposition) or bioturbation of rhythmites by a weakened/lowered O2‐minimum zone (bioturbated lime‐ stone deposition). This interpreted sea‐level control on offshore carbonate sedimentation patterns is unique to Palaeozoic and earliest Mesozoic deep‐water sediments. After the evolution of calcareous plankton in the Jurassic, the presence or absence of deeper water carbonates was influenced by a variety of chemical and physical oceanographic factors, rather than just physical transport of carbonate muds. 相似文献
14.
LEE Jeong-Hyun KIM Byeong-Jun LIANG Kun PARK Tae-Yoon S. CHOH Suk-Joo LEE Dong-Jin WOO Jusun 《《地质学报》英文版》2016,90(6):1946-1954
Mid to late Cambrian thrombolites and maze-like maceriate reefs from the western North China Platform, Wuhai, Inner Mongolia, northwestern China, occur in the middle of a succession dominated by thin-bedded lime mudstone-shale/marlstone alternations, and are laterally surrounded by limestone conglomerate and/or grainstone. Thrombolite, characterized by meter-scale lenticular mounds composed of millimeter- to centimeter-scale mesoclots and wackestone matrix, occurs in the lower middle part of the sequence. Thrombolite mesoclots are composed of microstromatolites with alternating dark gray and light gray micritic laminae. The maze-like maceriate reefs occur in the middle to the upper part of the sequence, commonly forming lenticular mounds up to 1 m thick. They are characterized by centimeter- to decimeter-scale branched maze-like structures, whose biogenic portions (maceria) are selectively dolomitized. The maceriae are composed of poorly preserved microstromatolites and siliceous sponges. Inter-macerial sediments consist of lime mud and scattered bioclasts. These Wuhai reefs are generally similar to but older than various other Cambrian reefs previously reported from the Shandong region, northeastern China. 相似文献
15.
徐州贾汪地区中—上寒武统藻礁,风暴层与海平面变化 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
笔者详细研究了徐州贾汪地区中－上寒武统的二郎山等剖面,将张夏组－凤山组划分为３个各具特色的三级层序,根据各层序内副层序的堆叠形式进一上划分出海侵体系域（ＴＳＴ）凝缩段（ＣＳ）及高位体系域（ＨＳＴ）其中张夏层序的藻礁为中－晚寒武世期间发育的最大规模碳酸盐岩缓坡藻礁,崮山层序凝胶缩代表中－晚寒武世最大海泛（海侵）期沉积,长山－凤山层序顶部白云岩代表中－晚寒武世最小海平面（海退）时期的沉积。 相似文献
16.
The stable isotope geochemistry of Miocene sediments from the leeward margin of the Great Bahama Bank was examined to investigate burial diagenetic processes in periplatform carbonates. Data indicate that, in addition to differences in bulk proportions of neritic and pelagic carbonate along the slope, rhythmic variation in primary carbonate content has controlled patterns of burial diagenesis and associated geochemical signatures throughout much of the succession examined. The present study focuses on Ocean Drilling Program Sites 1006 and 1007, the most distal of five sites drilled from marginal to deep basin environments during Leg 166. These Miocene sections are characterized by their cyclic appearance, manifest as decimetre‐ to metre‐scale alternations between light‐coloured ooze/chalk/limestone and dark‐coloured marl/marlstone. The section at Site 1006 contains a high proportion of pelagic carbonate and is unlithified to a subbottom depth of ～675 m. Fluctuations in δ18O and δ13C values at this site are independent of lithological variation and reflect primary conditions. At Site 1007, located at the toe‐of‐slope and composed of a mixture of bank‐derived and pelagic carbonate, limestones are densely cemented, show little evidence of compaction and have δ18O values up to 2‰ higher than coeval sediments at Site 1006. Marlstones at Site 1007 are poorly cemented, exhibit an increase in compaction‐related features with depth and have lower and more variable δ18O values that are similar to those of coeval sediments at Site 1006. Isotopic and petrographic characteristics of limestone interbeds result from cement precipitation from cold sea water during the first ～100 m of burial. Higher proportions of insoluble materials and pelagic carbonate seem to have inhibited diagenetic alteration in adjacent marlstones; in spite of significant compaction and pressure solution during burial, original isotopic compositions appear to be best preserved in these intervals at Site 1007. The documented contrasts in petrographic and isotopic patterns illustrate the role of primary sediment composition in controlling lithification processes in periplatform carbonates and stress the importance of considering such factors when interpreting geochemical data from ancient shelf and slope limestones. 相似文献
17.
In order to understand sequence development and sea-level fluctuations during the late Middle Cambrian to early Furongian on the North China epeiric platform, the present study focuses on a unique, subtle erosion surface of an extensive (approx. 100 km), strongly deformed limestone bed in the uppermost part of the Gushan Formation, Shandong Province, China. The Gushan Formation and the overlying Chaomidian Formation consist mainly of shales and a variety of carbonates that were deposited in subtidal environments (e.g., deep subtidal, shallow subtidal, shoreface/shoal, subtidal microbial flat, and restricted platform interior). Three third-order depositional sequences (S1–3) are identified, each of which comprises a thin transgressive systems tract (TST) and a relatively thick highstand systems tract (HST). Each sequence is bounded by a drowning unconformity (SB1), a subaerial unconformity (SB2), or a surface of submarine erosion (SB3). The upper sequence boundary (SB2) of sequence 1 (S1) is represented by a subtle erosion surface of an extensive, deformed limestone bed with a wide variety of soft-sediment deformation structures (e.g., lime mudstone breccias, chaotic wacke-packstone laminae and fragments, homogenized oolites, and clastic dykes), and is overlain by small sporadic microbial buildups and an extensive bioclastic grainstone bed. The deformed limestone was formed during early diagenesis by differential deformation processes (brecciation, liquefaction/fluidization, and injection) which were most likely induced by pore-water overpressure during the period of rapid sea-level fall. Despite the lack of subaerial exposure features (e.g., paleokarst, paleosol, etc.), the characteristics of the erosion surface (cutting well-lithified sediment below), the missing of a significant geological record (the Prochuangia biozone), and the worldwide correlatable positive carbon isotope excursion collectively indicate that the erosion surface developed under conditions of subaerial exposure after contemporaneous marine cementation of the deformed sediment. The missing of the Prochuangia biozone is most likely due to non-deposition at a subaerial hiatal surface. The erosion surface was submerged as a result of subsequent rise in sea level, where sporadic microbial buildups formed under suitable conditions. Freshly deposited, winnowed, shell-dominated transgressive lag deposits (containing Chuangia trilobite fragments, brachiopod shells, and abundant glauconite grains) formed with continued rise in sea level, which became, in turn, overlain by shale-dominated facies. The unique combination of the subtle erosion surface (sensu stricto a subaerial unconformity) and the underlying deformed limestone bed provides an important criterion for recognizing the subtle changes in relative sea level on shallow epeiric platforms. 相似文献
18.
四川盆地陆相页岩气勘探前景良好,目前已在川东北地区下侏罗统获得良好页岩气显示和工业气流。与海相页岩相比,陆相页岩具有相变快、岩相组合类型多(夹层发育)、有机质丰度低和源储配置关系复杂等特点。运用“源储耦合”研究思路,利用宏观-微观结合的储层表征技术对下侏罗统自流井组大安寨段页岩的烃源特征、储集特征及其耦合关系开展了分析与评价。结果表明:(1)岩相组合特征。大安寨段为一套以暗色页岩与介壳灰岩不等厚互层为主的浅湖-半深湖沉积,主要发育4种岩相与3种厚度组合,主要包括高碳黏土质页岩夹薄层(<1 m)介壳灰岩、中碳黏土质/含粉砂质页岩夹薄-中层(<3 m)介壳灰岩、低-中碳粉砂质页岩夹中-厚层介壳灰岩及少量粉细砂岩;其中页岩为源岩和主要储层,介壳灰岩为次要储层和隔夹层,致密砂岩物性较差,主要为隔夹层。(2)烃源与储集特征。川东北地区页岩厚度介于30~40 m,TOC含量普遍介于1.0%~2.0%;有机质类型以Ⅱ2型和Ⅲ型为主;页岩储集空间包括有机孔、无机孔与宏-微观裂缝,页岩中黏土矿物粒缘孔和晶间孔最为发育,有机孔次之,微裂缝发育程度与连通性较好;介壳灰岩夹层以粒间孔、粒内孔、微裂缝为主要储集空间。(3)揭示了大安寨段页岩层系的源储耦合机理。宏观上,TOC含量和孔隙度均随灰质含量的增加而降低,页岩的源储耦合条件优于夹层,以黏土质页岩为最优;微观上,页岩内部存在有机质与有机孔的源储一体耦合、原始有机质与无机孔和微裂缝之间为纳米至微米级距离的迁移耦合,页岩与夹层间为毫米至厘米级距离的迁移耦合,夹层内部则有赖于相邻页岩中有机质与夹层中无机孔和微裂缝的厘米至米级距离的运移耦合。(4)分别针对页岩层和夹层源储耦合特征建立了相应的源储耦合评价参数,对研究区2口典型钻井开展评价并优选了水平井靶窗。 相似文献
19.
20.
The Lower Ordovician La Silla Formation of the Precordillera of west‐central Argentina is part of the west‐facing early Palaeozoic, tropical carbonate platform succession that comprises the core of the Cuyania terrane. Up to 360 m thick, it is exposed in several thrust sheets over a distance of some 250 km along and across depositional strike over a palinspastically unrestored distance of about 35 km. La Silla Formation is a strikingly pure limestone with subordinate finely crystalline dolomite and rare chert. It accumulated on a more or less uniformly subsiding passive margin. Copious precipitation of microcrystalline calcite, probably influenced by microbial activity to varying degrees, led to the generation of peloids, ooids and aggregates of these grains, as well as small amounts of lime mud, intraclasts, stromatolites and thrombolites. Rare bioclasts are limited mostly to scattered gastropods and trilobite sclerites; bioturbation is present locally. The array of carbonate rock types is grouped into eight recurring lithofacies, in order of decreasing abundance: (i) peloidal grainstone; (ii) laminated dolostone; (iii) intraclastic rudstone; (iv) microbial laminite; (v) peloidal packstone; (vi) ooidal grainstone; (vii) thrombolite boundstone; and (viii) mudstone. These facies represent sediments that formed solely in a shallow subtidal marine environment, with no evidence of restricted conditions, hypersalinity or subaerial exposure. No events of eustatic sea‐level change are recorded. By far the dominant facies is grainstone composed of well‐sorted, fine sand‐sized peloids and peloidal aggregates in homogeneous, tabular to gently undulating, medium to thick beds; cross‐lamination is scarce. Clusters of sub‐metre‐sized microbial patch reefs developed sporadically. The shallow platform is envisaged to have been covered by extensive peloidal sand flats and low‐relief banks, and little lime mud was generated. The setting was probably microtidal and may not have been affected by strong trade winds. It was washed by frequent, relatively gentle wave action but without experiencing powerful storms. In the middle member, anomalous lenses of intraclastic rudstone and laminated dolostone occur as graded beds overlying sharply downcut scoured surfaces up to 20 cm deep; these are interpreted to indicate a phase when accretion was punctuated occasionally by tsunamis generated from rift‐faulting seaward of the platform margin. The remarkably uniform peloidal grainstone composition over a broad area shows that, given the appropriate combination of climate, environmental and ecological factors, large portions of some early Palaeozoic platforms were dominated by grainy sediment and remained under well‐agitated conditions within fair‐weather wave‐base, without distinct lateral facies differentiation or tidal‐flat aggradation. 相似文献