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1.
The internal structure of the Volchetundra gabbro-anorthosite massif is considered, including localization of low-sulfide PGE mineralization and its mineralogy. The Volchetundra massif 24 km long and 0.5–4.0 km wide occupies the middle part of the Main Range complex, which extends for 75 km in the nearly meridional direction. The main and marginal zones are distinguished in the massif. The marginal zone 20–400 m wide extends along the entire eastern contact of the massif and is primarily composed of mediumgrained meso- and leucocratic norite, gabbronorite, plagioclasite, and less fequent orthopyroxenite. The main zone consists of coarse-grained leucogabbro and gabbronorite with an anorthosite zone in the axial part of the massif. The PGE mineralization of the Volchetundra massif is distinctly subdivided into two types substantially differing in localization, mineralogy, geochemistry, and economic importance. Mineralization of the first type is localized in the marginal zone and characterized by the highest resource potential. Mineralization hosted in the main zone belongs to the second type. The PGE ore of marginal zone is spatially and genetically related to the pyrite-pentlandite-chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite sulfide mineralization (1–5%) in the form of fine inequigranular interstitial disseminations, and less frequent larger grains and pockets localized within two ore zones each up to 2 km in extent. The thickness of separate mineralized layers varies from 0.5 to 3.0 m and up to 45 m in bulges. The average Pt + Pd grade is 1.37 gpt at Pd/Pt = 3.1. The mineralization of the second type has been penetrated by boreholes. Separate intersections do not correlate with one another and are limited in extent both along the strike and down the dip. The PGE mineralization is related to finely dispersed pentlandite-pyrite-pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite sulfides, sulfide emulsions, and less abundant stringer-disseminated sulfide ore. The orebodies vary from 2 to 7 m in thickness. The average Pt + Pd grade is 1.61 gpt; Pd/Pt = 1.3. The PGE mineralization includes 22 mineral species. PGE sulfides (cooperite-braggite-vysotskite; laurite and erlichmanite in insignificant amounts) are predominant. Bismuthotellurides (moncheite-kotulskite-merenskyite) and arsenides (sperrylite, palladoarsenite, arsenopalladinite, atheneite) are subordinate in abundance. In addition, sulfoarsenides (platarsite, hollingworthite), tellurides (telargpalite, sopcheite, keithconnite, melonite, hessite), paolovite, and Pt-Fe alloy have been identified. An admixture of native gold and electrum occur constantly. 相似文献
2.
The paper discusses the results of studying the contents of platinum group elements (PGE) and platinum group minerals (PGM) in ores of the Kingash deposit. The bulk of PGE has been established as concentrated in disseminated sulfide chalcopyrite–pyrrhotite–pentlandite ore and is represented by palladium bismuth–tellurides. During melt differentiation, the content and relationship of PGE are changed; the Pd/Pt value increases (up to 1.9 and 4.2 in dunite and wehrlite, respectively) with decreasing Mg number. The distribution of PGE, sulfur, and REE in various ore types suggests two formation mechanisms of high-grade ores: (1) the product of liquid immiscibility and gravity separation at the early magmatic stage and (2) involvement of the residual melt saturated in volatiles, which contributed to transportation and segregation of PGE at the late magmatic stage. The evolution of the ore system of the Kingash massif is characterized by sequential enrichment of PGM in Ni from high-Mg to low-Mg rocks similarly to sulfide minerals of disseminated ore. The criteria for ore content in utramafics of the Kansk block have been identified based on compared ore element and PGE concentrations in ultramafic rocks of the Kingash and Idar complexes. 相似文献
3.
The Kaalamo massif is located in the Northern Ladoga region, Karelia, on the extension of the Kotalahti Belt of Ni-bearing ultramafic intrusions in Finland. The massif, 1.89 Ga in age, is differentiated from pyroxenite to diorite. Nickel–copper sulfide mineralization with platinoids is related to the pyroxenite phase. The ore consists of two mineral types: (i) pentlandite–chalcopyrite–pyrrhotite and (ii) chalcopyrite, both enriched in PGE. Pd and Pt bismuthotellurides, as well as Pd and Pt tellurobismuthides, are represented by the following mineral species: kotulskite, sobolevskite, merenskyite, michenerite, moncheite, keithconnite, telluropalladinite; Pt and Pd sulfides comprise vysotskite, cooperite, braggite, palladium pentlandite, and some other rare phases. High-palladium minerals are contained in pentlandite–chalcopyrite–pyrrhotite ore. Native gold intergrown with kotulskite commonly contains microinclusions (1–3 μm) of Pd stannides: paolovite and atokite. Ore with 20–60% copper sulfides (0.2–6.0% Cu) contains 5.1–6.6 gpt PGE and up to 0.13–2.3 gpt Au. Pd minerals, arsenides and sulfoarsenides of Pt, Rh, Ir, Os, and Ru are identified as well. These are sperrylite, ruthenium platarsite, hollingworthite, and irarsite; silvery gold and paolovite have also been noted. All these minerals have been revealed in the massif for the first time. The paper also presents data on the compositions of 25 PGE minerals (PGM) from Kaalamo ores. 相似文献
4.
The results of study of the Ishkinino Co-Cu massive sulfide deposit hosted in ultramafic rocks of the Main Ural Fault Zone are discussed. The ore field is localized in a fragment of Early Devonian accretionary prism composed of oceanic and island-arc tectonic sheets. The antiform structure of the ore field was formed at the collision stage in the Late Devonian. The primary ore was deposited near the bottom in the environment of the accretionary prism at the island-arc stage of evolution, whereas the superimposed ore mineralization was related to the collision stage. The primary ore is composed of massive, stringer-disseminated, and clastic varieties with two mineral assemblages of sulfides and oxides. The superimposed stringer-disseminated ore mineralization is represented by Co-Ni-Fe arsenides and sulfoarsenides, native gold, Bi and Te minerals, and late sulfides and oxides. Loellingite, safflorite, rammelsbergite, and krutovite were identified in the massive sulfide ore for the first time in the Urals. The geochemical attributes of Co-Ni minerals serve as indicators of superimposed processes. Chromites contained in rocks and ore correspond to Cr-spinel of suprasubduction ultramafic rocks in chemical composition. It is suggested that sulfide ore may be found in the accretionary prisms of the presently active island arcs composed of ultramafic sheets. 相似文献
5.
Yu. A. Poltavets V. N. Sazonov Z. I. Poltavets G. S. Nechkin 《Geochemistry International》2006,44(2):143-163
Relationships between noble-metal and oxide-sulfide mineralization during the origin of the Volkovsky gabbroic pluton are discussed on the basis of geochemical data and thermodynamic calculations. The basaltic magma initially enriched in noble metals (NM) relative to their average contents in mafic rocks, except for Pt, is considered to be a source of Pd, Pt, Au, and Ag in the gabbroic rocks of the Volkovsky pluton. The ores were formed with a progressive gain of NM in the minerals during the fractionation of the basaltic magma. The active segregation of NM in the form of individual minerals (palladium tellurides and native gold) hosted in titanomagnetite and copper sulfide ore occurred during the final stage of gabbro crystallization, when the residual fluid-bearing melt acquired high concentrations of Cu, Fe, Ti, and V, along with volatile P and S. Copper sulfides—bornite and chalcopyrite—are the major minerals concentrating NM; they contain as much as 22.65–25.20 ppm Pd and 0.74–1.56 ppm Pt; 4.39–8.0 ppm Au, and 127.2–142.6 ppm Ag, respectively. The copper ore and associated NM mineralization were formed at a relatively low sulfur fugacity, which was a few orders of magnitude (attaining 5 log units) lower than that of the pyrite-pyrrhotite equilibrium. The low sulfur fugacity and the close chemical affinity of Pd and Pt to Te precluded the formation of pyrrhotite, pyrite, and PGE disulfides. The major ore minerals and NM mineralization were formed within a wide temperature range (800–570°C), under nearly equilibrium conditions. Foreign elements (Ni, Co, and Fe) affected the thermodynamic stability of Pd and Pt compounds owing to the difference in their affinity to Te and to elements of the sulfur group (S, Se, and As). The replacement of Pd with Ni and Co and, to a lesser extent, with Pt and the replacement of Te with S, As, and Se diminish the stability field of palladium telluride. Comparison of Pd tellurides from copper sulfide ores at the Volkovsky and Baronsky deposits showed the enrichment of the former in Au, Sb, and Bi, while the latter are enriched in Pt, Ni, and Ag. The enrichment of Pd tellurides at the Baronsky deposit in Ni is correlated with the analogous enrichment of the host gabbroic rocks. 相似文献
6.
This paper addresses the geochemical features of the noble metal disseminated sulfide and Timagnetite mineralization in the rocks of the Kalar group of autonomous gabbro-anorthosite massifs. The investigations suggest that this mineralization was formed in two stages. The first stage is related to the gabbroanorthosites proper and may be promising for low-sulfide PGE mineralization as well as PGE-bearing Ti-magnetite mineralization, while the second stage is linked to the ultrabasic intrusions associated with copper-nickel or chromite mineralization accompanying by PGE. The horizons of low-sulfide mineralization in the gabbro-anorthosites and copper-nickel mineralization in the dunite-pyroxenites are characterized by the Pd predominance over Pt, while the Cr-bearing and Ti-magnetite ores show the Pt predominance over Pd. 相似文献
7.
The geology of the basal-structural Loypishnyun low-sulfide Pt–Pd deposit is characterized, including its mineral composition and the peculiarities of its PGE and chalcophile-element distribution in ore. The deposit is situated in the northeastern part of the Monchetundra basic massif and is localized in its lower norite–orthopyroxenite zone, intensely injected with late gabbroic rocks. Two ore zones are distinguished within the deposit. Ore zone 1 has been traced by drilling for about 1.5 km at a thickness from 10–15 to 120 m and incorporates from two to nine separate lenticular–sheetlike orebodies 0.5–25 m in thickness. Ore zone 2 has been traced for 550 m and is represented by one orebody 5–35 m thick. The internal structure of the orebodies is characterized by alternation of low-grade (Pt + Pd = 0.5–0.9 gpt), ordinary (Pt + Pd = 1.0–1.9 gpt), and high-grade (Pt + Pd > 2 gpt) interlayers of various thickness. The ores are spatially and genetically related to sulfide mineralization (pentlandite–chalcopyrite–pyrrhotite) in an amount of 1–5 vol %. The PGE distribution in ores normalized to primitive mantle is characterized by fractionation of easily fusible platinoids with a positive Pd anomaly. The spectra of chalcophile elements normalized to primitive mantle are notable for elevated Te, Bi, As, and Se contents with respect to Sn, Hg, and Pb, which reflects the significant contribution of Te, Bi, and As in the formation of platinum group minerals (PGM), whereas Se, which is devoid of proper mineral phases, most likely is an admixture in the composition of sulfides. The S/Se value in ore of the Loypishnyun deposit varies from 31 to 814. The platinum group elements (PGE) in ore are represented by 45 noble metal minerals. Ore zone 1 is characterized by lateral mineral zoning, which is expressed as replacement of a bismuthotelluride–sulfide PGM assemblage by an assemblage of copper–PGE compounds and alloys. In ore zone 2, a mineral assemblage of tellurides, copper–PGE compounds and alloys predominates, with native gold, silver, and palladium, as well as sulfides and bismuthotellurides, playing a subordinate role. The formation of PGM ore proceeded under variable sulfur fugacity conditions, beginning with the late magmatic stage at temperatures of 900–700°C and ending with hydrothermal transformation at a temperature of <500°C. 相似文献
8.
Melonite group minerals and other tellurides are described from three Cu–Ni–PGE prospects in the Eastern Desert of Egypt: Gabbro Akarem, Genina Gharbia and Abu Swayel. The prospects are hosted in late Precambrian mafic–ultramafic rocks and have different geologic histories. The Gabbro Akarem prospect is hosted in dunite pipes where net-textured and massive sulfides are associated with spinel and Cr-magnetite. Michenerite, merenskyite, Pd–Bi melonite and hessite occur mainly as inclusions in sulfides. Typical magmatic textures indicate a limited role of late- and post-magmatic hydrothermal processes. At Genina Gharbia, ore forms either disseminations in peridotite or massive patches in hornblende-gabbro in the vicinity of metasedimentary rocks. Actinolitic hornblende, epidote, chlorite and quartz are common secondary silicates. Sulfide textures and host rock petrography suggest a prolonged late-magmatic hydrothermal event. Michenerite, merenskyite, Pd–Bi melonite, altaite, hessite, tsumoite, sylvanite and native Te are mainly present in secondary silicates. The Abu Swayel prospect occurs in conformable, lens-like mafic–ultramafic rocks in metasedimentary rocks and along syn-metamorphic shear zone. The sulfide ore and host rocks are metamorphosed (amphibolite facies; 550 to 650 °C, 4 to 5 kbar) and syn-metamorphically sheared. Melonite group minerals are represented by merenskyite and Pd–Bi melonite. Other tellurides comprise hessite, altaite and joséite-B. Melonite group minerals and tellurides occur as inclusions in mobilized sulfides and along cracks in metamorphic garnet and plagioclase.The different geological history of the three prospects permits an examination of the role played by magmatic, late-magmatic and metamorphic processes on the mineralogy of melonite group minerals and diversity of tellurides. The contents of PGE and Te in the ore and temperature of crystallization control the mineralogy and compositional trends of the melonite group minerals. Crystallization of the melonite group minerals over a wide range of temperatures in a Te-rich environment enhances the elemental substitutions. Merenskyite dominates the mineralogy of the group at low Te activity, while Pd–Bi melonite is the common phase at high Te activity. 相似文献
9.
Data on the composition of sulfide ores from ultramafic massifs in the central East Sayan Mountains and on the regularities of platinum group elements (PGE) in these ores are presented. It is found that the highest PGE contents are characteristic for net-textured and massive ores from the Zhelos massif: total PGE content there is up to 15 ppm, with Pd/Pt = 3–8, for Ni and Cu contents of 1.5–2.8 and 0.5–2.7 wt%, respectively. In the disseminated ores of the Zhelos massif, PGE contents vary from 1 to 7 ppm, at Ni and Cu contents varying in the ranges of 0.5–1.0 and 0.2–0.4 wt %, respectively. In the Tokty-Oi massif, disseminated ores are characterized by higher absolute PGE contents (1.6 to 3.3 ppm) at similar Ni content. PGE tenor of disseminated ores is higher compared to that of massive and net-textured ones. In the cross-sections of both massifs, net-textured and massive ores of an essentially pyrrhotine composition are found at the contact between ultramafic and host rocks. Total PGE in these ores is up to 12 ppm. The obtained data on sulfur isotopes indicate the common, well-homogenized sources, and close physical–chemical depositional conditions of all ore types. 相似文献
10.
煎茶岭硫化镍矿床的铂族元素地球化学特征及其意义 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：8
采用ICP-MS分析方法对煎茶岭硫化镍矿床岩石及矿石的铂族元素地球化学研究表明,煎茶岭矿床蛇纹岩的Cu/Pd值低于原生地幔岩浆的Cu/Pd值,说明岩浆熔离作用较弱,其Au/Pd值反映存在后期变质热液成矿作用镍矿石的Pd/Ir比值变化较小,指示其多数矿石属于岩浆型,尽管岩浆活动弱,但以岩浆成矿作用为主。该硫化镍矿床的铂族元素特征参数(Pt/(Pt Pd)、(Pt Pd)/(Ru Ir Os)、Pd/Ir及Cu/(Ni Cu)等)具有过渡特征,这与其处于过渡的构造环境、特殊的岩浆性质和复杂的成矿作用有关煎茶岭镍矿床成矿过程中有壳源物质的混染,整体上岩、矿石铂族元素含量较低,这与其岩浆熔离作用弱,PGE成矿作用不发育等因素有关 相似文献
11.
Chusi Li Edward M. Ripley Thomas Oberthür James D. MillerJr Gregory D. Joslin 《Mineralium Deposita》2008,43(1):97-110
Stratigraphic offsets in the peak concentrations of platinum-group elements (PGE) and base-metal sulfides in the main sulfide
zone of the Great Dyke and the precious metals zone of the Sonju Lake Intrusion have, in part, been attributed to the interaction
between magmatic PGE-bearing base-metal sulfide assemblages and hydrothermal fluids. In this paper, we provide mineralogical
and textural evidence that indicates alteration of base-metal sulfides and mobilization of metals and S during hydrothermal
alteration in both mineralized intrusions. Stable isotopic data suggest that the fluids involved in the alteration were of
magmatic origin in the Great Dyke but that a meteoric water component was involved in the alteration of the Sonju Lake Intrusion.
The strong spatial association of platinum-group minerals, principally Pt and Pd sulfides, arsenides, and tellurides, with
base-metal sulfide assemblages in the main sulfide zone of the Great Dyke is consistent with residual enrichment of Pt and
Pd during hydrothermal alteration. However, such an interpretation is more tenuous for the precious metals zone of the Sonju
Lake Intrusion where important Pt and Pd arsenides and antimonides occur as inclusions within individual plagioclase crystals
and within alteration assemblages that are free of base-metal sulfides. Our observations suggest that Pt and Pd tellurides,
antimonides, and arsenides may form during both magmatic crystallization and subsolidus hydrothermal alteration. Experimental
studies of magmatic crystallization and hydrothermal transport/deposition in systems involving arsenides, tellurides, antimonides,
and base metal sulfides are needed to better understand the relative importance of magmatic and hydrothermal processes in
controlling the distribution of PGE in mineralized layered intrusions of this type. 相似文献
12.
The ~260 Ma-old Baimazhai Ni–Cu–(PGE) sulfide deposit in the Jinping region, Yunnan, SW China, is hosted in a small mafic–ultramafic intrusion, which intruded Ordovician sandstone and slate. The intrusion is concentric with lens shape, about 530 m long, 190 m wide and 24 to 64 m thick, trends 296°, and dips 22°NE. The massive sulfide ore body forms the core of the intrusion and is surrounded by variably mineralized orthopyroxenite, websterite and barren gabbro. The proportion of gabbro, websterite, orthopyroxenite and massive ore is approximately 30, 30, 20 and 20 vol.%, respectively. Magmatic pyrrhotite, pentlandite and chalcopyrite make up more than 90% of the massive ores. The massive ores contain high Ni (1.6 to 4.2 wt%) and Cu (0.4 to 6.5 wt%) and low ∑PGE contents (85 to 524 ppb). They have Pd/Ir ratios ranging from 6.7 to 530, Pd/Pt ratios from 0.7 to 2.6 and Cu/(Pd×1,000) ratios from 31 to 400, which are comparable with those of the silicate rocks [Pd/Ir = 4 to 183, Pd/Pt = 0.7 to 3.5, and Cu/(Pd×1,000) = 100 to 400]. Similar Pd/Pt and Cu/Pd ratios of the silicate rocks and massive ores throughout the intrusion indicate a single sulfide segregation event. Excess sulfide melt segregation resulted from intensive crustal contamination that formed Si-rich and Mg-rich basaltic magmas in a deep-seated staging chamber before magma emplacement. The immiscible sulfide melts and the silicate melts were eventually evacuated from the staging magma chamber by compressive forces. Flow differentiation under high velocity concentrated the sulfide melts toward the middle of the magma flow, and consequently, formed a massive sulfide ore body in the central part of the intrusion. Low concentrations of PGEs and general absence of platinum-group minerals in the massive ores may have resulted from a relatively large mass fraction of the sulfide melts (e.g. R-factor = ~70) in Baimazhai compared with other intrusions elsewhere, such as Noril’sk-Talnakh with a R-factor of >10,000. 相似文献
13.
I. V. Vikentyev 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2006,87(3-4):305-326
Summary The study focuses on the mode of occurrence of Au, Ag and Te in ores of the Gaisk, Safyanovsk, Uzelginsk and other volcanic-hosted
massive sulfide (VHMS) deposits in the Russian Urals. Minerals containing these elements routinely form fine inclusions within
common sulfides (pyrite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite). Gold is mostly concentrated as ‘invisible’ gold within pyrite and chalcopyrite
at concentrations of 1–20 ppm. Silver mainly occurs substituted in tennantite (0.1–6 wt.% Ag). In the early stages of mineralization,
gold is concentrated into solid solution within the sulfides and does not form discrete minerals. Mineral parageneses identified
in the VHMS deposits that contain discrete gold- and gold-bearing minerals, including native gold, other native elements,
various tellurides and tennantite, were formed only in the latest stages of mineralization. Secondary hydrothermal stages
and local metamorphism of sulfide ores resulted in redistribution of base and precious metals, refining of the common sulfides,
the appearance of submicroscopic and microscopic inclusions of Au–Ag alloys (fineness 0.440–0.975) and segregation of trace
elements into new, discrete minerals. The latter include Au and Ag compounds combined with Te, Se, Bi and S. Numerous tellurides
(altaite, hessite, stützite, petzite, krennerite etc.) are found in the massive sulfide ores of the Urals and appear to be
major carriers of gold and PGE in VHMS ores. 相似文献
14.
A. G. Mironov S. M. Zhmodik G. M. Kolesov V. N. Mit’kin B. B. Damdinov S. B. Zayakina 《Geology of Ore Deposits》2008,50(1):41-59
The concentration levels and distribution features of the platinum group elements (PGE) in quartz-sulfide and base-metal ores in deposits of the Sayan-Baikal Fold Region (SBFR) are discussed. Microfire assay neutron activation analysis (MF-NAA), which enables one to work on a nondestructive basis and allows one to avoid inaccuracies related to chemical sample preparation, was used as the main analytical technique. Three types of hydrothermal mineralization with elevated grades of PGE (especially Pt, Pd, and Ru) have been identified: (1) pyrite-pyrrhotite (massive sulfide) mineralization hosted in black shales of the Il’chir Sequence; (2) gold-sulfide ores of the Zun-Kholba, Tainsky, Kamenny, and some other gold deposits; and (3) silver-basemetal ores of the Dzhida-Vitim Zone. The PGE contents significantly vary, from global average values to tens of grams per ton. An absence of PGE minerals implies that these elements are finely dispersed in sulfide minerals and native gold. Taking into account difficulties in conversion of PGE into analytical forms, their nonuniform distribution in sulfide minerals, their high affinity to coordination compounds, and experimental results, cluster species of Pt and Pd in major minerals are suggested for the gold-sulfide and silver-base-metal ores in deposits, which are related to suprasubduction ophiolites and island-arc and intraplate settings in the SBFR. 相似文献
15.
Zaykov V. V. Kotliarov V. A. Zaykova E. V. Blinov I. A. 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2017,476(2):1212-1216
Microinclusions of ore minerals were found and studied in grains of native gold for characterization of the mineralogy of placer gold of the South Urals. One hundred ten unrounded and poorly rounded grains with a size of 1–2 mm from eight placer zones were studied. Microinclusions of ore minerals were detected in six placers of the Miass zone. The list of minerals includes sulfides, arsenides, Cu-bearing Au, and PGEs. All microinclusions show links to certain deposits of ore gold and chromite occurrences. It is suggested that the northern flanges of the Talovsky and Nurali massifs containing gold placers with PGEs require a search for PGE mineralization.
相似文献16.
Concentrations of platinum group elements (PGE), Ag, As, Au, Bi, Cd, Co, Mo, Pb, Re, Sb, Se, Sn, Te, and Zn, have been determined
in base metal sulfide (BMS) minerals from the western branch (402 Trough orebodies) of the Creighton Ni–Cu–PGE sulfide deposit,
Sudbury, Canada. The sulfide assemblage is dominated by pyrrhotite, with minor pentlandite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite, and
they represent monosulfide solid solution (MSS) cumulates. The aim of this study was to establish the distribution of the
PGE among the BMS and platinum group minerals (PGM) in order to understand better the petrogenesis of the deposit. Mass balance
calculations show that the BMS host all of the Co and Se, a significant proportion (40–90%) of Os, Pd, Ru, Cd, Sn, and Zn,
but very little (<35%) of the Ag, Au, Bi, Ir, Mo, Pb, Pt, Rh, Re, Sb, and Te. Osmium and Ru are concentrated in equal proportions
in pyrrhotite, pentlandite, and pyrite. Cobalt and Pd (∼1 ppm) are concentrated in pentlandite. Silver, Cd, Sn, Zn, and in
rare cases Au and Te, are concentrated in chalcopyrite. Selenium is present in equal proportions in all three BMS. Iridium,
Rh, and Pt are present in euhedrally zoned PGE sulfarsenides, which comprise irarsite (IrAsS), hollingworthite (RhAsS), PGE-Ni-rich
cobaltite (CoAsS), and subordinate sperrylite (PtAs2), all of which are hosted predominantly in pyrrhotite and pentlandite. Silver, Au, Bi, Mo, Pb, Re, Sb, and Te are found predominantly
in discrete accessory minerals such as electrum (Au–Ag alloy), hessite (Ag2Te), michenerite (PdBiTe), and rhenium sulfides. The enrichment of Os, Ru, Ni, and Co in pyrrhotite, pentlandite, and pyrite
and Ag, Au, Cd, Sn, Te, and Zn in chalcopyrite can be explained by fractional crystallization of MSS from a sulfide liquid
followed by exsolution of the sulfides. The early crystallization of the PGE sulfarsenides from the sulfide melt depleted
the MSS in Ir and Rh. The bulk of Pd in pentlandite cannot be explained by sulfide fractionation alone because Pd should have
partitioned into the residual Cu-rich liquid and be in chalcopyrite or in PGM around chalcopyrite. The variation of Pd among
different pentlandite textures provides evidence that Pd diffuses into pentlandite during its exsolution from MSS. The source
of Pd was from the small quantity of Pd that partitioned originally into the MSS and a larger quantity of Pd in the nearby
Cu-rich portion (intermediate solid solution and/or Pd-bearing PGM). The source of Pd became depleted during the diffusion
process, thus later-forming pentlandite (rims of coarse-granular, veinlets, and exsolution flames) contains less Pd than early-forming
pentlandite (cores of coarse-granular). 相似文献
17.
The Grasvally Norite–Pyroxenite–Anorthosite (GNPA) member within the northern limb of the Bushveld Complex is a mineralized, layered package of mafic cumulates developed to the south of the town of Mokopane, at a similar stratigraphic position to the Platreef. The concentration of platinum-group elements (PGE) in base metal sulfides (BMS) has been determined by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. These data, coupled with whole-rock PGE concentrations and a detailed account of the platinum-group mineralogy (PGM), provide an insight into the distribution of PGE and chalcophile elements within the GNPA member, during both primary magmatic and secondary hydrothermal alteration processes. Within the most unaltered sulfides (containing pyrrhotite, pentlandite, and chalcopyrite only), the majority of IPGE, Rh, and some Pd occur in solid solution within pyrrhotite and pentlandite, with an associated Pt–As and Pd–Bi–Te dominated PGM assemblage. These observations in conjunction with the presence of good correlations between all bulk PGE and base metals throughout the GNPA member indicate the presence and subsequent fractionation of a single PGE-rich sulfide liquid, which has not been significantly altered. In places, the primary sulfides have been replaced to varying degrees by a low-temperature assemblage of pyrite, millerite, and chalcopyrite. These sulfides are associated with a PGM assemblage characterized by the presence of Pd antimonides and Pd arsenides, which are indicative of hydrothermal assemblages. The presence of appreciable quantities of IPGE, Pd and Rh within pyrite, and, to a lesser, extent millerite suggests these phases directly inherited PGE contents from the pyrrhotite and pentlandite that they replaced. The replacement of both the sulfides and PGM occurred in situ, thus preserving the originally strong spatial association between PGM and BMS, but altering the mineralogy. Precious metal geochemistry indicates that fluid redistribution of PGE is minimal with only Pd, Au, and Cu being partially remobilized and decoupled from BMS. This is also indicated by the lower concentrations of Pd evident in both pyrite and millerite compared with the pentlandite being replaced. The observations that the GNPA member was mineralized prior to intrusion of the Main Zone and that there was no local footwall control over the development of sulfide mineralization are inconsistent with genetic models involving the in situ development of a sulfide liquid through either depletion of an overlying magma column or in situ contamination of crustal S. We therefore believe that our observations are more compatible with a multistage emplacement model, where preformed PGE-rich sulfides were emplaced into the GNPA member. Such a model explains the development and distribution of a single sulfide liquid throughout the entire 400–800 m thick succession. It is therefore envisaged that the GNPA member formed in a similar manner to its nearest analogue the Platreef. Notable differences however in PGE tenors indicate that the ore-forming process may have differed slightly within the staging chambers that supplied the Platreef and GNPA member. 相似文献
18.
The distribution of noble metals has been studied in ores and sulfide concentrates from the Gai, Uchaly, Uzel’ga, Aleksandrinsky, Degtyarsk, and Saf’yanovka deposits. The ores, technological products, and hand-picked monofractions were analyzed with INAA; PGE were determined with kinetic and chromatographic methods after their preliminary chemical separation. The ultraheavy fractions from Au-rich samples were used for examining minerals of noble metals. Phase relations and compositions of ore minerals were studied with an X-ray microprobe and electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer. Gold is associated largely with Fe and Cu minerals (pyrite, chalcopyrite, fahlore) and has been detected as an admixture in Pb, Bi, and Ag tellurides. Pyrite—the major mineral of massive sulfide ores—is the main gold concentrator (up to 20 ppm, ～1 ppm on average). As follows from the results of rational analysis, the concentration of finely dispersed gold in sulfide ores from the studied deposits ranges from 0.8 to 5.0 ppm, i.e., is less than the bulk Au content in the respective samples (0.93–21.2 ppm). Formation conditions of Au-enriched massive sulfide ores were estimated from the homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions in minerals and on the basis of the electrum-argentite-pyrite-sphalerite and electrum-hessite geothermometers, taking into account the sulfur and tellurium fugacities. The appearance of visible gold and tellurides in ores is caused by recrystallization of their fine-grained intergrowths with ore-forming minerals and, likely, by release of isomorphic admixtures contained in sulfides during epigenetic hydrothermal alteration. 相似文献
19.
WANG Ruiting MAO Jingwen HE Ying WANG Dongsheng TANG Zhongli 《大地构造与成矿学(英文版)》2005,29(2):152-163
The platinum-group element geochemistry of rocks and ores from Jinchuan super-large copper-nickel sulfide deposit is systemically studied in this paper. The Cu/Pd mean ratio of Jinchuan intrusion is lower than that of original mantle magma, which indicates that these ultrabasic rocks were crystallized from magma that lost Pd in the form of melting segregation of sulfides. The PGE of the rocks show trend of partial melting, similar to that of mantle peridotite, which shows that magma formation occurs during rock-forming and ore-forming processes. The chondrite normalized PGE patterns of the rocks and ores are well related to each other, which signifies the signatures of multi-episode magmatic intrusion, melting and differentiation in the formation processes of rocks and ores. In addition, analyses about the relation between PGE and S, and study on Re-Os isotopes indicate that few contamination of the crustal substances occurred during the magmatic intrusion and the formation of deposit. However, contamination by crustal substances helps to supply part of the S for the enrichment of PGE. Meanwhile, the hydrothermal process is also advantageous for the enrichment of PGE, especially lbr Pt and Pd, due to deep melting segregation. The characteristic parameters （such as Pt/（Pt＋Pd）, （Pt＋Pd）/（Ru＋Ir＋Os）, Pd/Ir, Cu/（Ni＋Cu）, and so on.） for platinum-group elements for Jinchuan sulfide copper-nickel deposit show the same features as those for sulfide copper-nickel deposit related to basic magma, which also illustrates its original magma property representative of Mg-high tholeiite. Therefore, it is the marie （not ultramafic） magma that resulted in the formation of the superlarge sulfide copper-nickel deposit enriched in Cu and PGE. To sum up, the geochemical characteristics of platinum-group elements in rocks and ores from Jinchuan copper-nickel sulfide deposit are constrained by the continental rift tectonic environment, the parent magma features, the enriched mantel magma source, the complex metallogenesis and PGE geochemical signatures, and this would be rather significant for the study about the genetic mechanism of copper-nickel sulfide deposits. 相似文献
20.
金川铜镍硫化物矿床的成因及侵位机制尤其是块状矿石和铂钯富集体成因一直存在较大争议,本文通过对金川矿石的空间关系、地球化学特征研究,指出金川矿床遭受构造及热液蚀变作用影响明显,块状矿石相对富集Os、Ir、Ru、Rh,铂钯富集体相对富集Pt、Pd、Au、Cu.研究认为,块状矿石是晚期纯硫化物矿浆上升贯入后经单硫化物固溶体结晶堆积而成,残余熔浆形成初始铂族矿物,后期矿体遭受热液蚀变及构造剪切-热液作用,使Pt、Pd、Cu、Au迸一步富集形成铂钯富集体,并在有利于成矿的空间聚集成矿.块状矿石与铂钯富集体关系密切,据此推测2 #矿体、24#矿体深边部裂隙中具有良好的勘探前景. 相似文献