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1.
Hydrochemical appraisal of groundwater and its suitability in the intensive agricultural area of Muzaffarnagar district,Uttar Pradesh,India 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Muzaffarnagar is an economically rich district situated in the most fertile plains of two great rivers Ganga and Yamuna in
the Indo-gangetic plains, with agricultural land irrigated by both surface water as well as groundwater. An investigation
has been carried out to understand the hydrochemistry of the groundwater and its suitability for irrigation uses. Groundwater
in the study area is neutral to moderately alkaline in nature. Chemistry of groundwater suggests that alkaline earths (Ca + Mg)
significantly exceed the alkalis (Na + K) and weak acids exceed the strong acids (Cl + SO4), suggesting the dominance of carbonate weathering followed by silicate weathering. Majority of the groundwater samples (62%)
posses Ca–Mg–HCO3 type of hydrochemical species, followed by Ca–Na–Mg–HCO3, Na–Ca–Mg–HCO3, Ca–Mg–Na–HCO3–Cl and Na–Ca–HCO3–SO4 types. A positive high correlation (r
2 = 0.928) between Na and Cl suggests that the salinity of groundwater is due to intermixing of two or more groundwater bodies
with different hydrochemical compositions. Barring a few locations, most of the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation
uses. Chemical fertilizers, sugar factories and anthropogenic activities are contributing to the sulphate and chloride concentrations
in the groundwater of the study area. Overexploitation of aquifers induced multi componential mixing of groundwater with agricultural
return flow waters is responsible for generating groundwater of various compositions in its lateral extent. 相似文献
2.
The degradation of groundwater quality, which has been noted in the recent years, is closely connected to the intensification
of agriculture, the unreasonable use of chemical fertilizers and the excess consumption of large volumes of irrigation water.
In the hilly region of central Thessaly in Greece, which suffers the consequences of intense agricultural use, a hydrogeological
study is carried out, taking groundwater samples from springs and boreholes in the Neogene aquifers. The aim of this study
is the investigation of irrigation management, water quality and suitability for various uses (water supply, irrigation),
the degradation degree and the spatial distribution of pollutants using GIS. The following hydrochemical types prevail in
the groundwater of the study area: Ca–Mg–HCO3, Mg–Ca–Na–HCO3 and Na–HCO3. In the above shallow aquifers, especially high values of NO3
− (31.7–299.0), NH4
+ (0.12–1.11), NO2
− (0.018–0.109), PO4
3− (0.07–0.55), SO4
2− (47.5–146.5) and Cl− (24.8–146.5) are found, particularly near inhabited areas (values are in mg L−1). The water of shallow aquifers is considered unsuitable for human use due to their high polluting load, while the water
of the deeper aquifers is suitable for human consumption. Regarding water suitability for irrigation, the evaluation of SAR
(0.153–7.397) and EC (481–1,680 μS cm−1) resulted in classification category ‘C3S1’, indicating high salinity and low sodium water which can be used for irrigation
in most soils and crops with little to medium danger of development of exchangeable sodium and salinity. The statistical data
analysis, the factor analysis and the GIS application have brought out the vulnerable-problematic zones in chemical compounds
of nitrogen and phosphates. The groundwater quality degradation is localized and related exclusively to human activities.
Based on 2005 and 2008 estimates, the annual safe yield of the region’s aquifers were nearly 41.95 MCM. However, the existing
situation is that 6.37 MCM of water is over extracted from these aquifers. 相似文献
3.
The sea level rise has its own-bearing on the coastal recession and hydro-environmental degradation of the River Nile Delta.
Attempts are made here to use remote sensing to detect the coastal recession in some selected parts and delineating the chemistry
of groundwater aquifers and surface water, which lie along south-mid-northern and coastal zone of the Nile Delta. Eight water
samples from groundwater monitoring wells and 13 water samples from surface water were collected and analyzed for various
hydrochemical parameters. The groundwater samples are classified into five hydrochemical facies on Hill-Piper trilinear diagram
based on the dominance of different cations and anions: facies 1: Ca–Mg–Na–HCO3–Cl–SO4 type I; facies 2: Na–Cl–HCO3 type II; facies 3: Na–Ca–Mg–Cl type III, facies 4: Ca–Na–Mg–Cl–HCO3 type IV and facies 5: Na–Mg–Cl type V. The hydrochemical facies showed that the majority of samples were enriched in sodium,
bicarbonate and chloride types and, which reflected that the sea water and tidal channel play a major role in controlling
the groundwater chemical composition in the Quaternary shallow aquifers, with a severe degradation going north of Nile Delta.
Also, the relationship between the dissolved chloride (Cl, mmol/l), as a variable, and other major ion combinations (in mmol/l)
were considered as another criterion for chemical classification system. The low and medium chloride groundwater occurs in
southern and mid Nile Delta (Classes A and B), whereas the high and very high chloride (classes D and C) almost covers the
northern parts of the Nile Delta indicating the severe effect of sea water intrusion. Other facets of hydro-environmental
degradation are reflected through monitoring the soil degradation process within the last two decades in the northern part
of Nile Delta. Land degradation was assessed by adopting new approach through the integration of GLASOD/FAO approach and Remote
Sensing/GIS techniques. The main types of human induced soil degradation observed in the studied area are salinity, alkalinity
(sodicity), compaction and water logging. On the other hand, water erosion because of sea rise is assessed. Multi-dates satellite
data from Landsat TM and ETM+ images dated 1983 and 2003 were used to detect the changes of shoreline during the last two
decades. The obtained results showed that, the eroded areas were determined as 568.20 acre; meanwhile the accreted areas were
detected as 494.61 acre during the 20-year period. 相似文献
4.
The Kali-Hindon is a watershed in the most productive central Ganga plain of India. The whole area is a fertile track with
sugarcane being the principal crop. Systematic sampling was carried out to assess the source of dissolved ions, impact of
sugar factories and the quality of groundwater. Thirty-six samples were collected covering an area of 395 km2. The quality of groundwater is suitable for irrigational purposes but is rich in SO4 which is not best for human consumption. Graphical treatment of major ion chemistry helps identify six chemical types of
groundwater. All possible species such as Na–Cl, K–Cl, Na–HCO3, Na–SO4, Ca–HCO3, Mg–HCO3, Ca–SO4 and Mg–SO4 are likely to occur in the groundwater system. The most conspicuous change in chemistry of groundwater is relative enrichment
of SO4. The interpretation of data reveals that SO4 has not been acquired through water–rock interaction. The source of SO4 is anthropogenic. Sugar factories alone are responsible for this potential environmental hazard. 相似文献
5.
Erik Espinosa María Aurora Armienta Olivia Cruz Alejandra Aguayo Nora Ceniceros 《Environmental Geology》2009,58(7):1467-1477
High arsenic (As) groundwater is widely distributed in northwestern Hetao Plain, an arid region with sluggish groundwater
flow. Observed As concentration in groundwater from wells ranges from 76 to 1,093 μg/l. Most water samples have high total
dissolved solids, with Cl and HCO3 as the dominant anions and Na as the dominant cation. The major hydrochemical types of most saline groundwaters are Na–Mg–Cl–HCO3 and Na–Mg–Cl. By contrast, fresh groundwaters generally belong to the Na–Mg–HCO3 type. High concentrations of arsenic in shallow aquifers are associated with strongly reducing conditions, as evidenced by
high concentrations of dissolved organic carbon, ammonium, as well as dissolved sulfide and Fe, dominance of arsenite, relatively
low concentrations of nitrate and sulfate, and occasionally high content of dissolved methane (CH4). High As groundwaters from different places at Hetao Plain experienced different redox processes. Fluoride is also present
in high As groundwater, ranging between 0.40 and 3.36 mg/l. Although fluorosis poses an additional health problem in the region,
it does not correlate well with As in spatial distribution. Geochemical analysis indicates that evapotranspiration is an important
process controlling the enrichment of Na and Cl, as well as trace elements such as As, B, and Br in groundwater.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
6.
Kaveh Pazand Ardeshir Hezarkhani Yousef Ghanbari Nasrin Aghavali 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,65(3):871-879
The chemical analysis of 59 water wells in Meshkinshar area, Ardabil province NW of IRAN has been evaluated to determine the
hydrogeochemical processes and ion concentration background in the region. The dominated hydrochemical types are Na–SO4, Ca–HCO3, Na–HCO3 and Na–Cl in the whole area. Based on the total hardness, the groundwater is soft. According to electrical conductivity and
sodium adsorption ratio, the most dominant classes are C1–S1, C2–S1 and C3–S1. The major ion concentrations are below the
acceptable level for drinking water. The groundwater salinity hazard is medium to high but the Na hazard is low to medium
and in regard of irrigation water the quality is low to medium. So the drainage system is necessary to avoid the increase
of toxic salt concentrations. 相似文献
7.
Hydrogeochemistry of the Koyna River basin,India 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Pradeep Kumar Naik A. K. Awasthi A. V. S. S. Anand P. N. Behera 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2009,59(3):613-629
Hydrogeochemistry of the Koyna River basin, famous for the Koyna earthquake (magnitude 7) of 1967, has been studied. Basalt
is the primary aquifer; laterites, alluvium, and talus deposits form aquifers of secondary importance. Groundwater generally
occurs under water table conditions in shallow aquifers. Deeper aquifers are associated only with basalts. One hundred and
87 water samples were collected from various sources, such as dugwells, borewells, springs, and surface water, including 40
samples for analysis of iron. Only major constituents were analyzed. Analyses show that the concentrations of Ca2+ exceed that of Mg2+ in almost all water samples; the concentrations of Na+ are generally next to Ca2+ and are always higher than that of K+; and CO3
2– and SO4
2– are very low and are often negligible. Groundwater in borewells tapping deeper aquifers has higher mineralization compared
to that in dugwells representing shallow aquifers. Majority of the water samples are dominated by alkaline earths (Ca2+, Mg2+) and weak acids (HCO3
−, CO3
2–). Groundwater from shallow aquifers is generally calcium-bicarbonate type (53%) and calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate type (27%).
In case of deeper aquifer, it is mostly calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate type (29%), sodium-bicarbonate type (24%), calcium-bicarbonate
type (19%), calcium-magnesium-sodium-bicarbonate type (19%) and sodium-calcium-bicarbonate type (9%). Groundwater water is
generally fit for drinking and irrigation purposes, except in the lower reaches of the Koyna River basin, which is affected
by near water logging conditions. 相似文献
8.
Recharge source and hydrogeochemical evolution of shallow groundwater in a complex alluvial fan system,southwest of North China Plain 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Fadong Li Guoying Pan Changyuan Tang Qiuying Zhang Jingjie Yu 《Environmental Geology》2008,55(5):1109-1122
Many cities around the world are developed at alluvial fans. With economic and industrial development and increase in population,
quality and quantity of groundwater are often damaged by over-exploitation in these areas. In order to realistically assess
these groundwater resources and their sustainability, it is vital to understand the recharge sources and hydrogeochemical
evolution of groundwater in alluvial fans. In March 2006, groundwater and surface water were sampled for major element analysis
and stable isotope (oxygen-18 and deuterium) compositions in Xinxiang, which is located at a complex alluvial fan system composed
of a mountainous area, Taihang Mt. alluvial fan and Yellow River alluvial fan. In the Taihang mountainous area, the groundwater
was recharged by precipitation and was characterized by Ca–HCO3 type water with depleted δ18O and δD (mean value of −8.8‰ δ18O). Along the flow path from the mountainous area to Taihang Mt. alluvial fan, the groundwater became geochemically complex
(Ca–Na–Mg–HCO3–Cl–SO4 type), and heavier δ18O and δD were observed (around −8‰ δ18O). Before the surface water with mean δ18O of −8.7‰ recharged to groundwater, it underwent isotopic enrichment in Taihang Mt. alluvial fan. Chemical mixture and ion
exchange are expected to be responsible for the chemical evolution of groundwater in Yellow River alluvial fan. Transferred
water from the Yellow River is the main source of the groundwater in the Yellow River alluvial fan in the south of the study
area, and stable isotopic compositions of the groundwater (mean value of −8.8‰ δ18O) were similar to those of transferred water (−8.9‰), increasing from the southern boundary of the study area to the distal
end of the fan. The groundwater underwent chemical evolution from Ca–HCO3, Na–HCO3, to Na–SO4. A conceptual model, integrating stiff diagrams, is used to describe the spatial variation of recharge sources, chemical
evolution, and groundwater flow paths in the complex alluvial fan aquifer system. 相似文献
9.
Benony K. Kortatsi Collins K. Tay Geophrey Anornu Ebenezer Hayford Grace A. Dartey 《Environmental Geology》2008,53(8):1651-1662
Alumino-silicate mineral dissolution, cation exchange, reductive dissolution of hematite and goethite, oxidation of pyrite
and arsenopyrite are processes that influence groundwater quality in the Offin Basin. The main aim of this study was to characterise
groundwater and delineate relevant water–rock interactions that control the evolution of water quality in Offin Basin, a major
gold mining area in Ghana. Boreholes, dug wells, springs and mine drainage samples were analysed for major ions, minor and
trace elements. Major ion study results show that the groundwater is, principally, Ca–Mg–HCO3 or Na–Mg–Ca–HCO3 in character, mildly acidic and low in conductivity. Groundwater acidification is principally due to natural biogeochemical
processes. Though acidic, the groundwater has positive acid neutralising potential provided by the dissolution of alumino-silicates
and mafic rocks. Trace elements’ loading (except arsenic and iron) of groundwater is generally low. Reductive dissolution
of iron minerals in the presence of organic matter is responsible for high-iron concentration in areas underlain by granitoids.
Elsewhere pyrite and arsenopyrite oxidation is the plausible process for iron and arsenic mobilisation. Approximately 19 and
46% of the boreholes have arsenic and iron concentrations exceeding the WHO’s (Guidelines for drinking water quality. Final
task group meeting. WHO Press, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2004) maximum acceptable limits of 10 μg l−1 and 0.3 mg l−1, for drinking water. 相似文献
10.
Influence of hydrogeochemical processes on temporal changes in groundwater quality in a part of Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, India 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1
Geochemical processes that take place in the aquifer have played a major role in spatial and temporal variations of groundwater
quality. This study was carried out with an objective of identifying the hydrogeochemical processes that controls the groundwater
quality in a weathered hard rock aquifer in a part of Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Groundwater samples were collected
from 45 wells once every 2 months from March 2008 to September 2009. Chemical parameters of groundwater such as groundwater
level, EC and pH were measured insitu. The major ion concentrations such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, and SO4
2− were analyzed using ion chromatograph. CO3
− and HCO3
− concentration was determined by acid–base titration. The abundance of major cation concentration in groundwater is as Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ while that of anions is HCO3
− > SO4
2− > Cl− > CO3
−. Ca–HCO3, Na–Cl, Ca–Na–HCO3 and Ca–Mg–Cl are the dominant groundwater types in this area. Relation between temporal variation in groundwater level and
saturation index of minerals reveals the evaporation process. The ion-exchange process controls the concentration of ions
such as calcium, magnesium and sodium. The ionic ratio of Ca/Mg explains the contribution of calcite and dolomite to groundwater.
In general, the geochemical processes and temporal variation of groundwater in this area are influenced by evaporation processes,
ion exchange and dissolution of minerals. 相似文献