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1.
碳酸盐矿物是黄土的重要组成部分,是古环境重建的重要指标之一.通过对地处西风区的新疆伊犁盆地昭苏黄土剖面的全岩样品和分粒级样品的X射线衍射测试,分析了其碳酸盐矿物组成,利用麦夸特算法计算了碳酸盐矿物的含量.综合碳酸盐矿物的含量、粒径分布及风化特征等因素,对其古环境意义进行了辨识,从而建立了该剖面末次冰期以来碳酸盐矿物记录的古气候环境变化序列.结果表明:昭苏剖面中原生碳酸盐矿物(方解石和白云石)含量占主导地位,次生方解石对样品中总方解石含量的贡献较少;白云石含量可能与亚轨道尺度冷暖交替导致的西风环流强度变化有关;方解石含量的变化可能指示了西风区降水量的变化;碳酸盐矿物含量揭示了昭苏地区在末次冰期时气候冷湿,在全新世时气候暖干. 相似文献
2.
X射线粉晶衍射仪在大理岩鉴定与分类中的应用 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
大理岩主要有方解石大理岩、白云石大理岩和菱镁矿大理岩三种。以往大理岩是依据偏光显微镜下观察岩石结构构造及矿物成分进行分类定名,由于方解石、白云石、菱镁矿都属于三方晶系,具有闪突起、高级白干涉色、一轴晶负光性和菱形解理等相同晶体光学特征,偏光显微镜下区分十分困难。为了准确鉴定大理岩中碳酸盐矿物种类及其相对含量,本文利用岩石薄片偏光显微镜和X射线粉晶衍射技术对32件大理岩岩石样品进行分析测试。岩石薄片鉴定结果表明:大理岩造岩矿物主要有方解石、白云石、菱镁矿、石英、斜长石、白云母、黑云母、绿泥石、黏土和金属矿物。根据岩石结构构造及矿物组分特征,可把32件大理岩样品划分为方解石大理岩、长英质方解石大理岩、石英绿泥白云石大理岩、白云石大理岩、云英质白云石大理岩和菱镁矿大理岩等15个类型。X射线粉晶衍射分析表明:大理岩造岩矿物主要有方解石、白云石、菱镁矿、石英、斜长石、钾长石、云母、绿泥石、滑石和蒙脱石。综合分析认为:岩石薄片偏光显微镜鉴定技术很难区分方解石、白云石和菱镁矿等碳酸盐矿物,以及细小的石英、钾长石和斜长石、滑石和白云母等鳞片状硅酸盐矿物;X射线粉晶衍射分析技术不仅能准确检测出大理岩中方解石、白云石和菱镁矿等碳酸盐矿物种类及相对含量(方解石、白云石和菱镁矿的X射线衍射主峰有明显差异,d值分别为0.303 nm、0.288 nm和0.274 nm),而且能够有效鉴别岩石中粉砂级斜长石、钾长石与石英(三种矿物的X射线衍射主峰d值分别为0.319 nm、0.324 nm、0.334 nm);且能区分蒙脱石、绿泥石、云母和滑石等层状硅酸盐矿物(四种硅酸盐矿物的X射线衍射主峰d值分别为1.400 nm、0.705 nm、0.989 nm、0.938 nm)。综合岩石薄片偏光显微镜鉴定和X射线粉晶衍射分析结果,最终确定32件大理岩样品划分为22个岩石类型。研究认为:仅根据岩石薄片偏光显微镜鉴定或X射线粉晶衍射技术其中一种方法不能准确鉴定大理岩岩石,应将大理岩岩石野外观察、岩石薄片鉴定和X射线粉晶衍射技术结合起来,才能准确确定大理岩岩石类型。 相似文献
3.
从中国黄土沉积中提取古环境演化信息已取得重大进展,然而,如何有效区分黄土中原生和次生碳酸盐,进而用于追踪粉尘的来源和揭示风化成壤的强度,仍有很大困难。为了辨别黄土中不同成因的碳酸盐矿物,本文从黄土高原西部靖远和古浪剖面中选取2个典型古土壤和黄土样品(S_0和L_1),分为5个粒级(4μm,4~8μm,8~16μm,16~32μm和32~63μm),进行了热重分析(TGA)和X射线衍射测试(XRD)。结果表明:1)黄土中的碳酸盐主要由方解石和白云石组成,原生方解石和白云石在黄土中的含量比古土壤中含量高,并偏富集于粗颗粒组分;2)次生方解石在古土壤中的含量比黄土中高,并显著富集于细颗粒组分。在黄土和古土壤全样和分粒级样品中,TGA和XRD方法分别测出的Carb-B/Carb-A和(方解石+白云石)/方解石比值变化一致,有望成为反映黄土风化成壤强度的新代用指标。 相似文献
4.
最近13万年来黄土高原黄土剖面中绿泥石的化学风化与古气候变迁 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
对黄土高原不同纬度地区的4个黄土—古土壤剖面和lO个现代土壤样品中绿泥石的化学风化进行研究，发现黄土—古土壤剖面中的绿泥石在最近13万年发生了明显的化学风化，其风化程度受剖面位置和气候控制；黄土—古土壤剖面中ω(绿泥石 高岭石)／ω(伊利石)的比值与磁化率之间具有良好的负相关关系，绿泥石的化学风化与古土壤中铁氧化物矿物的形成和磁化率的增强之间有成因联系；黄土高原现代地表样品中ω(绿泥石 高岭石)／ω(伊利石)比值与现代年平均温度和年平均降水量有着良好的相关关系。认为ω(绿泥石 高岭石)／ω(伊利石)的比值可作为新的指示夏季风变化的替代性指标，对于定量重建古气候的变迁历史具有重要意义。 相似文献
5.
金沙江河流悬浮物与沉积物的矿物学特征及其表生地球化学意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究金沙江流域表生风化特征,系统采集了金沙江和岷江流域32件河流悬浮物和河床砂样品,对其进行了矿物组成分析。结果表明,不同江段河流悬浮物、沉积物的矿物组成大致相同,以石英、方解石、斜长石和粘土矿物为主,局部有白云石、钾长石和角闪石等;粘土矿物主要有伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石和蒙脱石。河床沉积物中非粘土矿物碎屑(岩屑)含量明显高于悬浮物。伊利石为铁镁质,Kubler指数在轻微变质范围内,主要来源于三叠系碎屑岩和砂板岩。金沙江、岷江的河流悬浮物矿物组成与流域内出露的碎屑岩、砂板岩、火成岩、碳酸盐岩等的分布有较好的对应关系。河流悬浮物和沉积物的矿物组成及伊利石结晶指数特征表明流域内以物理风化为主。 相似文献
6.
选取了贵州高原喀斯特地区的典型硅酸盐风化剖面(毕节邓家湾剖面)和碳酸盐岩风化剖面(安顺平坝剖面)作为研究对象,以贵州地区的铝土矿剖面和中国黄土作为对比,对其元素分布特征及化学风化作用和强度与进行了研究。结果表明:SiO2、Fe2O3、Al2O3均为两个剖面含量最高的组分,但由于成土母质的化学组分不同,元素分布差异比较明显;同时由于经历的化学风化阶段并不相同,两个剖面的化学蚀变指数(CIA)值相差较大,邓家湾剖面经历了中等强度的风化作用,而平坝剖面的风化强度则十分强烈,CIA反映了土壤剖面的化学组成的差别,以及成土母质、风化成土过程和程度上的差异;虽然两个剖面稀土元素总量都较高,但配分模式存在着明显的差异,剖面的形成基本上是由于各自基岩的风化作用形成的,受中国黄土的影响并不明显。 相似文献
7.
《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2016,(2)
为探究龙口湾表层沉积物碎屑矿物的来源及其影响因素,对2013年采自龙口湾的表层沉积物样品的碎屑矿物进行了研究。结果表明,龙口湾表层沉积物中重矿物质量分数较低,平均为0.58%,重矿物以普通角闪石、绿帘石为主,云母类片状矿物较多,稳定矿物含量较低,其中普通角闪石的平均百分含量高达41.85%。轻矿物以石英、长石为主,且斜长石与钾长石的含量相近,其中石英的平均百分含量高达47.33%。碎屑矿物的分布特征表明,尽管龙口湾的表层沉积物仍以沿岸河流输沙、风沙、岛岸侵蚀和黄河的影响为主,但沿岸大规模人工岛建设已对其组合特征产生重要影响。表现为普通角闪石的含量剧增,绿帘石的含量减少,斜长石的含量剧减,而钾长石的含量变化不大。 相似文献
8.
黄土风化成土过程中主要元素迁移序列 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
主要研究了渭南黄土剖面中主要化学组分的分布特征、影响因素以及它们在风化成土过程中的迁移富集规律。结果表明：（１）在剖面中随着黄土与古土壤层的交替叠复,各组分含量由低－高或由高－低呈周期性变化。（２）碳酸盐含量的剧烈变化是影响黄土元素分布特征极为重要的因素,古土壤中一些组分的含量增高,主要是碳酸盐被强烈淋滤造成的相对富集。（３）在黄土风化成土过程中,ＣａＣＯ３、ＳｉＯ２、ＦｅＯ、ＭｇＯ、Ｋ２Ｏ、Ｎａ 相似文献
9.
新疆伊犁黄土化学风化特征及其控制因素 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对伊犁盆地昭苏黄土剖面元素地球化学分析,结合与黄土高原典型第四纪风成堆积洛川剖面的对比,对伊犁黄
土常量元素分布规律及化学风化特征进行初步研究发现,伊犁昭苏剖面黄土和古土壤主要元素含量具有较好的一致性,暗
示着沉积后两者所经历的风化作用相似。与黄土高原相比,伊犁黄土和古土壤除CaO,MgO和Na2O,P2O5分别出现较大程度的
富集和较小程度的亏损外,其它常量元素含量的变化趋势基本一致;CIA指数、Na/K比值及A-CN-K图解显示伊犁黄土和古土
壤均经历了低等强度的化学风化作用,弱于黄土高原的洛川黄土及古土壤,黄土和古土壤风化分异作用不明显。气候条件
尤其水热组合模式（降水、温度和蒸发量等）对伊犁黄土化学风化的起着重要的制约作用。 相似文献
10.
成都平原风尘堆积的化学风化特征及其古气候意义 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
对成都平原胜利红土剖面进行了系统的常量元素分析,并与川西典型黄土、古土壤样品的地球化学特征进行对比,研究本区风尘堆积所经历的化学风化作用过程,并对该序列化学风化特征的古气候意义进行探讨.研究结果表明,成都红土的常量元素组成与川西典型黄土、古土壤样品相似,与上地壳的平均化学成分也基本一致,说明成都红土与川西黄土一样,在堆积以前也经历了多次充分混合作用.在成都红土的形成过程中,Ca、Na元素大量淋失,含量很低,K、Mg也出现了不同程度的淋失,说明成都红土经历了斜长石和钾长石的化学风化过程.进一步的研究表明,成都黏土已达到中等风化的末期阶段,而网纹红土已进入强烈风化作用阶段.从整个序列的化学风化参数来看,距今1.13 Ma以来化学风化强度不断减弱,表明四川盆地及周围地区更新世中期以来有逐渐变干的趋势,与全球气候变化具有一致性. 相似文献
11.
风化壳研究的现状与展望 总被引：26，自引：1，他引：25
风化壳是岩石圈、大气圈以及水圈、生物圈之间相互作用的界面,能够直接记录地球多圈层演化的信息。利用风化壳的地带性规律重建古环境是地貌学研究的传统内容之一。近年来,单晶矿物激光^40Ar/^39Ar测年技术、“双面”模式以及古地磁法等在风化壳研究中的成功应用,在理论和技术上为恢复大陆剥蚀区高分辨率的环境演变历史创造了条件。利用风化年代学、风化地层学、古地磁学和地球化学等方法对风化壳进行综合研究,不仅可以建立剥蚀区的环境演变序列,为风化期次（事件）与其他全球性构造－气候事件的对比提供了广阔的前景;而且可以用于化学风化（强度和速度）的准确量化,有利于深入理解构造－剥蚀－风化－气候之间相互作用的反馈机制和正确评估人类活动对未来气候的影响能力。 相似文献
12.
Chemical and physical weathering in a hot‐arid,tectonically active alluvial system of Anza Borrego Desert,California 
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下载免费PDF全文 Investigation of chemical and physical weathering of bedrock and alluvial sediment in the Anza Borrego Desert, California, sheds light on weathering processes in hot‐arid systems and clarifies interpretations of climate from alluvial sediment. All of the alluvial sediment in the study area emanates from Cretaceous tonalite of the Peninsular Range, enabling exploration of the effects of external variables – climate, transport distance and tectonics – on the physical and chemical properties of the sediment. Chemical weathering in this area is dominated by plagioclase alteration observed in both bedrock outcrops and sediment, evinced most clearly by changes in the Eu anomaly. Biotite chemical weathering, manifested by interlayer K+ loss, is not evident in bedrock, but clearly observed in the sediment. Despite the weak intensity of chemical weathering (Chemical Index of Alteration = 56 to 62), fine‐grained (<63 μm) sediment displays a clear weathering trend in A–CN–K space and contains up to 25% clay minerals. Physical abrasion and grain‐size reduction in biotite during transport predominates in the sediment, whereas physical (insolation) weathering affecting bedrock is inferred from estimates of differential thermal expansion of mineral phases in response to extreme temperature changes in the study area. Chemical alteration and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area both increase within the active Elsinore fault zone at the distal end of the depositional transect, reflecting tectonic‐induced fracturing and associated accelerated weathering. Extensive fracturing, together with a more humid Pleistocene climate, probably facilitated in situ bedrock weathering, preceding arid alluvial deposition in the Holocene. This study demonstrates that both climate and tectonic processes can affect chemical and physical weathering, resulting in alteration of plagioclase, leaching of K+ from biotite in the sediment and formation of clay minerals, even in hot, arid systems. 相似文献
13.
桂柳高速公路边坡岩石风化速度的研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
作者对桂柳高速公路边坡对代表性岩石的剥落量、剥落厚度及风化破坏特征等表征风化速度的指标进行了观测试验,发现边坡岩石的风化速度主要受岩性、构造、气候(降雨及干湿循环频度、强度)、岩体结构特征、岩面起伏及其裸露程度和人为因素的控制,这与风化作用对岩石的综合影响因素是一致的。文中建立的岩石风化速度与降雨量的相关性公式及表征岩石风化特性的定量指标,对于类似地区、类似岩性具有一定的适用性和参考价值。 相似文献
14.
Janet S. Wright 《Sedimentary Geology》2007,202(3):337-351
Quartz silt is a widespread detrital sediment with large aeolian (loess) and alluvial silt deposits forming important components of many contemporary landscapes. Despite research findings which indicate that a range of opportunities exist for the comminution of quartz into silt particles within a wide variety of geomorphic environments (e.g. glacial grinding, fluvial comminution, aeolian abrasion, frost weathering, salt weathering, insolation weathering and deep weathering), the ‘glacial-aeolian’ hypothesis has traditionally been favoured as the most likely explanation for loess formation and loess is seen as primarily a Quaternary phenomenon. As a consequence there has been a tendency to underestimate sediment inputs into loess systems by geomorphological processes operating within pre-Quaternary environments. In particular, earth scientists may have considerably underestimated the role of weathering in global silt generation, as there are now many references to the existence of a patchy but widespread distribution of pre-Quaternary weathering profiles across the glacial and periglacial landscapes of the Northern Hemisphere (e.g. North America, British Isles, north and central Europe), landscapes within which many of the classical loess deposits are located. These observations suggest that weathering profiles may have covered large tracts of the Northern Hemisphere land surface prior to the Quaternary glaciations. This, in turn, may have important implications for quartz silt generation as: (1) experimental studies indicate that many weathering processes are capable of generating significant quantities of silt-sized debris, and (2) particle characteristics displayed by saprolitic material that has developed on quartz rich crystalline source rocks often include significant quantities of either silt-sized material, or quartz grains that are weakened by weathering derived microfractures. Thus, weathering profiles may represent ‘mines’ of actual and potential quartz silt, available for release into sedimentary systems when these profiles are subsequently reworked by geomorphological processes such as glacial, fluvial and aeolian erosion. 相似文献
15.
Chemical weathering gradients are defined by the changes in the measured elemental concentrations in solids and pore waters with depth in soils and regoliths. An increase in the mineral weathering rate increases the change in these concentrations with depth while increases in the weathering velocity decrease the change. The solid-state weathering velocity is the rate at which the weathering front propagates through the regolith and the solute weathering velocity is equivalent to the rate of pore water infiltration. These relationships provide a unifying approach to calculating both solid and solute weathering rates from the respective ratios of the weathering velocities and gradients. Contemporary weathering rates based on solute residence times can be directly compared to long-term past weathering based on changes in regolith composition. Both rates incorporate identical parameters describing mineral abundance, stoichiometry, and surface area.
Weathering gradients were used to calculate biotite weathering rates in saprolitic regoliths in the Piedmont of Northern Georgia, USA and in Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. Solid-state weathering gradients for Mg and K at Panola produced reaction rates of 3 to 6×10−17 mol m−2 s−1 for biotite. Faster weathering rates of 1.8 to 3.6×10−16 mol m−2 s−1 are calculated based on Mg and K pore water gradients in the Rio Icacos regolith. The relative rates are in agreement with a warmer and wetter tropical climate in Puerto Rico. Both natural rates are three to six orders of magnitude slower than reported experimental rates of biotite weathering. 相似文献
16.
The watershed in the southern Jiangxi Province (Jiangxi Province is called simply Gan) (SGW) and the watershed in the central Guizhou Province (Guizhou Province is called simply Qian) (CQW) are two subtropical watersheds of the Yangtze River in China. Both watersheds have similar latitudes and climate, but distinct differences in basin lithology. These similarities and differences provide a good natural laboratory in which to investigate weathering processes and Sr end-members in river waters. This work aims to identify and contrast the sources, fluxes and controls on Sr isotopic composition in the river waters of these two areas. Results showed that the 87Sr/86Sr in the SGW waters ranged from 0.716501 to 0.724931, with dissolved Sr averaging 27 μg l− 1. Rhyolites and granites are two major sources for the dissolved Sr. The SGW waters receive 42% of their Sr from silicates weathering, 32% from carbonates and 3.2% from evaporites. 87Sr/86Sr in the CQW waters has a lesser variation from 0.707694 to 0.710039, but higher Sr contents (average of 208 μg l− 1). Dolomite, limestone and dolomitic limestone are major sources of Sr in the waters. The CQW waters receive 69% of their Sr from carbonates, 1.7% from silicates and 0.9% from evaporites. The chemical erosion rate and Sr flux in the CQW are 122 t km− 2 a− 1 and 0.079 t km− 2 a− 1, respectively, which are higher than those of the SGW (56 t km− 2 a− 1 and 0.021 t km− 2 a− 1, respectively). These data suggest that the intensive carbonates weathering occurred in the karstic area in the upper-reach of the Yangtze River exert great influence on the high Sr concentration and low Sr isotopic ratios in the River. 相似文献
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柴达木盆地阿尔金山前斜坡带发现了规模分布的东坪基岩气田,其基岩风化壳的作用成为关注的问题。依据元素分析、X-射线衍射分析、岩心薄片观察,常规测井响应和成像测井响应特征,识别出东坪地区基岩风化壳发育不同结构层,且不同结构层的储集特征有很大差异。研究表明,基岩风化壳结构可划分为土壤层、完全风化层和半风化层,而半风化层又可进一步分为溶蚀带和崩解带;其中土壤层厚度0~2 m,完全风化层厚度4~15 m,溶蚀带厚度365~164 m,崩解带厚度300~1 000 m。基岩半风化层是储层发育带,其中溶蚀带储集物性好于崩解带,溶蚀带发育较多的溶蚀孔洞和溶蚀加宽的网状裂缝,孔隙度范围2%~16%;而崩解带发育弱溶蚀构造缝和节理缝,孔隙度范围2%~8%。东坪地区大规模发育基岩风化壳为柴达木盆地远离烃源岩灶的斜坡地区寻找油气提供了借鉴依据。 相似文献
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广西区内139个主要风化矿床(点)中有近4成集中分布于中酸性岩浆岩风化区。新近纪以来新构造运动活跃,东亚季风盛行产生了湿热气候,致使近2.0×105 km 2不同时代、不同岩性的中酸性岩浆岩广泛出露并遭受强烈风化,大面积的厚层风化壳在低山丘陵地貌景观区得以保存,这为风化矿床的发育提供了得天独厚的气候、地质、构造和地貌等条件。广西中酸性岩浆岩风化作用形成的矿床主要包括残积型(以钛铁砂矿为代表)、淋积型(以离子吸附型稀土矿为代表)和残余型(以高岭土矿和膨润土矿为代表)三个类型。这些不同类型的风化矿床在成矿条件上表现出显著的母岩专属性和风化环境偏在性,二者联合约束了风化矿床的成矿作用及成矿类型。风化过程中复杂的水岩反应(淋积作用、残积作用和残余作用)是导致中酸性岩浆岩风化形成各类矿床的内在机制。 相似文献