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1.
中国边缘海是海—陆—气圈进行物质和能量交换最活跃的海域之一,重建中国边缘海海洋生态环境演变对深入探析人类活动和气候变化的耦合作用意义重大,海洋沉积物生物标志物为定性/定量揭示海洋生态环境演变提供有效手段,可为预测人类活动影响下的海洋生态环境演变趋势提供科学支撑。本文总结归纳目前海洋沉积物中常用的古菌、细菌和真核来源生物标志物在海陆来源、化学结构、分布规律与功能等方面的特征,分析了不同生物标志物类型在重建海洋温度、酸碱度、氧化还原环境和浮游植物演变过程中的应用状况,剖析了多参数生物标志物在重建中国边缘海生态环境演变中存在的问题。总体而言,利用生物标志物重建中国边缘海生态环境演变的研究大多还停留在定性描述水平;由于对生物标志物母源生物及其适应机制认识不足会导致对生物标志物指标的解译存在偏差,进而影响海洋环境重建结果的准确性;此外,多种重要海洋环境演变参数并未建立起有效的生物标志物指标。未来的海洋生态环境重建研究应从结合新技术新方法厘清生物来源,整合大数据分析方法构建有更精确对应关系的校正公式以实现定量反演和准确预测,同时结合功能微生物群落筛选出更具独特性的新型生物标志物等方面开展研究。 相似文献
2.
中国边缘海是海—陆—气圈进行物质和能量交换最活跃的海域之一,重建中国边缘海海洋生态环境演变对深入探析人类活动和气候变化的耦合作用意义重大,海洋沉积物生物标志物为定性/定量揭示海洋生态环境演变提供有效手段,可为预测人类活动影响下的海洋生态环境演变趋势提供科学支撑。本文总结归纳目前海洋沉积物中常用的古菌、细菌和真核来源生物标志物在海陆来源、化学结构、分布规律与功能等方面的特征,分析了不同生物标志物类型在重建海洋温度、酸碱度、氧化还原环境和浮游植物演变过程中的应用状况,剖析了多参数生物标志物在重建中国边缘海生态环境演变中存在的问题。总体而言,利用生物标志物重建中国边缘海生态环境演变的研究大多还停留在定性描述水平;由于对生物标志物母源生物及其适应机制认识不足会导致对生物标志物指标的解译存在偏差,进而影响海洋环境重建结果的准确性;此外,多种重要海洋环境演变参数并未建立起有效的生物标志物指标。未来的海洋生态环境重建研究应从结合新技术新方法厘清生物来源,整合大数据分析方法构建有更精确对应关系的校正公式以实现定量反演和准确预测,同时结合功能微生物群落筛选出更具独特性的新型生物标志物等方面开展研究。 相似文献
3.
生物标志物稳定氢同位素研究进展及在海洋古环境重建中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
生物标志物稳定氢同位素是一种比较新的古环境指标,越来越多的研究者利用生物标志物稳定氢同位素重建了陆地和海洋中古水循环的变化。在陆地上,生物标志物δD值可以用来重建降雨δD值、古海拔以及蒸散作用大小或者湖泊水的输入输出平衡。在海洋中,生物标志物δD值的变化能更好地反映与其相关的生物和环境信息。培养实验以及现场数据显示生物标志物δD值能很好地反映表层海水δD值以及表层海水盐度的变化。许多研究者也利用海洋中生物标志物δD值重建了长时间尺度降雨量以及表层海水盐度的变化。对近年来生物标志物稳定氢同位素的研究进展,尤其是在海洋古环境重建中的应用进行了总结。 相似文献
4.
长链烷基二醇类化合物(Long-chain alkyl diols)是指在碳链的1号位置和链中位置连接有羟基基团的类脂化合物,普遍存在于海洋、河流和湖泊环境中。由于这类化合物分布广泛、性质稳定不易降解、且检测手段较为简单,因此具有作为生物标志物的潜力,在生物地球化学领域引起了广泛的研究和关注。关于其生物来源尚未有定论,但是研究发现1,13-diols和1,15-diols可能主要来自真眼点藻,而14-diols主要来自硅藻Proboscia。目前根据长链烷基二醇建立的指标包括:硅藻生产力、上升流强度、盐度、温度、河流输入和表层海水营养盐浓度等,对古环境气候的重建有着重要的意义。归纳总结了目前长链烷基二醇指标的研究和应用进展,这有助于未来我国边缘海长链烷基二醇来源以及二醇指标的深入研究。 相似文献
5.
生物标志物稳定氢同位素组成包含了重要的环境信息,以长链烯酮、甲藻甾醇和中链脂肪酸为代表的生物标志物氢同位素δD值以及氢同位素分馏被越来越多地应用到古海洋盐度重建的工作中。近20年的研究表明,海洋藻类生物标志物δD值受到诸多因素控制,如盐度、种属、温度和光照等。重点介绍表层海水盐度对海洋藻类脂质δD值的影响,通过汇总培养实验以及实地研究中的藻类生标δD值与盐度的关系,以及已有的藻类生标δD值重建古盐度的应用,提出使用该方法重建古表层海水盐度时存在的问题和需要关注的重点。希望通过研究可以更好地理解藻类生标δD值的应用潜力,为生标单体氢同位素研究提供更准确详尽的信息。 相似文献
6.
东海陆架泥质区沉积有机质的物源分析 总被引：28，自引：3，他引：28
色谱和色谱／质谱分析表明，济州鸟西南泥质区正构烷烃、姥鲛烷、植烷、藿烷和甾烷等生物标志物的特征与现代长江口、老黄河口和新黄河口的河流沉积物均区别很大，该泥质区的沉积有机质主要来源于海洋低等生物（如细菌和藻类等）以及陆源高等植物的输入，表现为不同来源和成熟度的生物标志物的混合，同时该泥质区沉积有机质与矿物碎屑沉积物来源不尽相同。长江口泥质区正构烷烃高相对分子质量部分与长江口沉积物相似，正构烷烃和藿烷所反映的有机质成熟度高于现代长江和老黄河口沉积物，甾烷的成熟度与长江相仿而明显高于老黄河口沉积物。长江口泥质区的沉积有机质主要来源于长江输入的陆源高等植物碎片和海洋源的低等生物。东海陆架近岸与远端泥质区沉积有机质的物源很不相同。 相似文献
7.
近年来，早期生命和古环境成为地学研究的热点，生物标志化合物在前寒武纪生命演化和环境研究中发挥着越来越重要的作用。在前寒武系地层中检测到的主要生物标志化合物为：烷烃（包括正构烷烃和异构烷烃、烷基环烷烃）、无环类异戊二烯烃、萜烷（包括三环萜、藿烷、2α-甲基藿烷和3β-甲基藿烷、重排藿烷、新藿烷、降新藿烷）、甾烷（包括C26-C30甾烷、4-甲基甾烷、甲藻甾烷、2-甲基甾烷和3-甲基甾烷、重排甾烷）、类胡萝卜素等。由于不同生物标志化合物的生物前驱物赋存于不同环境之中，并与环境协同演化，分析地层中生物标志化合物组合不仅可得到其前驱物组成信息，还可以获取古环境判断的重要标志。从已知生物标志化合物分析可以发现，在2．7Ga以前就存在生氧光合作用的蓝藻或蓝菌，真核生物可能已经存在，但在古、中元古代，海洋仍以缺氧环境为主，而生物仍以原核生物占优势。新太古代蓝藻或蓝菌的出现虽促进了大气圈的氧化，但海洋氧化的滞后明显制约了真核生物的发展，导致在2．78～0．6Ga长达20多亿年的时间里，生物演化缓慢。 相似文献
8.
细菌藿多醇（Bacteriohopanepolyols，BHPs）是细菌细胞膜中高度结构变异的五环三萜类化合物，易保存且受成岩作用影响较小，广泛分布于陆地和海洋环境中。BHPs作为一种新型微生物标志物，由于其细菌来源专属性和环境专属性，近年来已在示踪有机质来源、环境演变过程以及反演古环境方面表现出巨大的应用潜力。本文系统分析了近年来全球土壤、沉积物和海水中BHPs的组成、分布和来源，发现热带和温带区域中BHPs的多样性和含量通常高于寒带区域，且由土壤、河流、近海到外海海域逐渐降低。探讨了土壤标志物BHPs、细菌霍四醇同分异构体（BHT- Ⅱ）和35- 氨基霍多醇在有机质来源、缺氧环境、厌氧氨氧化和甲烷氧化活动方面的环境指示作用及在海洋生态环境重建中的应用，以期为示踪海洋生态环境变化提供新指标和新途径。 相似文献
9.
采用GC—MS技术测定了南海东北部东沙海域沉积物柱样HD196A中的有机物，共检测出90多种烃类化合物：正构烷烃、类异戊二烯、支链烷烃、多环芳烃等化合物。正构烷烃分布曲线的形状、碳数范围、主峰位置以及CPI值和0EP值说明，沉积物中的有机质主要来源是大陆高等植物和海洋浮游生物藻类和细菌源，并以陆源高等植物来源占优势。研究还表明，随着深度增加，柱样中重烃减少，而轻烃增加，奇偶优势指数趋近于1，长链烷烃和支链烷烃减少，芳烃的甲基化和甲基重排作用等，均显示出该区沉积物成熟度较高。同时结合该区已有的研究资料（烃类气体——甲烷、重烃组分分布，以及热释光、有机碳等），其高值异常区与本次研究站位相吻合，显示该海区具有烃渗漏来源，是海底油气和天然气水合物找矿的有利地区。 相似文献
10.
微生物四醚膜脂化合物在湖泊环境中的研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
近十几年来,甘油二烷基甘油四醚类化合物(GDGTs)已成为生物地球化学研究的热点,此类化合物广泛分布在海洋、湖泊、土壤、泥炭以及热泉等不同类型的环境载体中,并且携带丰富的环境信息,基于此类化合物分布构建的参数已成为重建古环境变迁的重要指标。本文首先从GDGTs化合物的结构以及生物来源出发,重点阐述了基于此类化合物构建的几个指标TEX86、BIT、MBT/CBT以及ACE在湖泊环境研究中的应用及存在的不足,随后概述了特殊类型湖泊即富营养、高盐度湖泊中GDGTs化合物的分布特征,最后对GDGTs化合物在湖泊环境的研究提出总结以及展望。 相似文献
11.
Geolipid compositions of surficial sediments from Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, and from three locations in the Northwestern Atlantic were determined to compare source inputs and alteration processes in different sedimentary environments. Fatty acids, sterols, fatty alcohols, and alkanes were examined in both unbound and bound extracts of these samples. Significant amounts of long chain fatty acids, alcohols, and hydrocarbons are present in the deep ocean station, yet this location contains a proportionally larger amount of short chain geolipids than do marine stations closer to shore. Larger proportions of long chain lipids present in the Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, and Gulf of Maine samples relative to the open ocean samples reflect larger inputs of land-derived lipids to sediments closer to terrigenous sources. Marine samples contain a more complex mixture of sterols than is found in lake sediments, suggesting that sterol inputs and alteration processes in the marine environment are more complex than in lacustrine settings. Ratios of 16:1/16:0 and 18:1/18:0 fatty acids decrease with increasing distance from land, which suggests that fatty acid degradation before and during deposition becomes more extensive in the open deeper ocean stations. 相似文献
12.
Sulphur-containing compounds in sulphur-rich crude oils from hypersaline lake sediments and their geochemical implications 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Guoying Sheng Jiamo Fu S. C. Brassell A. P. Gowar G. Eglinton Jaap S. Sinninghe Damste Jan W. de Leeuw P. A. Schenck 《中国地球化学学报》1987,6(2):115-126
Three sulphur-rich commercial crude oils have been studied, which contain sulphur as high as up to 4–12%. These samples were
collected from Tertiary hypersaline lake sediments of the Jianghan Basin, Hubei Province at different depths, but above the
oil generation threshold (2200m). FPD-GC and GC-MS data show that aromatic fractions of the crude oils are composed of different
homologues of sulphur-containing compounds, including long-chain normal alkyl-thiophenes and-thiolanes, long-chain isoprenoid-thiophenes
and -thiolanes, and benzothiophenes. It is worth noting that the distribution patterns of long-chain alkyl-thiophenes and
-thiolanes from two shallow-seated crude oils are quite similar to those of normal alkanes showing marked even-odd predominance.
It seems that the even-odd predominance of sulphur-containing compounds decreases with increasing burial depth of the crude
oils. The major component of aliphatic fraction is phytane, and similarly the major peaks of aromatic fractions also represent
C20 isoprenoid thiophenes.
Some preliminary conclusions have been drawn from the above discussion: (1) Abundant sulphur-containing compounds may be used
as an indicator of low mature or immature crude oils produced from hypersaline lake sediments; (2) Sulphur-containing compounds
are considered to be early diagenetic products of reactions between elemental sulphur or sulfides and alkanes or their precursors
(phytols, fatty acids, alcohols, etc.), or of bacterial activities, but not direct inputs of organisms. 相似文献
13.
The basin-scale spatial variability in lipid biomarker proxies in lacustrine sediments, which are established tools for studying continental environmental change, has rarely been examined. It is often implicitly assumed that a lake sediment core provides an average integral of catchment sources. Here we evaluated the distribution of lipid biomarkers in a modern ecosystem and compared it with the sedimentary record. We analyzed lipid biomarkers in terrestrial and aquatic organisms and in lake surface sediments from 17 locations within the saline–alkaline Lonar crater lake in central India. Terrestrial vegetation and lake surface sediments were characterized by relatively high average chain length (ACL) index values (29.6–32.8) of leaf wax n-alkanes, consistent with suggestions that plants in drier and warmer climates produce longer chain alkyl lipids than plants in cooler and humid areas. A heterogeneous spatial distribution of ACL values in lake surface sediments was found: at locations away from the shore, the values were highest (31 or more), possibly indicating different sources and/or transport of terrestrial biomarkers. In floating, benthic microbial mats and surface sediment, n-heptadecane, carotenoids, diploptene, phytol and tetrahymanol occurred in large amounts. Interestingly, these biomarkers of a unique bacterial community were found in substantially higher concentrations in nearshore sediment samples. We suggest that human influence and subsequent nutrient supply resulted in increased primary productivity, leading to an unusually high concentration of tetrahymanol in the nearshore sediments.In summary, the data showed that substantial heterogeneity existed within the lake, but leaf wax n-alkanes in a core from the center of the lake represented an integral of catchment conditions. However, lake level fluctuation may potentially affect aquatic lipid biomarker distributions in lacustrine sediments, in addition to source changes. 相似文献
14.
Methylhopanoids are organic compounds synthesized by certain bacteria, that when preserved in sediments act as molecular fossils or biomarkers for organic matter inputs from specific bacterial sources. Two series of methylhopanoids occur, each mainly deriving from a distinct bacterial source: cyanobacteria (2-methyl) and methanotrophic bacteria (3-methyl). The abundance and composition of methylhopanoids within sediments of modern depositional environments varies widely, apparently due to different bacterial communities contributing to the sedimentary organic matter. Comparable molecular characteristics are found in oils and their source rocks. Consequently, methylhopanoids are valuable in oil-oil and oil-source rock correlations, distinguishing between samples related to different depositional environments. In particular, abundant 3β-methylhopanoids (from methanotrophic bacteria or an additional unknown bacterial source) are characteristic of some modern alkaline saline lake environments. Comparable compositional features in the methylhopanes of oils allow the assignment of lacustrine oils offshore West Africa to two distinct lacustrine source rock facies, and to distinguish between different marine source facies, thus refining oil-source rock correlation. 相似文献
15.
The present paper deals with the biomarker characteristics of crude oils and source rocks from different environments(fresh,fresh-brackish and salt waters)of nonmarine depositional basins of different ages in China.Their characters are summarized as follows:1)Souce rocks and crude oils derived from fresh-water lacustrine facies have an odd/even predominance of n-alkanes and high pristine/phytane ratios.Oils from the fresh-water lacustrine facies differ from typical marine oils in the relative contents of total steranes and terpanes,the concentrations of hopanes and organic sul-phur compounds and the values of methylphenanthrene indices and C,H,S stable isotopes.2)The source rocks and crude oils derived from saline lacustrine facies possess an even/odd predominance of n-alkanes and high phytane/pristine ratios.There are also some differences between saline lacustrine oils and freshwater lacustrine oils in the concentrations of steranes,tricyclic terpanes and organic sulphur compounds,as well as in the values of methylphenanthrene indices and C,H,S stable isotopes.3)Oils derived from fresh-brackish water lake facies differ from oils from fresh-water lacustrine or samline lacustrine environments in respect of some biomarkers.According to the various distributions of these biomarkers,a number of geochemical parameters can be applied synthetically to differentiating and identifying the nature of original depositional environments of crude oils and source rocks and that of organisms-primary source materials present in those environments. 相似文献
16.
Stephanie Kusch Janet Rethemeyer Enno Schefuß 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2010,74(24):7031-7047
Transfer of organic carbon (OC) from the terrestrial to the oceanic carbon pool is largely driven by riverine and aeolian transport. Before transport, however, terrigenous organic matter can be retained in intermediate terrestrial reservoirs such as soils. Using compound-specific radiocarbon analysis of terrigenous biomarkers their average terrestrial residence time can be evaluated.Here we show compound-specific radiocarbon (14C) ages of terrigenous biomarkers and bulk 14C ages accompanied by geochemical proxy data from core top samples collected along transects in front of several river mouths in the Black Sea. 14C ages of long chain n-alkanes, long chain n-fatty acids and total organic carbon (TOC) are highest in front of the river mouths, correlating well with BIT (branched and isoprenoid tetraether) indices, which indicates contribution of pre-aged, soil-derived terrigenous organic matter. The radiocarbon ages decrease further offshore towards locations where organic matter is dominated by marine production and aeolian input potentially contributes terrigenous organic matter. Average terrestrial residence times of vascular plant biomarkers deduced from n-C29+31 alkanes and n-C28+30 fatty acids ages from stations directly in front of the river mouths range from 900 ± 70 years to 4400 ± 170 years. These average residence times correlate with size and topography in climatically similar catchments, whereas the climatic regime appears to control continental carbon turnover times in morphologically similar drainage areas of the Black Sea catchment. Along-transect data imply petrogenic contribution of n-C29+31 alkanes and input via different terrigenous biomarker transport modes, i.e., riverine and aeolian, resulting in aged biomarkers at offshore core locations. Because n-C29+31 alkanes show contributions from petrogenic sources, n-C28+30 fatty acids likely provide better estimates of average terrestrial residence times of vascular plant biomarkers. Moreover, sedimentary n-C28 and n-C30 fatty acids appear clearly much less influenced by autochthonous sources than n-C24 and n-C26 fatty acids as indicated by increasing radiocarbon ages with increasing chain-length and are, thus, more representative as vascular plant biomarkers. 相似文献
17.
Young kerogens isolated from seven freshwater lakes, six river mouths and four marine surface sediments were subjected to pyrolysis in vacuo. Their pyrolysates were trapped and separated subsequently for determination of hydrocarbons, fatty acids and alcohols. The abundances, carbon number distributions of long (C12) polymethylene chain lipid compounds and relative abundances of pristenes are proposed as possible indices applicable to discrimination between young kerogens from freshwater lacustrine and marine sediments. Some oil-shale kerogens of Eocene and Permian age were pyrolyzed in the same way, where the chain-length distributions of the pyrolysis products showed similar trends as those observed for the pyrolysis of young kerogens. 相似文献
18.
Biomarkers in the Molar Tooth （MT）-Bearing Limestones in the Jilin-Liaoning Area of China 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
The origin of Molar Tooth (MT) carbonates has been argued for more than 100 years, which are a kind of Proterozoic carbonates especially composed of microsparite with ptygmatically folded and sheet-like structures. Biomarkers detected in the microcalcsparite from the Wanlong and Xingmincun formations in the Jilin-Liaoning area showed there are abundant normal alkanes, isoprenoids, hopanes, steranes, alkylmethylcyclohexanes, and alkyleyclohexanes, indicating a diversity of biological source: long-chain isoprenoids, the major components of chlorophyll, such as C19, C20, a kind of major biomarkers synthesized early by isoprenoid monomers; hopanes a type of characteristic biomarkers from prokaryote, such as archaebacteria and cyanobacteria; sterane a biomarker for eukaryote; and two kinds of alkanes with C17, C18 as the main peaks representing aquatic bacteria and with C23, C24 as the main peaks representing fungi, respectively. Biomarker analysis showed that MT is the result of bacterial and algal activities, which is a kind of organisms between aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, reproducing well in normal or slightly saline sea water under weak oxidation-reduction conditions, resulting in rapid deposition of calcite as microsparite clue to some mechanisms. 相似文献
19.
湖泊沉积有机质的地球化学记录与古气候古环境重建 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
与深海沉积与冰芯记录相比,湖泊沉积主要反映区域气候变迁史,可以揭示百年、甚至十年尺度的古气候事件,是高分辨率古环境、古气候重建的理想场所.传统的地质地球化学方法主要侧重于宏观物理 /化学特性描述和孢粉学的研究,近 10年来,沉积有机质分子碳、氢同位素地球化学技术的渗入,使研究工作从传统的宏观、微观层次向分子级水平发展,对诸如古生产率估算、C3/C4植被演替史、古二氧化碳分压及古温度计算等深层次问题解决提供了强有力支持.本文评述了湖泊沉积有机质分子与碳、氢同位素地球化学记录及其在区域古环境、古气候研究中的应用前景. 相似文献
20.
通过对晚白垩纪松辽盆地后金沟剖面不同类型烃源岩进行详细的有机地球化学分析,揭示嫩江组一段上部到二段下部的烃源岩有机地球化学特征及古环境意义。根据元素分析、Rock-Eval及生物标志化合物等参数,发现嫩江组一段上部随着埋深的减少,有机质的来源以湖泊内源和陆生高等植物混合为主逐渐向以湖泊内源占优势过渡;正构烷烃分布呈现出高碳数的奇偶优势与低碳数偶奇优势共存、高碳数的奇偶优势、低碳数的偶奇优势三种模式;δ13Corg、C/N及海相C30甾烷共同证实了海侵作用的发生,且24-正丙基-胆甾烷、24-异丙基-胆甾烷和甲藻甾烷含量分别为0.09~8 μg/g、0~2 μg/g、0~0.3 μg/g,随着埋深的减少呈现增加趋势。嫩江组二段下部有机质来源以湖泊内源占优势,且非海相藻类对长链正构烷烃有一定的贡献,有机质的保存与缺氧环境和微生物的活动均有关;24-正丙基-胆甾烷、24-异丙基-胆甾烷和甲藻甾烷的含量分别为2.8~12.5 μg/g、2.4~8.5 μg/g、0.1~0.64 μg/g,随埋深减少呈现一定波动性。因此认为嫩江组一段上部沉积环境总体表现为滨湖到浅湖相的过渡并且伴随海侵作用逐渐增强;嫩江组二段下部被证明是半深湖到深湖相的沉积类型,海相C30甾烷含量的波动变化指示了海侵的多期次。 相似文献