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岩石圈地幔结构及其对中国大型盆地的演化意义 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
Pn波是通过莫霍面下方的上地幔顶部的地震波.由于Pn波的速度随温度和物质成分而变化, 以及Pn波各向异性可以反映地幔形变的历史.因此Pn波的速度以及各向异性成为探索岩石圈结构的重要工具.中国岩石圈地幔的Pn速度的特征是很高速的异常区和很低速的异常区呈镶嵌状出现, 反映了地质结构的不均匀性.西部大型盆地(塔里木、准噶尔、吐哈、柴达木和四川盆地) 具有较高的Pn速度和较弱的各向异性, 反映出这些盆地的岩石圈是冷的和坚硬的, 其变形较小.大面积的华北地区, 在太古代的基底下具有明显的Pn波低速度.研究结果表明与这些地区裂谷、岩石圈减薄和地幔上涌区相一致.Pn波各向异性与在最新(和目前正在进行) 的大规模变形期间, 岩石圈地幔沿NNE向右旋简单剪切相一致.华北的金矿藏以及华北和松辽盆地的石油储藏的位置明显地与该区的低Pn波速度区相吻合, 表明该区金属成矿和油储的形成与中、新生代以来在岩石圈地幔中的热活动, 以及壳幔之间的相互作用过程密切相关. 相似文献
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利用面波层析技术分析了该区地壳上地幔的三维构造。地壳上层的速度分布具有以海域中心为轴,东西两侧对称的特点,总体呈NE向展布,同结晶基底的构造对应良好。东海与黄海的构造差异主要表现在下地壳与上地幔,分别与华北和华南的速度结构相同。从杭州湾到吐噶喇海峡(大约沿30°N纬线)存在一条近EW走向的上地幔高速带。东海与黄海在地貌与地质、地震活动、大地热流、品质因数和重磁异常等方面存在系统性的差异,这与早第四纪从杭州湾到吐噶喇海峡出现的左旋剪切破裂以及贝尼奥失带的右旋撕裂有关。作者推断:东海是新生代弧后扩张作用而形成的;大巴-大别山南麓-杭州湾-吐噶喇海峡是华北与华南地壳块体的分界线,琉球海沟的消减带是华南地壳块体的东界;东亚的现代构造运动,主要与太平洋板块、印度板块和上地幔的运动有关,而菲律宾板块的俯冲对中国大陆的作用较小。 相似文献
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西藏罗布莎豆荚状铬铁矿成矿演化的构造过程 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
摘要：通过对罗布莎铬铁矿区的构造解析,揭示出了豆荚状铬铁矿的成矿演化规律。由地幔韧性剪切带和脆－韧性剪切带组成的含铬剪切带是成矿期构造,被造山期发生的变形分解作用和脆性断裂作用改造,成矿演化经历了从上地幔到上地壳所发生的５个构造变形相的转换,即熔融流变变形相→地幔韧性剪切变形相→壳幔脆→韧性剪切变形相→塑性挤压变形相→脆性断裂变形相,可划分为中生代改造成矿和新生代矿床改造两个阶段,并概括为包含６个变形世代的构造成矿序列。 相似文献
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利用中国地震台网和ISC台站记录的P波到时数据,采用球坐标系有限差分地震层析成像方法反演了南海东北部及其邻近地区壳幔三维P波速度结构,并分析了不同地质单元的构造差异及其深部特征。结果表明:南海东北部表现出陆架地区的岩石层特性,属于华南大陆向海区的延伸,岩石层厚度较大,现今不存在大规模的地幔热流活动,推测大陆边缘张裂作用仅限于地壳内部而没有延伸进入上地幔,具有非火山型大陆边缘的深部特点。中央海盆附近上地幔P波速度明显降低,与海盆下方地幔热流活动密切相关。不同的速度异常特征表明:华南大陆暨台湾地区属于欧亚大陆的正常地壳或是与菲律宾海板块相互作用产生的增厚型地壳,冲绳海槽则是弧后扩张产生的减薄型地壳。滨海断裂带作为华南大陆高速异常和南海北部高速异常的分界,代表了一定地质时期华南地块和南海地块的拼合边界。断裂附近的上地幔低速异常揭示了闽粤沿海岩浆作用的深层动力机制。吕宋岛弧、马尼拉海沟、东吕宋海槽的速度异常与其所处的特殊构造位置有密切的关系,清晰地反映出岛弧俯冲带的地壳结构差异;台湾南部至吕宋岛弧的上地幔低速异常揭示了两个重要火山链的深部构造特征,北吕宋海脊下方100 km深度的条带状高速异常有可能代表了俯冲下沉的岩石层板片。 相似文献
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试论幔柱构造与成矿系统——以三江特提斯成矿域为例 总被引：30，自引：4，他引：26
以三江特提斯成矿域为例,简述了幔柱构造特征,提出了“幔柱构造成矿体系”新观点。研究表明,热幔柱发育演化,导致大陆岩石圈向大洋岩石圈构造体制转化,伴随大陆活化、减薄、去根、张裂、解体和成洋诸事件;冷幔柱形成演变,导致大洋岩石圈向大陆岩石圈构造体制转变,并引发俯冲造山→碰撞造山→陆内造山过程。在幔柱构造制约下,一系列形成于不同构造背景、产出不同地质环境、具有不同成矿体制、不同序次组合和不同成矿类型的矿床成矿系列组合和矿床成矿谱系,共同构成统一的成矿体系。热幔柱成矿体系包括热幔柱热点和热幔柱－扩张脊２大次级成矿系统,冷幔柱成矿体系包括冷幔柱－俯冲造山、冷幔柱－碰撞造山和冷幔柱－陆内造山３大次级成矿系统。最后,按成矿体系,成矿系列和矿床三级体制对三江特提斯成矿域主要矿床形成条件和成矿规律进行了全新分析。 相似文献
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中国大陆岩石圈壳幔韧性剪切带系统 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
众多地震测深剖面的地质构造解析显示,大陆岩石圈存在既有显著差异又有密切联系的两套断裂系统,即以地壳表层脆性剪切带为主的浅层断裂系统和以切割莫霍界面的壳幔韧性剪切带为主的深部断裂系统。根据地震测深速度结构特征,结合深部构造岩石地球化学的综合研究,将切割莫霍界面或壳幔过渡带的壳幔韧性剪切带划分为三类(俯冲带、缝合带和剪切带)五型(大陆岩石圈边缘海沟俯冲带、大陆岩石圈碰撞缝合带、挤压型壳幔韧性剪切带、伸展型壳幔韧性剪切带和走滑型壳幔韧性剪切带)。建立起中国大陆岩石圈构造变形由地壳表层向深部扩展以及由壳幔过渡带向地壳中上部扩展的岩石圈双向扩展模式。壳幔韧性剪切带既是无机成因天然气等深部流体的通道,又是地震活动区的发震构造之一,因此研究大陆岩石圈壳幔韧性剪切带具有重要学术价值和实际意义。 相似文献
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康古尔地区金矿成因类型及其控矿因素 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
新疆康古尔地区地质、构造复杂、成矿条件独特,是以金为主的多金属矿成矿有利地段。金矿成因类型多样,有韧性剪切带型、超浅成低温火山－水热型、中低温火山水热型、中低温岩浆－水热型等。剪切带型金矿是本区主要成矿类型。大地构造、地层岩性、侵入岩、火山岩和韧性剪切带等均与金矿形成有着密切关系。中酸性火山岩是本区主要成矿母岩,韧－脆性剪切带是金矿形成的重要导矿构造。成矿物质来源于上地幔和下地壳。主要成矿时代为晚 相似文献
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通过研究在青藏高原及其部分邻区由三分量宽频地震资料获得的剪切波各向异性的特征，得出了上地幔构造的若干认识，在本区200km以上的上地幔范围内各向异性的方向性变化主要是上地幔物质运移方向的影响，各地体的岩石圈与地壳在相当长时间内是连贯的运移，各向异性的主要方向决定于上地幔承受的主应力剪切作用方向常常与地表的山系和构造方向不一致，最强的各向异性特征出现在高速体地体边缘，与深部热的地幔物质有关，在各地体边缘的走滑断裂附近各向异性与断裂带走向一致。 相似文献
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We obtain a lithospheric shear‐wave velocity model across the Tien Shan orogenic belt by jointly inverting Rayleigh wave group velocities and teleseismic P‐wave receiver functions at 61 broadband seismic stations deployed in this region. Our new model reveals prominent lateral variations of shear‐wave velocity in both the crust and uppermost mantle. This model reveals different structures in the upper and middle crust across the Talas Fergana Fault, which may suggest the presence of a tectonic boundary between the western and central Tien Shan beneath the fault. According to the velocity images, the depth extent of the fault is ~40 km and this is confined to the crust. Pronounced low‐velocity anomalies are imaged in the middle crust and uppermost mantle beneath the southern and middle Tien Shan, implying that the upwelling of the materials from the upper mantle could have played an important role in the mountain building. 相似文献
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Surface waves recorded at Dumont D'Urville (DRV) in Terre Adelie have been analyzed to determine the upper mantle structure between Antarctica and the Southeast Indian Ridge. Rayleigh wave group velocities have been determined in the period range 15–60 s by using the single station method applied to earthquakes located on the Southeast Indian Ridge. An 8% decrease of group velocity is observed when passing from paths coming from the north of DRV to those coming from the east. Variations in both the lithospheric thickness and the upper mantle shear velocity are needed to explain this group velocity decrease by means of isotropic models. The corresponding change in the upper mantle structure does not appear to be correlated with the age of the seafloor. It suggests the existence of a low velocity region, several hundred kilometers in extent, in which transform faulting is active. A strong azimuthal anisotropy of Rayleigh wave velocity in the investigated area could also, but only partially, account for the observed velocity variations. 相似文献
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中国东部含金矽卡岩矿床分布规律
与深部地球物理背景研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在收集整理中国大陆上十几条地学断面、数十条地震剖面、大地电磁剖面、地壳上地幔剪切波资料的基础上,对含金矽卡岩矿床的深部地球物理背景进行了深入的研究,作者认为岩石圈剪切带是控制含金矽卡岩矿床的最主要的深部地球物理背景条件。壳内低速高导层因与地幔流体分布有关,同样对含金矽卡岩矿床有控制作用、大（ 深） 断裂带的交汇部位控制着与矿有关的中酸性侵入岩浆,可以利用这些因素的共同制约作用进一步圈定含金矽卡岩矿床和铜伴生金矽卡岩矿床分布的远景预测区。 相似文献
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长江中下游及其邻区深部地球物理背景与含金夕卡岩矿床的分布 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
长江中下游地区是我国重要的铁铜矿产基地。近十年来,我国所发现的含金夕卡岩矿床和铜伴生金夕卡岩矿床也主要产在长江中下游地区。作者借助12条大地电磁测深剖面、5条地震剖面、层析成像速度结构资料、重磁场等区域的和深部的地球物理资料进行综合对比研究,给出长江中下游及其邻区的三维深部构造格架及其与含金夕卡岩矿床和铜伴生金夕卡岩矿床的分布关系。作者认为,上地幔隆起带(岩石圈地幔减薄带)、上地幔异常区(相对低速区)、壳内高导层隆起带、深断裂(岩石圈剪切带)、地壳上地幔不均匀性块体的边缘、重力高反映的基底隆起区、跳跃磁场反映的岩浆岩带和构造交汇处等诸多因素的共同作用控制着含金夕卡岩矿床和铜伴生金夕卡岩矿床的分布。 相似文献
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本文论述了在雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩中发现的大型幔型韧性剪切带的几何学和运动学特征，通过研究超镁铁质糜棱岩中变形橄榄石的显微构造，分析了上地的流变状态，探讨了幔型韧性剪切带生成的构造环境和阿尔卑斯型铬铁矿的地幔剪切动力成因机制。 相似文献
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The shapes and orientations of Benioff zones beneath island arcs, interpreted as marking the location of subducted lithosphere, provide the best presently available constraints on the global convective flow pattern associated with plate motions. This global flow influences the dynamics of subduction. Subduction zone phenomena therefore provide powerful tests for models of mantle flow. We compute global flow models which, while simple, include those features which are best constrained, namely the observed plate velocities, applied as boundary conditions, and the density contrasts given by thermal models of the lithosphere and subducted slabs. Two viscosity structures are used; for one, flow is confined to the upper mantle, while for the other, flow extends throughout the mantle.Instantaneous flow velocity vectors match observed Benioff zone dips and shapes for the model which allows mantle-wide flow but not for the upper mantle model, which has a highly contorted flow pattern. The effect of trench migration on particle trajectories is calculated; it is not important if subduction velocities are greater than migration rates. Two-dimensional finite element models show that including a coherent high viscosity slab does not change these conclusions. A coherent high viscosity slab extending deep into the upper mantle would significantly slow subduction if flow were confined to the upper mantle. The maximum earthquake magnitude, Mw, for island arcs correlates well with the age of the subducted slab and pressure gradient between the trench and back-arc region for the whole mantle, but not the upper mantle, flow model. The correlations with orientations of Benioff zones and seismic coupling strongly suggest that the global return flow associated with plate motions extends below 700 km. For both models, regions of back-arc spreading have asthenospheric shear pulling the back-arc toward the trench; regions without back-arc spreading have the opposite sense of shear, suggesting global flow strongly influences back-arc spreading. 相似文献
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Recent interpretations of upper continental mantle seismic anisotropy observations have often relied on fabric measurements and calculated anisotropies of upper mantle xenoliths. Seismic ray paths of P and S waves, which provide information on azimuthal compressional wave anisotropy and shear wave splitting, are tens to hundreds of kilometers, whereas, xenoliths are usually only a few centimeters in diameter. To place better constraints on field-based anisotropy observations and to evaluate anisotropy information provided by xenoliths, it is important to examine anisotropy in large ultramafic massifs which have originated in the upper mantle. One such massif is the Twin Sisters Range located in the western portion of the North Cascades of Washington State, USA. The Twin Sisters massif, a slab of unaltered dunite, is 16 km in length, 6 km in width and 3 km thick. Exposed along its south and west sides are mafic granulite facies rocks, which likely represent lower continental crustal fragments. The ultramafic rocks are porphyroclastic in texture, consisting of strained, flattened porphyroclasts of olivine and enstatite and strain-free olivine mosaics. Olivine fabrics are typical of those formed at high temperatures and low strain rates. Petrofabrics and calculated anisotropies of individual samples vary throughout the massif, however, overall anisotropy of the body is significant, with maximum P and S waves anisotropies of 5.4% and 3.9%, respectively. The maximum delay time for split shear waves traveling through a 100-km-thick slab is 0.8 s and two directions of shear wave singularity are observed. The directions of maximum shear wave splitting and shear wave singularities do not coincide with the directions of maximum and minimum compressional wave velocity. In general, individual hand samples show significantly higher anisotropy than the overall anisotropy of the massif. It is concluded that simple averages of xenolith anisotropies are unreliable for use in the interpretation of field anisotropy observations. 相似文献