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1.
金伯利岩是一种偏碱性的超基性岩,来源于地幔深部,富含挥发份和钾质,属于火成岩类,金伯利岩中主要含有镁铝榴石、金刚石、橄榄石、铬铁矿、铬透辉石、镁钛铁矿,锆石、碳硅石等造岩矿物.同时金伯利岩也被认为是含金刚石最主要的岩石.本文通过文献调研方法,野外现场表明金伯利岩中含有深源包裹体;全球金伯利岩主要分布在俄罗斯、博茨瓦纳、加拿大、安哥拉、南非、刚果民主和纳米比亚;中国金伯利岩主要分布在华北地台,在山东、辽宁、吉林、山西、河南和新疆等地.这些金伯利岩常常与深大断裂甚至地幔深部地质作用关系密切,常出现标志性矿物橄榄石、石榴石、高铬磁铁矿,伴有烃类或氢气.但含金刚石金伯利岩主要沿郯庐断裂带分布,如辽宁瓦房店、山东蒙阴等地.从时代上看,以往认为的早古生代的金伯利岩,更可能都是在早期形成于华北地台之岩石圈底部,而在中生代白垩纪时期才在大规模岩石圈拆沉的地质背景下的以快速上升的,尤其是那些含金刚石的金伯利岩岩管更是快速上升的典型代表,其标型矿物是镁铝榴石、高铬磁铁矿、钙钛矿等.国内辽宁瓦房店含金刚石金伯利岩产于郯庐断裂带东侧,有着与同期金伯利岩相同的岩石矿物学特征,其中的以50号岩管为代表的金刚石矿床是我国重要的战略矿产.金伯利岩及其中的金刚石带来众多直接的深部地幔信息,中国瓦房店、蒙阴一带的金刚石来自上地幔,而一些含硼蓝色金刚石则来自下地幔,不同层圈的金刚石携带不同的标志矿物,以橄榄石为例:来自上地幔金刚石携带的橄榄石为橄榄石;过渡带金刚石携带的主要为瓦兹利石和林伍德石;下地幔的金刚石则为布里奇曼石,它们是深部探测的重要探针. 相似文献
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山东金刚石原生矿找矿前景探讨 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
金刚石形成于地幔深处，含金刚石的岩石只是一种运载和保存“工具”，凡是来自上地幔的岩石均有可能携带早已形成的金刚石而形成金刚石原生矿床。世界上已知金刚石原生矿除金伯利岩，钾镁煌斑岩型外，尚在橄榄岩，橄榄玄武岩，千枚岩，科马提岩，榴辉岩等岩石中发现了金刚石，可能存在金刚石原生矿新的岩石。山东位于华北地台的南东部，鲁西，鲁东基底属A型克拉通，幔源岩浆活动强烈，具备良好的金刚石原生矿成矿地质条件，已获得的大量的成矿信息和找矿线索表明，除已发现的蒙阴金伯利岩型金刚石原生矿外，应该存在着尚未发现的金刚石原生矿，找矿前景广阔，应进一步加强金刚石原生矿勘查工作。 相似文献
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钾镁煌斑岩是将原生金刚石从地幔带至地表的主要岩石类型之一,携带了岩石圈地幔金刚石源区和基底岩石丰富的地球化学信息。由于风化作用影响,出露地表的钾镁煌斑岩岩石结构和化学成分均发生明显变化,岩石组成和成因的原始信息很难保存。但是钾镁煌斑岩携带的锆石和尖晶石等副矿物/捕掳晶,可成为研究地幔深部岩浆–构造作用过程、钾镁煌斑岩金刚石含矿性等重要科学问题的探针。本文对黔东南苍蒲塘钾镁煌斑岩中的锆石和铬尖晶石分别进行了SHRIMPU-Pb定年和主量、微量元素分析。定年结果显示,苍蒲塘钾镁煌斑岩携带有古老的基底物质,较为年轻的岩浆锆石暗示其侵位年龄为451±7Ma,与黔东南其他钾镁煌斑岩的形成时代基本一致。苍蒲塘钾镁煌斑岩中铬尖晶石表面具有明显的溶蚀现象,具有高Cr(Cr#>0.6)、Ni(300~1026μg/g)和低Ti(TiO2<0.13%)、Ga(12.9~33.4μg/g)的特征,与全球金伯利岩/钾镁煌斑岩橄榄石捕虏体中的铬尖晶石特征相似;元素地球化学分析显示,铬尖晶石与受俯冲作用改造的地幔橄榄岩有关。依据铬尖晶石Cr#值(0.56~0.87)及其存在条件,推测其原始岩浆的压力范围为(30~53)×10^2MPa,对应于99~175km的深度,部分达到了金刚石稳定区的上限,暗示苍蒲塘地区具有较好的金刚石找矿前景。 相似文献
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钾镁煌斑岩是一类较为特殊的火山成因或浅成的超基性岩,是一种重要的深源岩石,是深源岩浆活动的标志性产物,可作为了解地幔信息的窗口,也作为继金伯利岩之后的另一种金刚石寄主岩被持续关注.全球最优质的金刚石产于钾镁煌斑岩中,主要分布于西澳阿盖尔等地.中国钾镁煌斑岩主要分布于黔湘一带、山西饮牛沟、山东大井头、湖北大洪山和西昆仑克里阳地区,综合分析认为,钾镁煌斑岩主要分布于深大断裂附近,中国钾镁煌斑岩受江南台隆西缘的都匀—贵阳—铜仁—怀化深断裂、常德—安仁深断裂以及郯庐断裂带等深大断裂带控制;贵州镇远马坪、湖南宁乡云影窝、山东平邑大井头等钾镁煌斑岩有原生金刚石产出,钾镁煌斑岩的金刚石成矿潜力仍然有待深入研究,尤以湘黔钾镁煌斑岩带、郯庐断裂带大井头等地可望突破.钾镁煌斑岩的标志性矿物有富钛贫铝金云母、钾碱镁闪石、镁橄榄石、镁铝榴石、铬尖晶石、铬铁矿等.其中S1、S2组贫铝富镁铬铁矿对钾镁煌斑岩中金刚石的形成有指示意义.中国钾镁煌斑岩活动具多期性,其中晚侏罗世—早白垩世(147—100 Ma)时期属于中国含金刚石钾镁煌斑岩和相关的金-稀土等金属矿产的重要成矿时期. 相似文献
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金伯利岩型金刚石原生矿床含矿性评价是了解金刚石成矿规律和指导区域性找矿的重要依据。华北克拉通是我国重要的金刚石成矿远景区，目前已发现了两个重要的含金刚石金伯利岩岩区（山东蒙阴和辽宁瓦房店）。近年来，对岩区内不同品位金刚石典型矿床的研究表明金伯利岩中的金刚石品位取决于以下两个重要的地质过程：金伯利岩岩浆对金刚石的捕获作用和金伯利岩岩浆对金刚石的熔蚀作用。在华北克拉通下方存在一个金刚石稳定区，温度为950~1200 ℃，压力为4. 4~6. 1 GPa。山东蒙阴和辽宁瓦房店金伯利岩岩浆在上升过程中穿过该区域并捕获其中的金刚石，成为含矿岩浆；而铁岭和鹤县等金伯利岩岩浆在上升过程中不穿过该区域，成为不含矿岩浆。在穿过金刚石稳定区时，富矿的金伯利岩捕获了更多的金刚石以及金刚石的伴生指示矿物（如镁铝榴石，镁铬铁矿）；而贫矿的金伯利岩则相对捕获了少量的金刚石和指示矿物。这些指示矿物往往参加了金刚石的形成过程，有些作为缓冲剂控制了反应（岩浆或熔体）的氧化还原状态，有些则作为反应物或者生成物参与到反应中。部分指示矿物（如镁铝榴石）还进一步地记录了金刚石形成后金伯利岩岩浆对金刚石的交代作用。金伯利岩岩浆温度（T），氧逸度（fO2）和挥发份(H2O和CO2)均会对金刚石的熔蚀作用产生影响，其中氧逸度作用最大，温度次之，而挥发份作用最弱。在华北克拉通，金伯利岩中指示矿物（镁铝榴石、镁铬铁矿）和金伯利岩岩浆特征（温度，氧逸度和挥发份）共同组成了金伯利岩型金刚石原生矿的评价指标。 相似文献
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原生金刚石的成矿问题,诸如成因、成矿概率低、成矿对地质背景要求高、含矿母岩类型较复杂以及火山机构含矿性差异等,可用地幔柱观点将其统一于以金刚石捕虏晶为主要成因的系统解释,即原生金刚石可形成于克拉通岩石圈地幔至核幔边界D″层范围,但由于碳循环的原因主要形成于古老克拉通岩石圈地幔,通过地幔柱或其影响导致的金伯利岩和/或钾镁煌斑岩岩浆的捕获而被携带至地表成矿,因其比重较小而偏集于岩浆房及其向上迁移岩浆体上部,随岩浆爆发侵位而主要在上部火山机构(火山口及火山颈/管道相)等富集成矿,以及呈现纷繁复杂的金伯利岩和钾镁煌斑岩地质现象,因产出大地构造位置及其迁移路径不同而致岩石矿物学等特征的些许差别。 相似文献
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华北地台金伯利岩岩浆活动时代讨论 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
华北地台金伯利岩岩浆活动可分为三个时期：（１）中元古代金伯利岩和钾镁煌斑岩岩浆活动期，以鄂尔多斯陆核边缘山西阳高岩区为代表（１６４９～１８１１Ｍａ）；（２）古生代金伯利岩岩浆活动，以冀鲁辽陆核边缘的铁岭岩区、中部的复县和蒙阴岩区为代表（含矿金伯利岩，４５７～４６２Ｍａ）；（３）中～新生代金伯利岩岩浆活动时期，以鹤壁和涉县岩区为代表（１１７～５２Ｍａ）。含矿金伯利岩岩浆活动与华北地台中奥陶世晚期的造陆抬升作用有关。这类岩浆形成时必须处于克拉通岩石圈底部有小的热扰动以及流体作用的条件，而过高的地温梯度反而起到破坏金刚石保存的作用。 相似文献
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贵州镇远马坪"东方一号"岩体为中国最早发现的原生金刚石矿,受当时只有金伯利岩才含金刚石矿及后来西澳阿盖尔钾镁煌斑岩型金刚石原生矿等的影响,先后定名为金伯利岩、钾镁煌斑岩、金云火山岩等。最近专题调查分析研究表明,镇远马坪地区含金刚石母岩,其岩石学矿物学和地球化学特征均更接近澳大利亚典型金伯利岩,白坟地区岩体则类似于澳大利亚典型钾镁煌斑岩,建议将镇远马坪地区"东方一号"等岩类定名为角砾凝灰质金伯利岩,白坟地区岩类定名为钾碱镁闪石-透辉石-金云母钾镁煌斑岩,镇远地区兼有金伯利岩和钾镁煌斑岩的特征,与西澳大利亚极其类似,镇远地区乃至黔东地区具有较大的金刚石原生矿找矿勘查潜力和研究意义。 相似文献
11.
Kimberlite-hosted diamond deposits of southern Africa: A review 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Matthew Field Johann Stiefenhofer Jock Robey Stephan Kurszlaukis 《Ore Geology Reviews》2008,34(1-2):33
Following the discovery of diamonds in river deposits in central South Africa in the mid nineteenth century, it was at Kimberley where the volcanic origin of diamonds was first recognized. These volcanic rocks, that were named “kimberlite”, were to become the corner stone of the economic and industrial development of southern Africa. Following the discoveries at Kimberley, even more valuable deposits were discovered in South Africa and Botswana in particular, but also in Lesotho, Swaziland and Zimbabwe.A century of study of kimberlites, and the diamonds and other mantle-derived rocks they contain, has furthered the understanding of the processes that occurred within the sub-continental lithosphere and in particular the formation of diamonds. The formation of kimberlite-hosted diamond deposits is a long-lived and complex series of processes that first involved the growth of diamonds in the mantle, and later their removal and transport to the earth's surface by kimberlite magmas. Dating of inclusions in diamonds showed that diamond growth occurred several times over geological time. Many diamonds are of Archaean age and many of these are peridotitic in character, but suites of younger Proterozoic diamonds have also been recognized in various southern African mines. These younger ages correspond with ages of major tectono-thermal events that are recognized in crustal rocks of the sub-continent. Most of these diamonds had eclogitic, websteritic or lherzolitic protoliths.In southern Africa, kimberlite eruptions occurred as discrete events several times during the geological record, including the Early and Middle Proterozoic, the Cambrian, the Permian, the Jurassic and the Cretaceous. Apart from the Early Proterozoic (Kuruman) kimberlites, all of the other events have produced deposits that have been mined. It should however be noted that only about 1% of the kimberlites that have been discovered have been successfully exploited.In this paper, 34 kimberlite mines are reviewed with regard to their geology, mantle xenolith, xenocryst and diamond characteristics and production statistics. These mines vary greatly in size, grade and diamond-value, as well as in the proportions and types of mantle mineral suites that they contain. They include some of the world's richest mines, such as Jwaneng in Botswana, to mines that are both small and marginal, such as the Frank Smith Mine in South Africa. They include large diatremes such as Orapa and small dykes such as those mined at Bellsbank, Swartruggens and near Theunissen. These mines are all located on the Archaean Kalahari Craton, and it is apparent that the craton and its associated sub-continental lithosphere played an important role in providing the right environment for diamond growth and for the formation of the kimberlite magmas that were to transport them to the surface. 相似文献
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博茨瓦纳是世界上金刚石资源最为丰富的国家之一。奥拉帕金刚石矿床是该国最大的金刚石矿,矿床的金伯利岩为Ⅰ型,其中的包体可以分为2种:橄榄岩型和榴辉岩型;金刚石可以分为3类:橄榄岩型、榴辉岩型及两者的过渡类型-二辉岩型。其中,橄榄岩型和部分榴辉岩型金刚石来自于地幔结晶堆晶体,而榴辉岩型则与板块俯冲的构造-热事件有关。金伯利岩的形成时代主要为白垩纪,而金刚石则主要形成于元古宙和太古宙,金伯利岩和金刚石为不同时期的产物,金刚石为金伯利岩侵位期间捕获的上地幔物理破碎产物。其中年龄为900~1000Ma的金刚石为板块构造-热事件的产物,并对早期金刚石进行了改造破坏。 相似文献
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《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2007,48(4):323-336
First data on the geologic and geochemical compositions of kimberlites from nine kimberlite pipes of southwestern Angola are presented. In the north of the study area, there are the Chikolongo and Chicuatite kimberlite pipes; in the south, a bunch of four Galange pipes (I–IV); and in the central part, the Ochinjau, Palue, and Viniaty pipes. By geochemical parameters, these rocks are referred to as classical kimberlites: They bear mantle inclusions of ultrabasites, eclogites, various barophilic minerals (including ones of diamond facies), and diamonds. The kimberlite pipes are composed of petrographically diverse rocks: tuffstones, tuff breccias, kimberlite breccias, autolithic kimberlite breccias, and massive porphyritic kimberlites. In mineralogical, petrographic, and geochemical compositions the studied kimberlites are most similar to group I kimberlites of South Africa and Fe-Ti-kimberlites of the Arkhangel’sk diamondiferous province. Comparison of the mineralogical compositions of kimberlites from southwestern Angola showed that the portion of mantle (including diamondiferous) material of depth facies in kimberlite pipes regularly increases in the S-N direction. The northern diamond-bearing kimberlite pipes are localized in large destructive zones of NE strike, and the central and southern diamond-free pipes, in faults of N-S strike. 相似文献
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Tom Nowicki Barbara Crawford Darren Dyck Jon Carlson Ross McElroy Peter Oshust Herb Helmstaedt 《Lithos》2004,76(1-4):1-27
This paper reviews key characteristics of kimberlites on the Ekati property, NWT, Canada. To date 150 kimberlites have been discovered on the property, five of which are mined for diamonds. The kimberlites intrude Archean basement of the central Slave craton. Numerous Proterozoic diabase dykes intrude the area. The Precambrian rocks are overlain by Quaternary glacial sediments. No Phanerozoic rocks are present. However, mudstone xenoliths and disaggregated sediment within the kimberlites indicate that late-Cretaceous and Tertiary cover (likely <200 m) was present at the time of emplacement. The Ekati kimberlites range in age from 45 to 75 Ma. They are mostly small pipe-like bodies (surface area mostly <3 ha but up to 20 ha) that typically extend to projected depths of 400–600 m below current surface. Pipe morphologies are strongly controlled by joints and faults. The kimberlites consist primarily of variably bedded volcaniclastic kimberlite (VK). This is dominated by juvenile constituents (olivine and lesser kimberlitic ash) and variable amounts of exotic sediment (primarily mud), with minor amounts of xenolithic wall-rock material (generally <5%). Kimberlite types include: mud-rich resedimented VK (mRVK); olivine-rich VK (oVK); sedimentary kimberlite; primary VK (PVK); tuffisitic kimberlite (TK) and magmatic kimberlite (MK). The presence and arrangement of these rock types varies widely. The majority of bodies are dominated by oVK and mRVK, but PVK is prominent in the lower portions of certain kimberlites. TK is rare. MK occurs primarily as precursor dykes but, in a few cases, forms pipe-filling intrusions. The internal geology of the kimberlites ranges from simple single-phase pipes (RVK or MK), to complex bodies with multiple, distinct units of VK. The latter include pipes infilled with steep, irregular VK blocks/wedges and at least one case in which the pipe is occupied by well-defined sub-horizontal VK phases, including a unique, 100-m-thick graded sequence. The whole-rock compositions of VK samples suggest significant loss of kimberlitic fines during eruption followed by variable dilution by surface sediment and concurrent incorporation of kimberlitic ash. Diamond distribution within the kimberlites reflects the amount and nature of mantle material sampled by individual kimberlite phases, but is modified considerably by eruption and depositional processes. The characteristics of the Ekati kimberlites are consistent with a two-stage emplacement process: (1) explosive eruption/s causing vent clearing followed by formation of a significant tephra rim/cone of highly fragmented, olivine-enriched juvenile material with varying amounts of kimberlitic ash and surface sediments (predominantly mud); and (2) infilling of the vent by direct deposition from the eruption column and/or resedimentation of crater rim materials. The presence of less fragmented, juvenile-rich PVK in the lower portions of certain pipes and the intrusion of large volumes of MK to shallow levels in some bodies suggest emplacement of relatively volatile-depleted, less explosive kimberlite in the later stages of pipe formation and/or filling. Explosive devolatilisation of CO2-rich kimberlite magma is interpreted to have been the dominant eruption mechanism, but phreatomagmatism is thought to have played a role and, in certain cases, may have been dominant. 相似文献
15.
辽宁瓦房店金刚石矿田金伯利岩侵位机制分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
辽宁省瓦房店金刚石矿田位于华北陆块辽东新元古代- 古生代坳陷带。区内各时代地层均有出露，其中新元古界出露面积最大。区内断裂构造发育，较大的有北北东向的金州断裂，已发现的金伯利岩体基本上分布在该断裂以西。矿田内金刚石矿均为金伯利岩型，已发现100多个金伯利岩体，划分成4条矿带，已提交4个大型原生金刚石矿床和3个近源小型金刚石砂矿床，资源量占全国的一半以上，是我国重要的金刚石矿集区，其中50号金伯利岩管因其出产的金刚石质量优越而在宝石界享有盛誉。但本区的金伯利岩绝大部分是20世纪70年代、80年代发现的，为了更好地开展金刚石勘查工作，对本区金伯利岩的成矿条件和控矿因素进行了研究，金伯利岩体的平面分布位置表明，瓦房店地区的金伯利岩体成群、成带分布，既有岩管也有岩脉，以岩脉为主，岩管约占20%左右，岩体大小不等、形态各异，钻孔控制的岩管、岩脉大多具有向下延伸突然中断的特征，钻孔中见到的金伯利岩显示，很多金伯利岩管底界平直或具有多个水平标高上出现平移错动的现象，典型岩管、岩脉与等轴或近等轴状构造盆地的关系密切。通过对区内金伯利体岩空间分布特征、岩体形态特征进行分析，并探讨了本区金伯利岩的侵位过程和就位机制后认为，瓦房店地区的金伯利岩在侵位的浅成阶段，由于岩浆携带大量挥发分，在上升通道不顺畅的地段使上覆地层隆起，当挥发分泄漏掉以后隆起的地层塌陷形成浅碟子状的构造盆地，挥发分泄漏的通道就是金伯利岩体的产出位置，也有部分岩浆沿次级断裂运移固结成岩；由于被晚期推覆构造改造，使岩管、岩脉出现水平错动，造成了钻孔中所见的平底岩管或岩脉向下延伸不大的现象，这一认识为合理部署勘查工作提供了新的思路。 相似文献
16.
Based on original data on the East European and Siberian platforms and materials on the best studied foreign objects, a comparative
analysis of kimberlites and lamproites was conducted and the criteria of their differences were formulated. Among most significant
differences are the following: (1) the high-Mg potassic rocks (kimberlites and lamproites) show major-component variations,
which are significantly wider in lamproites as compared to kimberlites. Kimberlites differ from lamproites not only in the
content of SiO2, but also in alkalis, volatiles, and some trace elements. Kimberlites are characterized by CO2-dominated regime, whereas formation of lamproites was assisted by essentially H2O fluid; (2) Kimberlites are localized within ancient cratons, while within-plate lamproites are restricted to adjacent Proterozoic
belts. Kimberlites are produced in the low-heat flow regions, whereas lamproites occur in the high-heat flow regions; (3)
Kimberlites and lamproites were formed in different time; in particular, most productive kimberlitic magmatism was observed
in the EEP and SP in the Devonian; (4) Kimberlite and lamproite bodies have different morphology: lamproites compose small
subvolcanic bodies with lava flows, while kimberlites form volcanic pipes with no lavas; (5) Kimberlites contain highly silica-undersaturated
minerals, while ultrabasic lamproites—silica-undersaturated ones; priderite and wadeite, the characteristic accessory minerals
of lamproites, are not observed in kimberlites; (6) The primary melts of kimberlites and lamproites were derived from different
types of mantle. The moderate and low-Ti kimberlites were generated from BSE or EMI type mantle. Precisely these types of
kimberlites host diamond deposits, including economic grade objects in EEP. The lamproite sources were localized only in the
enriched mantle (EMI and EMII). At the same time, these rocks share some similarities, primarily, with respect to their genesis
and classification. Diamonds are common accessory minerals of kimberlites (low-Ti and some other types), but are observed
only in only lamproite variety—olivine lamproites. 相似文献
17.
华北块体（NCB）与胶辽朝块体（JLKB）是中朝板块东部从震旦纪（680Ma)开始裂解的两个不同的构造单元。两个块体的界线称古郯庐断裂（PTLF），古郯庐断裂位置与现今郯庐断裂（TLF）相吻合，即由合肥向北延伸，过渤海，经沈阳以东呈NE走向至吉林南部。古郯庐断裂带附近震旦纪碳酸盐岩中的强地震记录及相应的辉绿岩侵位，是中朝板块内部裂解的基本地质证据，古郯庐断裂带（板内地震带）与元古超大陆Rodinia的裂解时期是一致的。两个块体上，太古宙基底岩石不同；元古宙及古生代的发展历史有别，两个块体于晚石炭世的莫斯科期重新闭合。朝鲜半岛中部的临津江带曾被认为是大别-胶南造山带的东延部分，但临津江带只是一般性断裂，胶南超高压带在朝鲜半岛并未发现，朝鲜半岛南部主体与辽东半岛古生界相似，因此，将中朝板块的南界，也是较辽朝块体的南界置于朝鲜半岛之南，它与胶南造山带以黄海转换断层（YSTF）联结。辽宁省瓦房店（旧称复县）与山东省蒙阴含金刚石的金伯利岩分布在郯庐断裂带的东，西两侧，南北方向距离的550km。两地金伯利岩年龄值在500-450Ma之间，即中奥陶世末侵位。鉴于两地金伯利岩在岩相学，矿物学与侵位年龄等某些方面的相似性，又紧邻郯庐断裂两侧，有些地质学家认为二者在侵位时可能相距颇近，属同一岩省，因而将瓦房店与蒙阴两个金伯利岩岩省之间的距离总是用郯庐断裂的巨大平移来解释。郯庐断裂为切过岩石圈的深断裂，对比瓦房店与蒙阴两地岩石圈剖面的异同，应是判断郯庐断裂有无巨大平移的重要依据。通过对金伯利岩中地幔样品的研究，揭示出了两地岩体侵位时所穿越的古岩石圈剖面是很不一致的，表明二者当时并非连接一起或相距甚近图片者结合区域地质构造研究的新认识，发现它们实际是分别侵位于中朝板块的两个不同的构造单元上，两地距离与平移无关，不支持郯庐断裂左行走滑巨大平移的观点，本文期望这种交叉学科研究所提供的材料能有助于讨论中国东部这一巨型断裂系统的性质。 相似文献
18.
Ustinov Victor N. Mosigi Benjamin Kukui Irina M. Nikolaeva Evelina V. Campbell James A. H. Stegnitskiy Yury B. Antashchuk Michael G. 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2018,112(2):775-783
This paper presents the results of an investigation into the structure of eolian kimberlite indicator minerals (KIMs) haloes present within Quaternary Kalahari Group sediments (up to 20 m thick) overlying the Late Cretaceous kimberlites in the Orapa field in North-East Botswana. A database of more than 8000 samples shows that kimberlites create a general mineralogical blanket of KIMs of various distances of transportation from primary sources in the Orapa area. Models of the reflection and dispersion patterns of KIMs derived from kimberlite pipes including AK10/ AK22/AK23 have been revealed based on 200 selected heavy mineral samples collected during diamond prospecting activities in Botswana from 2014 to 2017. Short distance eolian haloes situated close to kimberlite bodies cover gentle slopes within plains up to 500 × 1000 m in size. They have regularly have oval or conical shapes and are characterized by the presence mainly of unabraded or only slightly abraded KIMs. A sharp reduction of their concentration from hundreds and thousands of grains / 20 l immediately above kimberlites toto 10 grains/20 l at a distance of only 100–200 m from the pipes is a standard feature of these haloes. The variation of concentration, morphology and abrasion of specific KIMs with increasing distance from the primary sources has been investigated and presented herein. Sample volumes recommended for pipes present within a similar setting as those studied, with different depth of sedimentary cover are as follows: up to 10–20 m cover at 20–50 l, 20–30 m cover at 50–100 l and 30–80 m cover at 250 l. It is important to appreciate that the discovery of even single grains of unabraded or slightly abraded KIMs in eolian haloes are of high prospecting significance in this area. The results of the research can be applied to in diamond prospecting programs in various regions with similar environments.
相似文献19.
J. Stiefenhofer K. S. Viljoen J. S. Marsh 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1997,127(1-2):147-158
The diamondiferous Letlhakane kimberlites are intruded into the Proterozoic Magondi Belt of Botswana. Given the general correlation
of diamondiferous kimberlites with Archaean cratons, the apparent tectonic setting of these kimberlites is somewhat anomalous.
Xenoliths in kimberlite diatremes provide a window into the underlying crust and upper mantle and, with the aid of detailed
petrological and geochemical study, can help unravel problems of tectonic setting. To provide relevant data on the deep mantle
under eastern Botswana we have studied peridotite xenoliths from the Letlhakane kimberlites. The mantle-derived xenolith suite
at Letlhakane includes peridotites, pyroxenites, eclogites, megacrysts, MARID and glimmerite xenoliths. Peridotite xenoliths
are represented by garnet-bearing harzburgites and lherzolites as well as spinel-bearing lherzolite xenoliths. Most peridotites
are coarse, but some are intensely deformed. Both garnet harzburgites and garnet lherzolites are in many cases variably metasomatised
and show the introduction of metasomatic phlogopite, clinopyroxene and ilmenite. The petrography and mineral chemistry of
these xenoliths are comparable to that of peridotite xenoliths from the Kaapvaal craton. Calculated temperature-depth relations
show a well-developed correlation between the textures of xenoliths and P-T conditions, with the highest temperatures and pressures calculated for the deformed xenoliths. This is comparable to xenoliths
from the Kaapvaal craton. However, the P-T gap evident between low-T coarse peridotites and high-T deformed peridotites from the Kaapvaal craton is not seen in the Letlhakane xenoliths. The P-T data indicate the presence of lithospheric mantle beneath Letlhakane, which is at least 150 km thick and which had a 40mW/m2 continental geotherm at the time of pipe emplacement. The peridotite xenoliths were in internal Nd isotopic equilibrium at
the time of pipe emplacement but a lherzolite xenolith with a relatively low calculated temperature of equilibration shows
evidence for remnant isotopic disequilibrium. Both harzburgite and lherzolite xenoliths bear trace element and isotopic signatures
of variously enriched mantle (low Sm/Nd, high Rb/Sr), stabilised in subcontinental lithosphere since the Archaean. It is therefore
apparent that the Letlhakane kimberlites are underlain by old, cold and very thick lithosphere, probably related to the Zimbabwe
craton. The eastern extremity of the Proterozoic Magondi Belt into which the kimberlites intrude is interpreted as a superficial
feature not rooted in the mantle.
Received: 19 March 1996 / Accepted: 16 October 1996 相似文献
20.
Mantle Mush Compaction: a Key to Understand the Mechanisms of Concentration of Kimberlite Melts and Initiation of Swarms of Kimberlite Dykes 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Kimberlite pipes or dykes tend to occur in clusters (a few kilometresin diameter) within fields 30–50 km in diameter. Theyare generally considered to originate from low degrees of partialmelting of carbonated peridotite within zones of ascending mantle.Numerical modelling shows that at the depth of formation ofkimberlite melts (>>200 km), mantle compaction processescan result in the formation of melt pockets a few tens of kilometresacross, with melt concentrations up to 7%. The initiation ofswarms of kimberlite dykes at the top of these melt pocketsis inevitable because of the large excess pressure between themelt and the surrounding solid, which exceeds the hydraulicfracturing limit of the overlying rocks. After their initiationat mantle depth the swarm of dykes may reach the surface ofthe Earth when the entire cratonic lithosphere column is inextension. We propose that kimberlite fields represent the surfaceenvelope of dyke swarms generated inside a melt pocket and thatkimberlite clusters represent the discharge of melt via dykesoriginating from sub-regions of the pocket. This model reproducesthe worldwide average diameter of kimberlite fields and is consistentwith the observation that some of the main kimberlite fieldsdisplay age ranges of c. 10 Myr. It is deduced that, at thescale of the Kaapvaal craton, different fields such as Kimberley,N. Lesotho and Orapa, dated at 80–90 Ma, probably resultfrom synchronous melt pockets forming inside an ascending mantleflow. The same model could apply to the fields of the Rietfontein,Central Cape and Gibeon districts dated at 60–70 Ma. Itis suggested that the same mantle flow that produced the Kimberley,N. Lesotho and Orapa fields migrated over 20–30 Myr afew hundred kilometres westward to form the Rietfontein, CentralCape and Gibeon fields. KEY WORDS: kimberlites; mantle; compaction; convection; volcanism 相似文献