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非线性地球化学动力学 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
非线性地球化学动力学的研究主要包括五个方面：①地球化学非线性反应动力学;②矿物沉淀、结晶与生长的非线性动力学;③流体流动－反应耦合的非线性动力学;④力学－化学耦合的非线性动力学;⑤地球化学循环的非线性动力学或非线性全球动力学。分别总结了上述五个方面的研究进展,讨论了地球化学非线性动力学研究中存在的问题和今后的发展方向。 相似文献
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污染物质影响地下水化学成分变化的地球化学和生态学后果 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
被污染地下水的地球化学分类表明，污染物质进入地下水后，导致其中形成一套严格限定的，可用Eh-pH指标表达的地球化学条件，并导致出现新的、前所未知的水文地球化学现象。后者表现为：新的地球化学类型水的形成，酸性和碱性水分布面积的增大，水的氧化－还原电位的降低和逆向分带，以及水化学元素迁移形式的改变。从水中已发现的一系列污染物质（首先是氮的化合物和有机物）看，水文地球化学体系已变为始终不平衡的体系，这就决定了水文地球化学体系的不确定性和未来水文地球化学现象的不可预知性。 相似文献
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地球化学环境界面研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
作者认为,近代地球化学研究的发展已经较多地注意到环境界面作用,从而在地球科学前沿产生了新的重要分支学科——“环境界面地球化学”。环境界面地球化学作用是在较低温度和压力条件下,有生命物质或有机物质参与的多元、多相热力学和动力学过程。它与固体地球的地球化学、天体化学、外生地球化学有着重要的区别或联系。该文还深入具体地阐述了环境界面地球化学的内涵、研究的目的意义、发展趋势和选题方向。 相似文献
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从系统点论环境地质学的研究方法 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
环境地球化学是地球化学与环境科学结合衍生的一门新兴的边缘学科。文章概括论述了学科的性质，提出环境地球化学发展的主要领域：全球环境变化的环境地球化学研究、地球化学环境与人体健康、地球化学环境与农业、环境污染的地球化学，并对各个领域研究的现状作了概述与分析，进一步提出了研究的具体方向。 相似文献
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构造地球化学是介于地球化学和构造地质学之间的一门新兴学科。其基础理论包括应力场、化学动力学和耗散结构理论。研究内容可分为大地构造地球化学、区域构造地球化学、矿田(床)构造地球化学和微构造地球化学。研究方法有综合地、地球化学和实验研究法。 相似文献
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构造地球化学是一门介于构造地质学与地球化学之间的边缘学科,是研究元素在各种构造环境中的分配和迁移,分散和富集的特征,演化规律和动力学机制的科学。该学科提出以来已引起广大地质工作重的重视,目前在显微构造地球化学,断裂构造地球化学,大地构造地球化学,成矿构造地球化学,实验构造地球化学等若干方面已取得一定的成果。 相似文献
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《Applied Geochemistry》2006,21(2):377-403
Predictions of mine-related water pollution are often based on laboratory assays of mine-site material. However, many of the factors that control the rate of element release from a site, such as pH, water–rock ratio, the presence of secondary minerals, particle size, and the relative roles of surface-kinetic and mineral equilibria processes can exhibit considerable variation between small-scale laboratory experiments and large-scale field sites.Monthly monitoring of mine effluent and analysis of natural geological material from four very different mine sites have been used to determine the factors that control the rate of element release and mineral sources and sinks for major elements and for the contaminant metals Zn, Pb, and Cu. The sites are: a coal spoil tip; a limestone-hosted Pb mine, abandoned for the last 200 a; a coal mine; and a slate-hosted Cu mine that was abandoned 150 a ago. Hydrogeological analysis of these sites has been performed to allow field fluxes of elements suitable for comparison with laboratory results to be calculated. Hydrogeological and mineral equilibrium control of element fluxes are common at the field sites, far more so than in laboratory studies. This is attributed to long residence times and low water–rock ratios at the field sites. The high water storativity at many mine sites, and the formation of soluble secondary minerals that can efficiently adsorb metals onto their surfaces provides a large potential source of pollution. This can be released rapidly if conditions change significantly, as in, for example, the case of flooding or disturbance. 相似文献
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Environmental assessments are conducted prior to mineral development at proposed mining operations. Among the objectives of these assessments is prediction of solute release from mine wastes projected to be generated by the proposed mining and associated operations. This paper provides guidance to those engaged in these assessments and, in more detail, provides insights on solid-phase characterization and application of kinetic test results for predicting solute release from waste rock. The logic guiding the process is consistent with general model construction practices and recent publications. Baseline conditions at the proposed site are determined and a detailed operational plan is developed and imposed upon the site. Block modeling of the mine geology is conducted to identify the mineral assemblages present, their masses and compositional variations. This information is used to select samples, representative of waste rock to be generated, that will be analyzed and tested to describe characteristics influencing waste rock drainage quality. The characterization results are used to select samples for laboratory dissolution testing (kinetic tests). These tests provide empirical data on dissolution of the various mineral assemblages present as waste rock. The data generated are used, in conjunction with environmental conditions, the proposed method of mine waste storage, and scientific and technical principles, to estimate solute release rates for the operational scale waste rock.Common concerns regarding waste rock are generation of acidic drainage and release of heavy metals and sulfate. Key solid phases in the assessments are those that dissolve to release acid and sulfate (iron sulfides, soluble iron sulfates, hydrated iron-sulfate minerals, minerals of the alunite–jarosite group), those that dissolve to neutralize acid (calcium and magnesium carbonates, silicate minerals), and those that release trace metals (trace metal sulfides, hydrated trace metal-sulfate minerals). Conventional mineralogic, petrographic, and geochemical analyses generally can be used to determine the quantities of these minerals present and to describe characteristics that influence their dissolution. A key solid-phase characteristic is the mineral surface area exposed for reaction, which is influenced by mode of occurrence (included, interstitial, liberated) and the extent of mineral surface coating. Short-term dissolution tests can estimate the extent of hydrated sulfate minerals present. Longer term dissolution tests are necessary to describe the dependence of drainage pH and solute release rates on solid-phase variation. The extensive data compiled from baseline pre-development definition, the operational plan, solid-phase characterization, and dissolution testing are ultimately synthesized by means of a modeling exercise requiring considerable technical and scientific expertise. The predicted rates (model outputs) are expressed as probability distributions to allow assessment of risk. This exercise must be technically defensible and transparent so that regulators can confidently assess the results and evaluate the operational plan proposed. Technical and non-technical challenges involved in implementing such programs are identified to benefit management planning for both industry and government. 相似文献
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以浙江沿海表层沉积物为研究对象,系统地研究了重金属有效结合态与沉积环境、矿物组成和人为排放等环境因素之间的相互关系.结果表明:沿海表层沉积物中重金属的积累数量,呈现出潮汐河口沉积物>沿海沉积物>强潮汐河口沉积物的趋势,这反映了不同沉积类型对重金属富集作用的差异;重金属的有效结合态,总体上以铁锰氧化物结合态>碳酸盐结合态>硫化物及有机结合态>可交换态的顺序存在,但是不同的重金属或同种重金属在不同的采点,主要有效结合态的比例存在明显的差异,这不仅与重金属的地球化学性质、沉积环境和沉积物中的粘土矿物组成有关,更受到重金属污染物的人为排放量的影响. 相似文献
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Release of heavy metals during weathering of the Lower Cambrian Black Shales in western Hunan,China 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
Weathering of heavy metal enriched black shales may be one of the most important sources of environmental contamination in areas where black shales are distributed. Heavy metal release during weathering of the Lower Cambrian Black Shales (LCBS) in western Hunan, China, was investigated using traditional geochemical methods and the ICP-MS analytical technique. Concentrations of 16 heavy metals, 8 trace elements and P were measured for samples from selected weathering profiles at the Taiping vanadium ore mine (TP), the Matian phosphorous ore mine (MT), and Taojiang stone-coal mine (TJ). The results show that the bedrock at these three profiles is enriched with Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Th, U, Mo, Cd, Sb, Tl, and P. Based on mass-balance calculation, the percentages of heavy metals released (in % loss) relative to immobile element Nb were estimated. The results show significant rates of release during weathering of: V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, U, Mo, Cd, Sn, Sb, and Tl for the TP profile; Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Th, Cd, and Sn for the MT profile; and Sc, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Th, Cd, Sn, and Tl for the TJ profile. Among these heavy metals, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd, and Sn show very similar features of release from each of the three weathering profiles. The heavy metals released during weathering may affect the environment (especially topsoil and surface waters) and are possibly related to an observed high incidence of endemic diseases in the area. 相似文献
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The origin of high dissolved manganese concentrations in slightly acidic mine runoff from a surface mine operated by the Cumberland Coal Company in eastern Tennessee was investigated. Mineralogical and chemical analyses were performed on 31 samples of sandstone, shale, coal, and mudstone from the mine to identify the sources and stratigraphic distribution of high extractable manganese contents in the spoil materials. The samples were analyzed for their bulk mineral content by X-ray diffraction, net acid-base potential, and reaction to 2 or 4 chemical extraction procedures. A limited number of samples were analyzed for petrographic characteristics, clay mineral composition by X-ray diffraction, and mineral compositions by electron microprobe. Analysis of the data and consideration of the geochemical conditions at the mine were used to identify probable sources for the high extractable manganese contents.The results indicate 2 prominent, independent sources of extractable manganese. The first source is exchangeable manganese on clay minerals (mainly illite + muscovite and chlorite) and is concentrated in shale and mudstone rock types. The second and more significant source is manganese in siderite concretions and cement, mainly in shale and mudstone. Comparison to other coal-bearing strata indicates that manganese-rich siderite is common in fresh- to brackish-water subaqueous sediments that overlie coal. This is especially the case for coals formed in wet, tropical environments.Ratios of manganese to calcium and magnesium in mine runoff suggest that manganese from siderite is the major cause of the high dissolved manganese contents. A conceptual model is developed to explain the high manganese contents of the mine runoff. Oxidation of pyrite creates mildly acidic waters that are subsequently partially neutralized by reaction with impure siderite. Solubilized manganese remains dissolved in the slightly acidic runoff water, whereas dissolved iron precipitates as ferric hydroxide or goethite. Consideration of data from other coal mining regions suggests that similar reactions involving impure siderite may be responsible for high manganese concentrations in acidic to slightly acidic mine runoff. Geochemical reaction path modeling of pyrite and impure siderite with rainwater illustrate how resulting water compositions may vary depending on pyrite to siderite ratios in spoil materials. Spoil water compositions from the Cumberland mine are largely consistent with reaction of pyrite and impure siderite in proportions observed in the sediments; however, deviations may be explained by minor mixing with waters that reacted only with impure siderite or clay mineral exchange reactions. 相似文献
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Heavy metal retention in secondary precipitates from a mine rock dump and underlying soil, Dalarna, Sweden 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：7
This study investigates the retention of heavy metals in secondary precipitates from a sulfidic mine rock dump and underlying
podzolic soils by means of mineralogical and chemical extraction methods. The rock dump, which is at least 50 years old, consists
of a 5–10-cm-thick leached zone and an underlying 110–115-cm-thick accumulation zone. Optical microscopy and electron microprobe
analyses confirm that pyrrhotite weathering has proceeded much further in the leached horizon relative to the accumulation
horizon. The weathering of sulfides in the leached zone has resulted in the migration of most heavy metals to the accumulation
zone or underlying soils, where they are retained in more stable phases such as secondary ferric minerals, including goethite
and jarosite. Some metals are temporarily retained in hydrated ferrous sulfates (e.g., melanterite, rozenite).
Received: 28 October 1996 · Accepted: 24 February 1997 相似文献
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岩石露头和矿山废弃物中的金属硫化物在地表、近地表条件下的氧化作用往往导致多种环境问题,因此,金属硫化物的地表风化一直是备受关注的表生过程之一。越来越多的证据表明微生物对矿物的氧化在金属硫化物风化过程中发挥着重要作用。实验研究发现:微生物在金属硫化物表面附着并形成微生物膜,在矿物-微生物膜界面微环境中存在着强烈的微生物氧化和化学氧化作用,两种氧化作用相互协同、共同促进。在此过程中,金属硫化物的S、As、Fe等元素经历了复杂的电子传递、逐级氧化的动力学过程,最终形成稳定的高铁硫酸盐或氧化物,并形成大量的酸性排水。该过程受多种因素的影响,包括细菌种类、光照和溶液Fe~(2+)浓度等。金属硫化物的微生物氧化直接导致重金属大量释放和严重的环境危害,释放的酸性排水还引发碳酸盐矿物分解和CO_2排放,会对全球碳循环产生不可忽视的影响。在地球演化的早期阶段,金属硫化物氧化消耗大气氧气可能导致大氧化进程滞后。尽管关于金属硫化物-微生物相互作用研究取得了长足的进展,但金属硫化物微生物氧化的分子机制和全球尺度的元素地球化学循环还有待深入研究,原位纳米观测技术的引入和全球物质循环模型研究具有必要性和紧迫性,同时也对生物冶金技术的发展有着重要的意义。 相似文献
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老石旦矿区的高岭土(木节土)呈灰白、灰紫及灰黑色,质地松软,可塑性高,是一种良好的耐火材料和陶瓷原料。对其成因过去有两种看法:(1)原生沉积的;(2)由煤层风化淋滤形成的。作者认为是煤层风化残积形成的。即煤层经地壳运动抬升到地表以后,受到强烈的风化淋滤作用,使有机组分分解,流失和逸散,铝硅矿物相对富集,在表生条件下形成木节土。 相似文献