共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 312 毫秒
1.
Geotechnical and geological properties of limestone samples from the Mokattam Quarry in Cairo, Egypt, were determined in order to provide prior information for the selection of suitable methods for the conservation of stone monuments around Cairo. A commercial chemical consolidant (Wacker OH 100) was applied to fill the pore spaces and to strengthen the weathered rock. Filling of pore spaces was confirmed by the decrease of both porosity and permeability of rock samples after the application of the consolidant. Analysis by mercury porosimeter showed most effective consolidation results for pore spaces from 0.75 to 1.0 µm in diameter, which were those mainly observed in the samples. Ultrasonic velocity did not show any significant evidence but an increase in strength, observed as an increase in the point load index after the consolidation process was completed, confirmed that the filling and consolidation process worked effectively. Point load testing can thus be used in preference when the number of samples available for laboratory testing is limited. From the color analysis, it was shown that there was no noticeable color change after the application of consolidant Wacker OH 100. The combinations of laboratory tests adopted in this study can be applicable to the planning of conservation of other stone monuments. 相似文献
2.
3.
《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy》2000,25(2):169-174
A simple cutoff approach based on the capillary bundle model has become an industrial standard method to quickly obtain the irreducible water saturation from NMR T2 distribution. However this approach is not always valid. To overcome the shortcoming of the capillary bundle model that ignores pore-pore connectivity, we have conducted a two-phase flow simulation in a CT-based pore network. The CT -based pore network is a representation of a real rock pore structure that is described by a binary X-ray tomographic data set. Simulation on such network mimics a process of the porous plate measurement. The generated capillary curve is quite reasonable. The oil accession distributions at different water saturations plotted as a function of pore size provide an insight for the immiscible displacement process in the real rock pore structure. Water is trapped not only in dead ends but also in the well-connected pores due to a pore level by-pass mechanism. At the capillary end point pressure, a plot of the trapped water distribution as a function of pore size has the same lognormal distribution as the pore size distribution, which is much different from what the simple capillary bundle model suggests. 相似文献
4.
基于数字岩心技术,对岩心CT扫描图像进行处理,结合分形理论求取数字岩心的分形特征参数并通过构建数字岩心的等效分形介质模型对岩心渗透率进行预测。首先对两块砂岩岩心进行了微米CT扫描,提取岩心孔隙网络模型,分析岩心孔隙结构特征,结果表明岩心的孔喉半径分布与孔喉配位数分布对岩心渗透率有一定影响;其次利用MATLAB、Image J等软件对CT扫描得到的数字岩心及帝国理工学院网站公开的数字岩心进行处理,基于分形理论求取数字岩心分形维数、迂曲度、迂曲度分形维数和最大孔隙直径等参数;最后基于分形渗透率模型对岩心渗透率进行预测。结果表明：预测渗透率与岩心渗透率具有良好的相关性,相关系数大于0.97。因此,基于数字岩心技术,通过构建数字岩心等效分形介质模型,可以有效预测岩心渗透率。 相似文献
5.
Monitoring of internal failure evolution in soils using computerization X-ray tomography 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Computerized X-ray tomography (CT) has been used in disciplines such as soil science, geology and rock mechanics to analyze the texture of geomaterials. However, this potentially useful method has not thus far been used adequately in engineering geological analyses.To investigate its feasibility, CT is utilized in this study to monitor the evolution of internal failure in soil masses. An apparatus that can be fitted into the chamber of a medical CT was built to conduct geotechnical tests. Loading and shearing experiments were performed on bentonite, kaolinite, sand, silicon powders, and glass beads. CT images have been taken on different cross-sections inside the specimens to monitor soil deformation continuously. The results of direct shear, horizontal and vertical loading tests are presented and discussed. It has been demonstrated that CT is a powerful non-destructive and non-invasive tool for engineering geological analyses. 相似文献
6.
《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy》1999,24(7):633-637
The study of the pore structure of rocks is very important for the interpretation of their behaviour when subjected to weathering. In the case of rocks used in historic buildings or in objects of art where other techniques can not be applied, the Non-Destructive Testing method (NDT) for determining porosity, such as X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT), becomes a very interesting alternative. In this paper this technique has been used for imaging textural features and the internal pore structure of a dolomitic rock used as building material in Oviedo Cathedral, Spain. The reconstructed 3D image shows a non uniform distribution of porosity. The rock has been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles to evaluate its durability. The evolution of the void structure has also been studied by X-ray CT and the images obtained allow one to follow the progressive decay and to assess the internal depth of the damage. Because of the low resistance to weathering of the rock, damage, mainly in the form of fissures, was observed even in the initial tests (third cycle in some of the specimens). Breakdown of the rock appeared as early as cycle 12 in some specimens. 相似文献
7.
V. Cnudde P. Dubruel K. De Winne I. De Witte B. Masschaele P. Jacobs E. Schacht 《Engineering Geology》2009,103(3-4):84-92
To reduce the weathering rate of natural building stones, a wide variety of water repellents and consolidants are commercially available. Although a lot of research is performed on these products, it remains difficult to determine which product is appropriate to use for a certain type of building stone. Each type of building stone has its own petrographic characteristics (mineralogy, texture, …), leading to typical physical and technical properties which influence its rate of decay. The localisation of the products inside a stone type is not only depending on the properties of the products themselves, but also linked to the texture and structure of the stone. The impregnation depth of the products strongly influences their efficiency and is therefore a key issue in the determination if a product is functional for a certain type of stone. X-ray micro-CT has recently been introduced as a non-destructive material evaluation technique for engineering and geology purposes. The fact that micro-CT can provide information about the internal structure and properties of natural building stones, is a major advantage in the study of their conservation. Firmly linked with more classical research techniques, this non-destructive technique offers an extra dimension to the cultural heritage research.In this paper, non-destructive X-ray computed micro-tomography (micro-CT) turns out to be a powerful tool as it can visualise the presence of water repellents and consolidants inside the stone and can help to detect the influence that these treatments exert on porosity and pore-size distribution. For the visualization of the product its atomic number and density and the amount of product inside the natural building stone is crucial. Besides the contrast in attenuation, the resolution of the micro-CT also needs to be taken into account to obtain a good contrast between stone and product. By doping with 3-bromopropyltrimethoxysilane, more contrast occurs between the stone material and the conservation product. When the amount of product inside the samples is very low and the product is homogeneously spread inside the sample, the doped product is difficult to distinguish from the stone material due to the resolution of the micro-CT. When the amount of doped product inside the stone material reaches a certain threshold value, the dope will appear in the 2D cross-sections derived from micro-CT, creating a good visualization of the products inside the stone samples. 相似文献
8.
Texture Analysis of Grey-Tone Images by Mathematical Morphology: A Nondestructive Tool for the Quantitative Assessment of Stone Decay 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Both a low-cost and easily handled nondestructive methodology and its validation criterion are proposed. The methodology is based on image analysis by mathematical morphology for the assessment of decayed stone surfaces in historic limestone buildings. It is adapted to follow the evolution, at macroscopic time and space scales, of stone materials used in art pieces and monument building stones. This methodology is applied to the quantitative analysis of textures of static grey-tone CCD video camera images representative of flat stone structures that cannot be handled. These structures line the walls inside an important church, Basílica da Estrela, built in the 18th century and located in the city of Lisbon. Detailed visual/tactile observation shows that these flat vertical structures are more or less damaged depending on their position inside the church. The damage is possibly associated with different environment conditions both from the atmosphere inside the church and from contact with the walls of the church. The presence of these pathologies breaks down the order and organization of sound rock textures introducing changes in the topographical and optical characteristics of the texture of the surfaces. This new methodology is based on the granulometry and covariance analysis of grey-tone images corresponding to the structures studied. The validation criterion allows the results of the proposed methodology to be compared to the results of a previous qualitative study made by experts in the field using visual assessment and monument mapping as a valid methodology to assess the degree of decay. This procedure is based on optical and topographical characteristics and type of decay of the stone surface, and the quantity of material lost from the surface of the panels during the year. As discussed in this paper, in the context of cultural heritage, the proposed methodology was validated and its results can be considered an improvement on and complementary to expert visual analysis and also to other nondestructive techniques. 相似文献
9.
针对鄂尔多斯盆地西峰油田长81储层孔隙结构非均质性强、含水上升快、注水压力较高等问题,应用粒度、物性、X射线衍射、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、常规压汞、真实砂岩微观水驱油模型等实验资料,探讨了储层微观孔隙结构特征及其与水驱油效率的关系。根据毛管压力曲线特征形态及相应参数的分析,将长81储层孔隙结构分为A类、B类、C类、D类4种类型。研究表明,4种类型的孔隙结构对应的储集空间不同,水驱油路径和驱油效率具有明显的差异。喉道半径大小及分布形态是影响水驱油效率的关键;渗透率和孔隙度越高驱油效率越高。同时,储层岩石孔隙结构越好,水驱油效率也越高。综合分析表明,应用微观孔隙结构特征与水驱油效率的关系为寻找相对优势储层和提高油藏认识提供了可靠依据。 相似文献
10.
以济南泉域为例,基于2004-2019年济南岩溶泉域大气降水资料、地下水水位动态监测资料和岩芯的压汞实验结果,采用分形理论中孔隙分形维数法和数理统计的方法,探究含水岩层孔隙结构对泉水位动态的影响。结果表明:（1）炒米店组和三山子组2号样的孔隙发育均匀,孔喉分布集中,岩层储水性能好、储水空间较大;马家沟组北庵庄段的孔隙发育均匀,孔喉分布集中,岩层储水性能差,储水空间小;三山子组1号样和马家沟组东黄山段的孔隙发育不均匀,孔喉分布分散,岩石内部储水空间大;（2）岩层渗透率主要受孔喉分布的影响,济南泉域碳酸盐岩含水层的孔隙储水空间大、储水性能好,济南泉域独特的孔隙结构在维持趵突泉水位动态稳定中起到重要作用。 相似文献
11.
针对图解法求取孔隙结构特征值使用条件严格,同时误差较大,而矩法饱和度范围又受限于试验。采用积分法求取特征值,即对孔隙半径进行积分求取特征值。积分法必须先获取孔隙半径数学表达式,即毛管压力数学模型。对毛管压力数学模型进行了探究,在双对数坐标系下推导并建立了毛管压力幂函数模型,采用最小二乘法求取模型参数,并通过对比Sami论文数据验证了推导的模型。深入分析矩法与积分法的联系可知,代入孔隙半径数学表达式即可用积分法求取岩石孔隙结构特征值。最后,对3种方法求取结果进行分析讨论,得出积分法算法严谨,更加接近真实值。这一研究加深了对岩石微观孔隙结构认识。 相似文献
12.
本文基于广义SMP准则,综合考虑中间主应力、孔隙水压力和围岩的剪胀特性,建立了巷道围岩的理想弹塑性模型。根据弹塑性理论,推导了渗流作用下的围岩应力场、位移场和塑性区半径的统一解析解。结合具体算例对SMP准则计算得到的围岩应力分布和塑性区半径与Mohr-Coulomb（M-C）准则进行了对比,并对孔隙水压力和围岩剪胀角等影响因素进行了分析。研究结果表明:SMP准则计算得到的塑性区半径小于M-C准则,说明M-C准则相较于SMP准则更为保守;孔隙水压力对巷道围岩的位移场具有很大的影响,表现为孔隙水压力越大,巷道洞壁附近围岩位移量越大,且围岩塑性区半径和弹塑性交界面处的峰值切向应力与孔隙水压力成正比;采用相关联流动法则会低估围岩的强度,不考虑剪胀则会低估围岩的实际变形。 相似文献
13.
In the present work, the relationship between intrinsic factors, mechanical properties and durability of Miocene sandstones used in the architectural heritage of Tunisia, specifically in the Roman aqueduct of Oued Miliane and Uthina site, are studied. The petrographic study and the characterisation of porous network have been carried out using optical microscopy, mercury intrusion porosimetry and laser scanner confocal microscopy (LSCM). The hygric behaviour has also been determined from water absorption under vacuum, drying, capillary water absorption and water vapour permeability. The mechanical properties have been assessed from compressive strength and abrasion tests. Rock durability has been evaluated from salt crystallization (sodium sulphate) accelerated aging tests. The results show good hygric behaviour characterised by a high evaporation rate and almost no retention of water; due to the macroporous character of the rock and the good connectivity of the pore network. Because of the poor lithification, the stone has a very low mechanical strength which makes it very vulnerable to the salt crystallization effects. The absence of chemically unstable minerals preserves the rock from chemical alteration. The durability of the building stone is mainly conditioned by salt loading of the monument. 相似文献
14.
The influence of petrophysical properties on the salt weathering of porous building rocks 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
D. Benavente N. Cueto J. Martínez-Martínez M. A. García del Cura J. C. Cañaveras 《Environmental Geology》2007,52(2):215-224
The influence of pore structure, water transport properties and rock strength on salt weathering is evaluated by means of
a thorough rock characterisation and a statistical analysis. The pore structure was described in terms of its porosity, pore
size distribution (quantified by mean pore radius) and specific surface area, density and water transport was characterised
by means of water permeability (saturated flow) and capillary imbibition (unsaturated flow); whilst the rock strength test
was carried out using uniaxial compressive strength, compressional and shear wave velocities, dynamic elastic constants and
waveform energy and attenuation were obtained from the digital analysis of the transmitted signal. A principal component analysis
and a stepwise multiple regression model was carried out in order to examine the direct relationships between salt weathering
and petrophysical properties. From the principal component analysis, two main components were obtained and assigned a petrophysical
meaning. The first component is mostly linked to mechanical properties, porosity and density whereas the second component
is associated with the water transport and pore structure. Salt weathering, quantified by the percentage of weight loss after
salt crystallisation, was included in both principal components, showing its dependence on their petrophysical properties.
The stepwise multiple regression analysis found that rock strength has a predominant statistical weight in the prediction
of salt weathering, with a minor contribution of water transport and pore structure parameters. 相似文献
15.
研究石煤（腐泥煤）的孔渗特征,对于深入了解页岩气的吸附/解吸特征具有重要意义。基于分形几何原理,推导出煤岩不同类型孔隙和毛细管压力曲线的分形几何模型,并将孔隙分形维数分为渗透分维数和扩散分维数分别计算。根据压汞实验数据分析,利用双对数图计算了安康地区石煤孔隙结构的分形维数。研究结果表明:石煤渗透分维数Ds介于2.524~2.917,其与挥发分产率、水分含量、灰分产率和迂曲度呈正相关关系,与变质程度及平均孔径呈负相关关系;扩散分维数Dk介于2.488~2.931,其与变质程度、挥发分产率、水分含量和平均孔径呈正相关关系,与灰分产率和迂曲度呈负相关关系;在物性方面,渗透分维数随孔隙度增大而减小,渗透性的分形表征与扩散分维数呈负相关关系,这说明渗透孔越不均一,煤岩孔隙度就越大,而扩散孔的均一化程度可以为评价石煤储层物性提供重要依据。 相似文献
16.
Today, grouting is used as an aid in ground improvement in most civil and mining engineering projects. Groutability and grout penetration depth are among the most important issues that are considered in grouting operation. Various parameters such as in-situ stress, pore water pressure, joint geometric and geomechanical characteristics, grout properties (viscosity and yield stress) and technical factors such as grouting pressure and flow rate affect the groutability and grout penetration depth in a jointed rock mass. Knowledge of the effect of these parameters has advantages in the prediction of grouting results. Typically, cement-based grout is used in jointed rock masses. Unlike water, stable cement-based grout usually acts as a Bingham fluid. In this study the effect of important parameters on grouting process in a jointed rock mass was investigated numerically using the DEM method. In the conducted study, the problem geometry represents a horizontal section in a regularly jointed rock mass with two joint sets. The analyses results show that the grout penetration depth and intake increase as joint aperture, normal stiffness and grouting pressure increase and in-situ stress and pore water pressure decrease. Increase in joint spacing does not have any effect on the grout penetration depth but decreases the grout intake. The effect of joint orientation on grouting process is strongly dependent on in-situ stress state. On the other hand, increase in grout yield stress decreases the grout penetration depth and intake, while grout viscosity does not have any effect on maximum grout penetration depth and intake. To further investigate the above mechanisms, the grouting process conducted in Gotvand dam-Iran was simulated numerically. 相似文献
17.
土-水特征曲线滞后阻塞模型 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
基于Young-Laplace方程利用土-水特征曲线估算孔隙分布,借鉴非饱和渗流统计模型,建立了土-水特征曲线的滞后模型。在某一基质吸力下对应的毛细半径上限的毛细水对更大孔隙半径的毛细水具有阻塞作用,阻塞概率与孔隙分布函数直接相关。孔隙分布函数自身属性体现了土体孔隙空间分布的非均匀性。该模型显示：在高基质吸力与低基质吸力阶段,脱湿曲线与吸湿曲线趋近相等;中等基质吸力阶段,脱湿曲线饱和度高于吸湿曲线饱和度,两者的差值存在一个明显的峰值。并采用实例验证了该模型的可靠性,发现该模型对中、细粒土预测效果较好,而砂类土因孔隙分布不符合假设,导致存在较大误差。对于砂类土等特征尺寸较大的土质,引入阻塞概率修正系数,发现最佳修正系数与土-水特征曲线半对数坐标下的土-水特征曲线最大斜率呈反比例关系。 相似文献
18.
增强煤层注水能力是目前需要亟待解决的问题,而煤层注水难易程度缺乏准确的判别标准。通过考虑煤体孔裂隙渗流分形结构特征和毛细作用下化学润湿特性,建立了煤层注水渗流量模型;基于概率论与数理统计方法基础,构建了集对联系度区间评价体系,划分了煤层注水的难易程度。结果显示：（1）注水效果受孔隙率、孔隙半径、接触角、液体的密度、表面张力、黏滞性系数、重力加速度等渗流结构参数和化学润湿特性等最简参数的影响,体系模型表征了煤体渗流结构和化学润湿特性与渗流量的关系。（2）在组合赋权下,孔隙率权重为0.32,对注水效果贡献较大,最大孔喉半径和接触角的贡献度次之;最小孔喉半径权重为0.17,对注水效果影响最小。（3）煤样X1、X2、X5评价指标值介于（0,0.25）,属于难注水煤层;煤样X3、X4评价指标值介于（0.25,0.50）,属于较难注水煤层。 相似文献
19.
磬云石是产于灵璧地区震旦系张渠组地层中的一种微晶灰岩,以其色黑致密且敲击能发出青铜质的声音,而成为观赏名石和制作敲打乐器。磬云石主要矿物组成为微晶方解石,晶体自形程度较好,粒度均小于10μm,紧密镶嵌排列,富含有机质。在元素地球化学特征上,磬云石含有高的CaO含量,低的MgO、SiO2、Fe2O3、Al2O3含量,低的稀土元素含量,富集Sr、Cu、Mn、Ba等元素。通过与该套震旦系地层中产出的其他微晶灰岩对比研究表明,磬云石的矿物组成单一,颗粒大小均匀,颗粒排列紧密,颗粒间孔洞小且少,含有较高的有机质含量等特征,是其敲击能发出青铜质声音的主要原因。磬云石的形成与震旦纪时全球高的CO2浓度以及该区多发的地质事件有关,是震旦纪海水过饱和CaCO3的沉积环境与该区复杂的地质事件联合作用的结果。 相似文献
20.
《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy》2000,25(2):163-168
We have made a detailed study of the effect of cross-sectional shape on the hydraulic conductance of rock pores. We consider laminar flow through a single tube with an irregular cross-section; constriction effects, and interconnectedness of pores, will be studied in a future work. We employ three approximate methods: the hydraulic radius approximation, which attempts to correlate the conductivity with the perimeter/area ratio, the Aissen approximation, which utilises a mean value of the conductance of the largest (smallest) circles that can be inscribed (circumscribed) inside (outside) the pore, and the Saint-Venant approximation, which is based on the polar moment of inertia of the shape. The Boundary Element Method is used to provide nominally “exact” estimates of the conductivity, but at the expense of large amounts of computational time. All four methods have been tested on pore shapes from SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) images of thin-sections of Berea and Massilon sandstone. Surprisingly, the hydraulic radius approximation is the most accurate of the three approximate methods, giving, on average, less than 1% error. Finally, we combine these methods with previous results on the effect of stress on pore deformation, to study the stress-dependence of pore conductivity. 相似文献