共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Three-Phase Secondary Migration of Hydrocarbon 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The objective of this work is to study the migration of hydrocarbons from a source rock into possible reservoirs. In particular, we consider simultaneous migration of gas and oil through a water-filled carrier bed and how this flow might result in characteristics that could be interpreted by nontraditional exploration methods. In the modeling, one-dimensional, immiscible, isothermal flow is assumed, and capillary effects are excluded. The seal is modeled as a layer of very low permeability. Our analysis is based on the method of characteristics and simple wave theory. Waves are changes in saturation(s) that move through a reservoir or carrier bed at a characteristic velocity. The analysis does not require capillary forces to trap hydrocarbons, but relies on nonlinear wave phenomena to explain migration and entrapment. No doubt, capillary forces are important in secondary migration and entrapment. Our treatment can be viewed as being part of a more complete theory on secondary migration, considering hydrodynamic effects here. We demonstrate that capillary forces are not the only mechanism that can cause trapping of hydrocarbons. We focus on the role of gas in the trapping of oil. If the seal is slightly permeable, some oil will flow through it. With gas present, the efficiency of the seal can increase, and oil can be completely trapped by a structure that would otherwise be permeable. For example, gas, being much more mobile than oil, can form a bank at the interface between two layers that have a modest permeability contrast. This gas bank will have a relatively large gas saturation. This will decrease the relative permeability to oil and completely trap subsequently migrated oil. Oil can also be trapped even when no gas bank is formed at the permeable seal. Features of this problem that might affect a seismic signal are (1) the existence of gas above (caused by a stow leakage of gas) and below a modest seal, (2) the gas leakage itself, (3) modest saturations in the oil column, and (4) overpressuring in the gas column. 相似文献
2.
Summary ?The paper presents an experimental study on the effects of fluid content on the mechanical behaviour of natural fractures
in chalk. The aims of the study are to provide better understanding of the mechanisms of chalk-fluid interaction, in general,
and to explain the behaviour of petroleum chalk reservoirs during water injection, in particular. The experiments were carried
out on L?gerdorf chalk using the direct shear apparatus. Two types of fluids were used in the tests: 1) water, and 2) synthetic
oil. L?gerdorf chalk is a water-wet material which will develop capillary pressures upon contact with water. Initially saturating
the chalk with oil will enhance the water wettability by inducing additional capillary forces between water and the non-wetting
oil. In addition to the tests on fractured chalk samples, unconfined compression and direct shear tests on intact chalk samples
were performed. The results showed significant differences in the strength and deformation characteristics of intact chalk
initially saturated with different fluids. Intact water-saturated chalk showed lower deformation modulus (about 50%) and lower
peak (also about 50%) and residual shear strength than the oil-saturated chalk. Water injection in initially oil-saturated
fractures resulted in significant normal deformation under constant effective normal stress and shear stress relaxation under
fixed shear displacement. The water-induced deformation occurred almost instantaneously after only a few cm3 of water had been injected into the fracture, and further injection of water did not increase the water-induced deformation.
After water injection, fractures in initially oil-saturated chalk showed significantly lower normal and shear stiffnesses
and lower shear strength. The weakening in shear is attributed partly to the reduction in the basic friction angle, φb, and this reduction was verified in a series of tilt tests to measure the frictional resistance between smooth edges of core
samples of chalk. The reduction in the basic friction angle implies that the interaction of chalk with water is governed not
only by capillary forces, as postulated in several previous studies, but also by chemical and/or physio-chemical effects. 相似文献
3.
《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy》2000,25(2):169-174
A simple cutoff approach based on the capillary bundle model has become an industrial standard method to quickly obtain the irreducible water saturation from NMR T2 distribution. However this approach is not always valid. To overcome the shortcoming of the capillary bundle model that ignores pore-pore connectivity, we have conducted a two-phase flow simulation in a CT-based pore network. The CT -based pore network is a representation of a real rock pore structure that is described by a binary X-ray tomographic data set. Simulation on such network mimics a process of the porous plate measurement. The generated capillary curve is quite reasonable. The oil accession distributions at different water saturations plotted as a function of pore size provide an insight for the immiscible displacement process in the real rock pore structure. Water is trapped not only in dead ends but also in the well-connected pores due to a pore level by-pass mechanism. At the capillary end point pressure, a plot of the trapped water distribution as a function of pore size has the same lognormal distribution as the pore size distribution, which is much different from what the simple capillary bundle model suggests. 相似文献
4.
Matthieu Dumont Said Taibi Jean‐Marie Fleureau Nabil Abou‐Bekr Abdelghani Saouab 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2011,35(12):1299-1317
A simple thermo‐hydro‐mechanical (THM) constitutive model for unsaturated soils is described. The effective stress concept is extended to unsaturated soils with the introduction of a capillary stress. This capillary stress is based on a microstructural model and calculated from attraction forces due to water menisci. The effect of desaturation and the thermal softening phenomenon are modelled with a minimal number of material parameters and based on existing models. THM process is qualitatively and quantitatively modelled by using experimental data and previous work to show the application of the model, including a drying path under mechanical stress with transition between saturated and unsaturated states, a heating path under constant suction and a deviatoric path with imposed suction and temperature. The results show that the present model can simulate the THM behaviour in unsaturated soils in a satisfactory way. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
5.
Matthieu Dumont Said Taibi Jean-Marie Fleureau Nabil Abou Bekr Abdelghani Saouab 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2010,342(12):892-900
A simple thermohydromechanical (THM) constitutive model for unsaturated soils is described. The effective stress concept is extended to unsaturated soils with the introduction of a capillary stress. This capillary stress is based on a microstructural model and calculated from attraction forces due to water menisci. The effect of desaturation and the thermal softening phenomenon are modelled with a minimal number of material parameters and based on existing models. THM process is qualitatively and quantitatively modelled by using experimental data and previous work to show the application of the model, including a drying path under mechanical stress with transition between saturated and unsaturated states, a heating path under constant suction and a deviatoric path with imposed suction and temperature. The results show that the present model can simulate the THM behaviour in unsaturated soils in a satisfactory way. 相似文献
6.
An analysis is presented of the maximum thickness of a stationary buoyant oil-mass, trapped under an angled incline, when subjected to hydrodynamic, surface tension and buoyancy forces. For high water-flow speeds down the aquifer, with upward buoyancy forces dominantly combating hydrodynamic pressure, it is shown that the maximum oil thickness occurs at about 60% of the length of the oil stringer measured from the upward end. The length of the oil stringer then is roughly proportional to the square root of the oil-mass contained, as is the maximum thickness. For low water-flow speeds, in which buoyancy and surface tension are dominantly balanced (with only lesser contributions from hydrodynamic pressure), the oil length is effectively constant, whereas the maximum thickness grows proportionately to the 3/4 power of the contained oil mass at low oil masses, and proportionately to the oil mass at high mass values. As the water-flow velocity increases, the shaping of the oil stringer shifts from the small bubble form to the long oil stringer form. Analytic formulae are given to provide approximate methods from which to estimate oil and gas accumulations under more complex conditions. 相似文献
7.
油气成藏与分布的递变序列 总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8
在分析成藏过程的基础上,指出了不同类型油气藏分布的序列性。油气生成的多源性和不同聚集条件下成藏聚集的多变性构成了油气在平、剖面上发育和分布的序列性,它由生供烃序列、运移序列、封存序列以及成藏序列等构成,多因素变化导致不同盆地中的油气藏分布构成多种变化序列。若将不同盆地中的典型油气藏片段进行时空组接,则上述所有油气藏类型都将在理想的盆地中出现,构成理论上完整的油气成藏机理序列。对具体的盆地而言,由于不同类型油气藏的存在几率及发育的规模和程度各有差异,通常形成以几种机理类型为主的油气藏组合序列。单就一定条件下的天然气成藏分析而言,煤层气或页岩气、根缘气、致密砂岩气、水溶气、常规圈闭气以及甲烷水合物等可构成完整的油气成藏机理递变序列。 相似文献
8.
Results of both triaxial and direct shear tests on reinforced soil samples performed by different investigators have shown that soil dilatancy and extensibility of the reinforcements have a significant effect on the generated tension forces in the inclusions. An appropriate soil--reinforcement load transfer model, integrating the effect of soil dilatancy and reinforcement extensibility is therefore needed to adequately predict forces in the inclusions under expected working loads. This paper present a load transfer model assuming an elastoplastic strain hardening behaviour for the soil and an elastic--perfectly plastic behaviour for the reinforcement. This model is used to analyse the response of the reinforced soil material under triaxial compression loading. A companion paper present the application of this model for numerical simulations of direct shear tests on sand samples reinforced with different types of tension resisting reinforcements. The model allows an evaluation of the effect of various parameters such as mechanical characteristics and dilatancy properties of the soil, extensibility of the reinforcements, and their inclination with respect to the failure surface, on the development of resisting tensile stresses in the reinforcements. A parametric study is conducted to evaluate the effect of these parameters on the behaviour of the reinforced soil material. An attempt is also made to verify the proposed model by comparing numerical predictions with available experimental results of both triaxial and direct shear tests on reinforced soil samples. This model can be used for analysis and design of reinforced soil walls with different types of tension resisting inclusions to predict tension forces under expected working loads. 相似文献
9.
A detailed multiscale analysis is presented of the swelling phenomenon in unsaturated clay-rich materials in the linear regime through homogenization. Herein, the structural complexity of the material is formulated as a three-scale, triple porosity medium within which microstructural information is transmitted across the various scales, leading ultimately to an enriched stress-deformation relation at the macroscopic scale. As a side note, such derived relationship leads to a tensorial stress partitioning that is reminiscent of a Terzaghi-like effective stress measure. Otherwise, a major result that stands out from previous works is the explicit expression of swelling stress and capillary stress in terms of micromechanical interactions at the very fine scale down to the clay platelet level, along with capillary stress emerging due to interactions between fluid phases at the different scales, including surface tension, pore size, and morphology. More importantly, the swelling stress is correlated with the disjoining forces due to electrochemical effects of charged ions on clay minerals and van der Waals forces at the nanoscale. The resulting analytical expressions also elucidate the role of the various physics in the deformational behavior of clayey material. Finally, the capability of the proposed formulation in capturing salient behaviors of unsaturated expansive clays is illustrated through some numerical examples. 相似文献
10.
砂岩型铀矿中铀的平均含量为635μg/g,而铼的含量仅为0.3~1.9μg/g,由于铼的含量低,准确测定高含量铀矿样中的低含量铼仍是分析化学的一个难题。本文建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定砂岩型铀矿中痕量铼的方法。样品经过氧化镁烧结,热水浸提以及采用103Rh作内标元素等方式消除了铀、钼及其他基体元素对测定铼的干扰。在最佳条件下,痕量铼的检出限可低至0.12 ng/g,回收率达99.8%。本方法通过多种标准样品验证,铼的测定值与标准值吻合,对铼含量在0.06~180.57μg/g范围内的实际样品进行测定,相对标准偏差均小于1.5%,能够满足砂岩型铀矿等高含量铀矿中痕量铼的测定需求。 相似文献
11.
A dynamic theory of hydrocarbon migration 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper presents a new analysis of secondary migration of hydrocarbon that does not require capillary forces for trapping, but instead uses the method of characteristics and wave theory. The waves change speed and either reflect or refract (or partially reflect and partially refract) as they contact with layers of different flow capacities. Reflection of a certain wave from a boundary starts hydrocarbon accumulation below that boundary. The method is easy to use and conforms readily to graphical solution. For the sake of simplicity there is only two-phase flow. The application of this method gives new insights into the physics of migration and entrapment of oil. The method gives realistic times for oil accumulation and points to oil generation rate as the most sensitive variable. Oil and water densities, viscosities, and permeability are also important. We find that at the very small generation rates usually assumed the time required to develop a given column thickness is insensitive to the distance from the source rock. In general, the method also predicts a non-uniform saturation in the oil column caused by an interaction between buoyancy and viscous forces. Being based on the dynamic interactions of viscous and buoyancy forces, our theory is considerably at odds with hydrostatic approaches. We assume no capillary pressure, one-dimensional flow, and no regional groundwater flow, conditions which are not realized in actual migration. The theory should be viewed therefore as an end member of a more general theory; nevertheless, the largely graphical solutions give fundamental insights that are difficult to obtain by other techniques. 相似文献
12.
Effect of suction on the mechanical behaviour of iron ore rock 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The effect of suction on the behaviour of iron ore has been studied from both physical and mechanical points of view. The porosity and the suction phenomena have been analysed using different experimental techniques. Uniaxial compressive tests on partially saturated samples have shown that the suction is responsible for strength and cohesion improvement. Considering the theory of partially saturated porous soils of Coussy and Dangla (Mécanique des sols non saturés (2002 edn). Hermès Science: 2002; 390), we have proposed a constitutive law for partially saturated iron ore. The real increase in the apparent cohesion due to the capillary attraction forces is overestimated if the yield function is written in terms of effective stresses. The effect of the capillary cohesion has been modelled with a function in the expression of the apparent cohesion of the yield function. The effect of suction on the mechanical behaviour has been represented in the effective stresses space and in the total stresses space like the Alonso model (Géotechnique 1990; 40 :405–430). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
Two or more different fluids generally saturate chalk in oil reservoir, and therefore its behaviour can be very complicated. In this paper, a constitutive law is proposed for modelling the mechanical behaviour of a chalk saturated by two non‐miscible fluids, water and oil. The effects of the capillary pressure or suction are taken into account. They are considered as an independent variable, as in the Barcelona's basic model developed for unsaturated soils. On the other hand, internal friction and pore collapse are modelled as independent mechanisms. The determination of the parameters is based on triaxial and oedometer tests. Finally, in order to validate the model, predictions are compared with experimental results of water‐flooding test. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
Jose R. Hernandez-Aguilar Ryan CunninghamJames A. Finch 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2006
Air bubbles of uniform size (ca. 1 mm diameter) were generated at a submerged orifice (glass capillary) under controlled frequency (down to ca. 0.06 s− 1) in aqueous solutions of frother (Dowfroth 250). The bubbles were sized with an imaging technique. One objective was to establish whether the Tate equation (static balance between buoyancy and capillary forces) could be used as a standard sizing calibration method. Another aim was to verify whether with decreasing surface tension (due to increasing frother concentration) the anticipated decrease in bubble size agreed with the equation prediction. An effect of frother was detected compatible with the role of surface tension but divided into two concentration regions, seemingly the result of a gradual change in bubble shape and wetting: > 6 ppm the bubble holds a spherical shape and the capillary appeared to be completely wetted while at ≤ 6 ppm a degree of non-wetting and bubble distortion (neck formation just prior to detachment) were apparent, supported by qualitative observations. In addition, at > 6 ppm the Tate value was only approached by decreasing the bubble frequency but not attained. Plausible causes for the failure to reach the predicted size are discussed. 相似文献
15.
On the capillary stress tensor in wet granular materials 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
This paper presents a micromechanical study of unsaturated granular media in the pendular regime, based on numerical experiments using the discrete element method, compared with a microstructural elastoplastic model. Water effects are taken into account by adding capillary menisci at contacts and their consequences in terms of force and water volume are studied. Simulations of triaxial compression tests are used to investigate both macro and micro‐effects of a partial saturation. The results provided by the two methods appear to be in good agreement, reproducing the major trends of a partially saturated granular assembly, such as the increase in the shear strength and the hardening with suction. Moreover, a capillary stress tensor is exhibited from capillary forces by using homogenization techniques. Both macroscopic and microscopic considerations emphasize an induced anisotropy of the capillary stress tensor in relation with the pore fluid distribution inside the material. Insofar as the tensorial nature of this fluid fabric implies shear effects on the solid phase associated with suction, a comparison has been made with the standard equivalent pore pressure assumption. It is shown that water effects induce microstructural phenomena that cannot be considered at the macro level, particularly when dealing with material history. Thus, the study points out that unsaturated soil stress definitions should include, besides the macroscopic stresses such as the total stress, the microscopic interparticle stresses such as the ones resulting from capillary forces, in order to interpret more precisely the implications of the pore fluid on the mechanical behaviour of granular materials. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
Philippe Leroy Arnault Lassin Mohamed Azaroual Laurent André 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2010,74(19):5427-776
The surface tension of the air/water interface is a phenomenon of particular interest in the water-unsaturated zone of porous media because it influences the contact angle and consequently the capillary water volume. A mechanistic model based on the modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation and the Pitzer theory is described and used to predict, under isothermal and isobaric conditions, the surface tension of 1:1 electrolytes at high salinity. These theories enable the determination of the electrical potential at the air/water interface and the activity coefficient of the ionic species in the bulk pore water, respectively. Hydration free energies of the structure-making and structure-breaking ions that influence the surface tension at high salinity are taken into account. Structure-making ions flee the air/water surface because they can better organize the water dipoles in bulk water than at the interface. Structure-breaking ions are positively adsorbed at the air/water interface because the bulk water can better organize their hydrogen-bonding network without these ions. The resulting surface tension increases and decreases, respectively, compared to the surface tension of pure water. The predictions are in good agreement with the surface tension data of 1:1 electrolytes (NaCl, KCl, HCl, NaNO3, KNO3, HNO3 aqueous solutions) and the optimized parameters depend on the effective electrostatic diameters of cations and on the hydration free energies of the ions at the interface. 相似文献
17.
采用分子生物学手段,通过构建16S rDNA基因文库,对新型剩余污泥减量化处理系统—生物砾间接触氧化反应器 (GCOR) 中载体表面附着细菌多样性进行了系统发育分析,并讨论了多种细菌共存对剩余污泥减量化的贡献。结果表明,附着细菌可分为好氧呼吸菌群、兼性厌氧菌群、厌氧水解发酵菌群和生长缓慢菌群等4大类。其中,优势菌群分别是以兼具呼吸/发酵代谢方式的β变形菌、嗜水气单胞菌及以发酵为主要代谢方式的拟杆菌属。此外,好氧菌群中还发育有假单胞菌属、硝化螺菌属细菌和黄杆菌属细菌等。慢速生长菌群包括Caldimonas taiwanensis strain On 1和Ideonella sp.。填料表面生物膜微生态环境复杂,微生物多样性较高,好氧、厌氧菌群以及慢速生长菌群等多种细菌共同作用,为在降解污水有机物的同时,达到剩余污泥减量化做出巨大贡献。结果分析表明,细菌的主要功能可归纳为：能量解偶联、共代谢作用、生物溶胞作用和慢性生长种群的影响。 相似文献
18.
基于热力学内变量理论,提出能综合考虑毛细滞回效应和非饱和土体积变形影响的土-水特征曲线模型。热力学第二定律推导结果表明：毛细滞回现象和塑性变形本质上是一种耗散行为;吸力和饱和度的变化不仅与流相变化直接相关,而且也受到固相体积变化的约束与影响;土-水特征曲线的流相体积变化与固相变形之间存在相互耦合作用。从微观上阐明滞回现象产生的机制以及变形对吸力的影响,建立了考虑体变及滞回效应的土-水特征曲线一般性模型。然后采用边界面塑性理论,在只增加两个新参数的情况下,建立了一个简化的能描述毛细滞回及塑性孔隙比变化影响的新模型。最后,利用已有试验数据对这一模型进行了验证,结果表明,新模型能考虑土体变形的影响,并能较为准确地描述毛细滞回现象,模型预测结果与已有的试验数据吻合较好。 相似文献
19.
Liang-Cheng Chang Hung-Hui Chen Hsin-Yu Shan Jui-Pin Tsai 《Environmental Geology》2009,56(7):1437-1447
The characteristic relationships among relative permeability (K
r
), saturation (S) and capillary pressure (P) of NAPLs are the important constitutive laws to simulate the NAPLs flow in the subsurface. In this study, a micro model
was used to obtain the values of permeability, saturation for the multi-phase flow of five fluid-pairs. The perspective micro
model allows one to clearly observe the multiphase flow and allow this study to precisely measure the fluid saturation by
digital image analysis. The experimental results showed hysteresis phenomenon of relative permeability versus saturation and
that was not interpreted by previous studies. By carefully examining the recorded images, this study found that the degree
of the connectivity for the micro channel occupied by wetting phase fluid could influence the relative permeability. Therefore,
for the same saturation, the relative permeability in the imbibition is higher than that in the drainage. The results of the
K
r
–S experiments for five fluid-pairs also showed that the residual saturation of wetting phase fluid decreased with the wettability
increasing but increased with the interfacial tension increasing. Those interpretations and experimental results are valuable
references for groundwater remediation and oil reservoir development. 相似文献
20.
A discrete model for unsaturated granular soils has been developed. Three discrete entities have been defined: particles, water menisci and pores. Local interaction forces and water transfer mechanisms have been integrated into a model through the appropriate equilibrium and balance equations. The results of several numerical tests using this model have been described and discussed. Simulations include wetting and drying under load tests, the application of suction cycles and the effect of a deviatoric stress ratio on wetting‐induced collapse. The model reacts just as true granular soil samples behave in laboratory tests. The model provides a new insight into the internal mechanisms leading to large‐scale features of behaviour such as wetting‐induced collapse or the increase in soil strength provided by suction. The paper also stresses that matric suction changes acting on a granular structure are capable of explaining most of the macroscopic features of stress–strain behaviour. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献