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1.
Stromatolitic crusts on stick-like and platy Porites corals forming Messinian reefs in Almería played an important role in supporting and binding the brittle corals. The crusts were previously regarded as probable marine cements. However, their clotted, peloidal, and micritic fabrics are directly comparable with those of stromatolites. They accreted allochthonous grains even on vertical faces, and include bushy fabrics closely comparable with those produced by cyanobacterial calcification. They contain numerous fenestrae, exhibit rapid fabric variation, and locally form micro-columns and laminated domes. Their similarities to peloid micrite crusts in Recent reefs suggest that at least some of these Recent crusts are microbial in origin, even though they have widely been interpreted as marine cements. The sedimentary effects of crust development substantially affected both the morphology and relief of the reefs and the generation of reefal clasts. Binding of the reef-frame in the Pinnacle and Thicket zones in the lower and middle parts of the reef created a rigid margin which shed large (commonly up to 5 m) cuboidal blocks of coral-stromatolite frame. The blocks broke along planes of weakness provided by the vertical Porites sticks and were deposited on the Fore-Reef Slope. In the uppermost parts of the reefs crusts dominate the structure, constituting 80% or more of the rock. Veneers up to 15 cm thick encrust thin irregular Porites plates to create a solid Reef Crest Zone which has not been recognized before. The coral-stromatolite framework is associated with echinoids, crustose corallines and halimedacean algae which, together with the scleractinians, indicate normal marine salinity throughout reef growth. 相似文献
2.
Reef Fabrics, biotic crusts and syndepositional cements of the Latemar reef margin (Middle Triassic), northern Italy 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
M. T. HARRIS 《Sedimentology》1993,40(3):383-401
The Latemar reef buildup of the central Dolomites (northern Italy) provides a rare opportunity to examine an in-place Middle Triassic (Upper Anisian to Lower Ladinian) platform margin that is not strongly deformed or dolomitized. The margin lies between the flat lying platform interior and steeply dipping foreslope clinoforms. Across this transition, the depositional profile relates directly to a consistent lateral facies pattern: (1) restricted-biota grainstone of the platform interior, (2) ‘Tubiphytes’-rich boundstone and (3) diverse-biota grainstone that grades into (4) foreslope breccia beds. The boundstone and diverse-biota grainstone facies comprise the platform margin. The boundstone facies consists of a framework of small (< 10 cm) skeletal remains (< 10% by volume) with associated biotic crusts, internal sediments and syndepositional cements. Crusts and cements constitute most of the rock volume and created the boundstone fabric. Biotic crusts exhibit gravity-defying geometries and range from a light grey, ‘structure grumeleuse’ rind to dark grey, micritic laminae. Both cements and biotic crusts occur as redeposited talus in the foreslope talus deposits, indicating a syndepositional origin. The diverse-biota grainstone facies primarily consists of skeletal-peloidal grainstone with a diverse open marine biotic assemblage, in contrast to the restricted biota grainstones of the platform interior that have a low diversity, restricted marine biota. Metre scale hexacoral boundstone and centimetre-scale sponge boundstone and microbial boundstone occur as isolated patches (tens to hundreds of metres apart) within the diverse-biota grainstone facies. The depositional profile, facies zonation and biotic constituents all indicate that the Latemar buildup had a shallow water reef margin, in contrast to previous interpretations that these were upper slope reefs. The syndepositional biotic crusts and inorganic cementation played key roles in stabilizing the boundstone fabric to form a wave-resistant reef fabric. 相似文献
3.
在黔南紫云猴场镇以西约4 km扁平村发现了新的大型生物礁组合。该礁产于马平组Triticites带内,时间上隶属于晚石炭世晚期。通过对该礁组合中生物群落的详细研究,将其自下而上划分为组合面貌不同的6个群落。其中成礁生物群落有两个：珊Ivanoviacfmanchurica,叶状藻Eugonophyllum和菌藻类蓝细菌群落及珊瑚Formitchevella群落。前者各种生物在不同环境中独立发育构成小点礁,彼此平行排列,形成下部点礁层;后者由大型笙柱状排列的Formitchevella构成其上部主礁体。这些群落代表了生物礁的不同发展阶段,显示了在造礁过程中生物种类更替演化的特征,而群落演化与成礁有一致的对应关系,并控制着该生物礁的发育和规模。以特征生物Formitchevella为代表的造礁群落的组成、结构、生态特征和礁体生长发育模式在中国乃至世界上的石炭纪礁体中都是独特的,构成了晚石炭世罕见的非藻造架生物礁。扁平村生物礁的发现,丰富了世界石炭纪造礁生物群落的类型,为研究石炭纪造礁生物群落演化、礁体生长及建立生物礁生长动力学模型提供了新的实例。 相似文献
4.
The Shackleton Limestone formed a carbonate platform that bordered part of the Greater Antarctic craton in middle and late Early Cambrian time. In the Holyoake Range of the central Transantarctic Mountains, this unit records deposition on a stable shelf on which flourished ecological reefs composed of microorganisms and archaeocyathans. Burrow-mottled lime mudstone, wackestone and packstone with patch reefs represent accumulation in shelf areas of relatively low to moderate energy. Thick ooidal grainstone units reflect deposition in higher energy shoals and as sand sheets that were associated with extensive reef complexes. The framework of these reefs was principally the product of micro-organisms, by inference mostly cyanobacteria. Archaeocyathans constitute as much as 30% of some reefs, but commonly they form less than 10% and are absent from some. On the basis of microbial composition, three reef types are recognized. The first type is a Renalcis boundstone that lacks archaeocyathans. Within these, abundant upward-directed thalii of Renalcis formed a framework that trapped fine-grained sediment. The second type, which forms the core of some larger reefs, is composed of stromatactis-bearing, microbial boundstone. The third, yet most common, reef type is variable in composition. It is characterized by the presence of abundant Epiphyton, but may include archaeocyathans, and the microbial microfossils Girvanella and Renalcis as well as cryptomicrobial clotted micrite. In this type of reef, frame-building organisms typically constructed highly porous structures that had small interparticle and fenestral pores and large growth-framework cavities, as well as rare metre-sized caverns. Within these spaces, Epiphyton and, less commonly Renalcis, encrusted framework elements, fine-grained sediments accumulated, and pervasive sea-floor cements were precipitated. Boundstone fabrics in the Shackleton Limestone are highly complex, with fabrics analogous to younger, more metazoan-rich reefs, as well as deep-water stromatactis-bearing mud-mounds. The Epiphyton-Girvanella-archaeocyathan frameworks and stromatactis-bearing boundstones, both of which seemingly first appeared in the middle Early Cambrian, are regarded as the precursors, in structure, composition, and preferred hydrologic setting, of the more extensive reefs and complex framework styles of later Phanerozoic time. 相似文献
5.
GREGORY E. WEBB 《Sedimentology》1996,43(6):947-971
Throughout most of the Phanerozoic, reef rigidity resulted as much, or more, from early lithification by microbial carbonates and biologically induced cements (non-enzymatic carbonates) than from biological encrustation of, or by, large, enzymatically secreted metazoan skeletons. Reef framework is divided into four categories: (1) skeletal metazoan; (2) non-skeletal microbialite (stromatolite and thrombolite); (3) calcimicrobe; and (4) biocementstone, in which small or delicate organisms serve as scaffolds for rigid cement crusts. The last three categories are dominated by non-enzymatic carbonates. Skeletal framework and non-skeletal microbialite framework were the most abundant framework types through the Phanerozoic. The composition and abundance of skeletal framework was controlled largely by mass extinction events, but most reefs consisted of both microbialite and skeletal organisms in a mutually beneficial relationship. Microbialite framework was abundant throughout the Palaeozoic and early Mesozoic, but declined after the Jurassic. Calcimicrobe framework was important during the Cambrian-Early Ordovician and Devonian and biocementstone framework was important from the late Mississippian to the Late Triassic. The Phanerozoic history of reefs does not correlate well with the stratigraphic distribution of large, skeletal ‘reef builders’, or with a variety of physicochemical parameters, including sea-level history, Wilson Cycle or global climate cycles. Because non-enzymatic carbonates result from induction by non-obligate calcifiers, and not enzymatic precipitation by obligate calcifiers, the distribution of these carbonates was controlled to a larger extent by temporal changes in physicochemical parameters affecting the saturation state of sea water with respect to carbonate minerals. Changes in pCO2, Ca/Mg ratios, cation concentrations and temperature may have affected the abundance of non-enzymatic carbonates and, hence, reefs, independently from the effects of these same parameters and mass extinction events on skeletal reef biota. The decline in abundance of reefal microbialite and absence of calcimicrobe and biocementstone reef framework after the Jurassic may be a result of relatively low saturation states of sea water owing to increased removal and sequestration of finite marine carbonate resources by calcareous plankton since the Jurassic. Reef history is difficult to correlate with temporal changes in specific global parameters because these parameters affect skeletal biota and biologically induced carbonate precipitation independently. Hence, reef history was regulated not just by skeletal reef biota, but by parameters governing non-enzymatic carbonates. 相似文献
6.
T. C. Brachert C. Betzler J. C. Braga J. M. Martin 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1996,85(2):327-337
In order to evaluate the geological record of climatic change in neritic carbonates, we studied Late Miocene rock outcrops
in southern Spain. Six episodes of reef growth are documented (Burdigalian to Messinian) in Neogene basins of the Betic Cordillera,
which were located close to the margin of the global reef belt. The reefs are characterized by various zooxanthellate corals
which decrease in diversity with time, andHalimeda; the youngest reefs of the latest Messinian are characterized by the dominance of the genusPorites. Late Miocene coral reefs and reef-rimmed platforms alternate over time with non-reefal carbonate ramps characterized by
skeletal calcirudites or with gypsum such as that formed during the Messinian salinity crisis. The calcirudites lack reef
corals, calcified green algae and extensive marine cement, but exhibit skeletal components described from both modern and
fossil nontropical carbonates. These include bryozoans, mollusks, foraminifers, echinoderms and minor balanids, as well as
coralline algae of a bryomol association. The presence of some larger foraminifers indicates high temperatures, close to the
lower temperature threshold of the reef assemblage. Sea level lowstands and highstands are documented by wedges of bryomol
carbonate and chlorozoan patch reefs or prograding platforms. Thus, temperate climate depositional modes correspond to relatively
low sea levels, and warm-water modes to high sea levels. The Neogene infill of the Agua Amarga and Sorbas basins documents
two of these cycles. Other climate/sea-level cycles (including Messinian gypsum in the cool water depositional mode) are well
established in adjacent Neogene basins in southern Spain. This type of composite sequence seems to occur only along the margin
of the global reef belt and indicates an oscillatory latitudinal movement of the margin, which is associated with global climatic
change. The analysis of turnover in neritic depositional carbonate systems may therefore be considered a sensitive tool for
reconstructing climatic change from the fossil record. However, warm-water modes and temperate-water modes of carbonate sedimentation
and diagenesis differ significantly. For this reason the interpretation of composite system sequences by sequence stratigraphy
requires an extended concept. The particular type of mixed bryomolchlorozoan depositional sequence also bears some potential
for drowning, because sea level rise may be faster than the net production rate of temperate carbonate systems. 相似文献
7.
8.
《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(6):847-857
Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs are atoll-like structures that have developed on top of volcanic edifices and are close to the southern environmental limit of reef development in the southwest Pacific. Reef morphology and vertical accretion rates during the Holocene appear similar to those on other more tropical reefs. Sediment samples were collected from the lagoon of both reefs and around the flanks of Middleton Reef. A distinctly chlorozoan assemblage was observed with coral, molluscs, Halimeda, coralline algae and foraminifers being the dominant sediment constituents. Lagoon sediment samples show little variation within or between reefs, lacking the concentric zonation characteristic of larger atolls. Samples collected from the flanks of Middleton Reef, and subsurface material from vibrocores, differ compositionally from the surficial lagoon sand and were typically more tropical in character. A comparison of the sediment constituents from these reefs with those of samples from within a fringing reef and from the shelf around Lord Howe Island, further south, indicated regional patterns in sediment composition. Halimeda rapidly decreased in abundance with increased latitude, and appeared confined to deeper water, whereas coralline red algae increased significantly. The rapid change in these major sediment contributors is coincident with the general decrease in coral growth rates with latitude. This reinforces the notion that the latitudinal limit of reef development is constrained by factors other than coral growth alone. 相似文献
9.
首次发现峡东下奥陶统生物礁。造礁生物为攀苔藓虫、托盘藻、古钵海绵、蓝细菌和Pulchrilamina等。按造礁生物形成的格架类型有:粘结粒泥岩,藻粘结岩,攀苔藓虫障积岩,粘结障积岩等4种礁岩微相。这些微相在礁核中有、无和分布差异形成了灰泥岩隆礁,藻岩隆礁,攀苔藓虫障积岩隆礁和藻粘结-古钵海绵障积岩隆礁。各类礁都经历了奠基、发育、衰亡3个阶段。这一演化过程反映了沉积环境和水能量强度对礁发育的制约作用。 相似文献
10.
Origin of subaerial Holocene calcareous crusts: role of algae, fungi and sparmicritisation 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
CHARLES F. KAHLE 《Sedimentology》1977,24(3):413-435
The Pleistocene Miami Limestone that crops out on the lower Florida Keys is overlain by thin (16 cm or less), discontinuous, Holocene calcareous crusts (caliche) that are usually laminated, composed dominantly of calcite micrite and may or may not incorporate part of the underlying limestone. Both allochems and sparry calcite cement in the former unit contain endolithic algae and fungi, borings and unicellular algae. Biogenic structures identical to those in the Miami Limestone also occur in the calcareous crusts but are somewhat less abundant in the latter unit versus the former unit. The calcareous crusts were formed in the vadose diagenetic environment. Some of the CaCO3 necessary for the micrite that comprises the bulk of the crusts was probably derived from solution of carbonate from a soil cover and some from wind blown salt spray. Most of the micrite, however, was formed by replacement of the uppermost portions of the Miami Limestone. Replacement involved micritisation of allochems and a previously unreported process, sparmicritisation, the degrading recrystallization of sparry calcite to micrite. Minor sparmicritisation was caused by micrite calcification of endolithic fungi or algae within sparry calcite cement or by micrite precipitation in empty borings within such cement. Most sparmicritisation took place by dissolution of sparry calcite and concomitant precipitation of micrite in the space occupied previously by the dissolved spar. Such sparmicritisation is interpreted to be caused by chemical reactions involving the crystals, pore water which is moving slowly but steadily and organic compounds released during bacterial decomposition of fungi, algae or both. It is recognized that sparmicritisation occurs in the marine diagenetic environment and is not, therefore, necessarily indicative of vadose diagenesis. Incomplete sparmicritisation is responsible for some of the clotted textures typically found within calcareous crusts and may explain such textures in many other carbonate rock types. A combination of sparmicritisation and micritisation has probably greatly influenced the porosity of many reefs and, in some cases, led to the formation of ‘micritic reefs’. 相似文献
11.
A common assumption in the geological analysis of modern reefs is that coral community zonation seen on the surface should also be found in cores from the reef interior. Such assumptions not only underestimate the impact of tropical storms on reef facies development, but have been difficult to test because of restrictions imposed by narrow‐diameter cores and poor recovery. That assumption is tested here using large‐diameter cores recovered from a range of common zones across three Campeche Bank reefs. It is found that cores from the reef‐front, crest, flat and rubble‐cay zones are similar in texture and coral composition, making it impossible to recognize coral assemblages that reflect the surface zonation. Taphonomic signatures imparted by variations in encrustation, bioerosion and cementation, however, produce distinct facies and delineate a clear depth zonation. Cores from the reef‐front zone (2–10 m depth) are characterized by sections of Acropora palmata cobble gravel interspersed with sections of in‐place (but truncated) A. palmata stumps. Upper surfaces of truncated colonies are intensely bioeroded by traces of Entobia isp. and Gastrochaenolites isp. and encrusted by mm‐thick crustose corallines before colony regeneration and, therefore, indicate punctuated growth resulting from a hurricane‐induced cycle of destruction and regeneration. Cores from the reef crest/flat (0–2 m depth) are also characterized by sections of hurricane‐derived A. palmata cobble‐gravels as well as in‐place A. palmata colonies. In contrast to the reef front, however, these cobble gravels are encrusted by cm‐thick crusts of intergrown coralline algae, low‐relief Homotrema and vermetids, bored by traces of Entobia isp. and Trypanites isp. and coated by a dense, peloidal, micrite cement. Cores from the inter‐ to supratidal rubble‐cay zone (+0–5 m) are only composed of A. palmata cobble gravels and, although clasts show evidence of subtidal encrustation and bioerosion, these always represent processes that occurred before deposition on the cay. Instead, these gravels are distinguished on the basis of their limited bioerosion and marine cements, which exhibit fabrics formed in the intertidal zone. These results confirm that hurricanes have a major influence on facies development in Campeche Bank reefs. Instead of reflecting the surface coral zonation, each facies records a distinctive, depth‐related set of taphonomic processes, which reflect colonization, alteration and stabilization following the production of new substrates by hurricanes. 相似文献
12.
The uppermost Permian Chuenmuping reef formed on the western side of a carbonate platform situated in the eastern Sichuan Basin, southern China. Contrasts exist between this western patch reef and the better known Jiantianba barrier reef complex on the eastern platform margin in western Hubei Province, 250 km to the east. Microbial micritic carbonates form significant components of the Chuenmuping reef limestones. Three types of fabric can be identified: irregular, clotted and scalloped-laminated. An additional, cuneiform fabric has been found only in fore-reef facies at Jiantianba. Irregular fabric is comparable with the surface of presently forming travertines at Rapolano Terme, central Italy, which are produced by calcification of cyanobacteria. Clotted fabric shows indistinct peloids which tend to lack rims, and are amalgamated into irregular masses, some of which exhibit bush-like arrangements where traces of filaments can be seen. Traces of filaments are observed in both dark and light layers in the scalloped-laminated fabric, again suggesting a microbial origin. Cuneiform fabric consists of peloids and filaments, and closely resembles deposits in Quaternary travertines which may have been caused by bacterial action. Chuenmuping reef shows a shallowing sequence in normal marine conditions. The micritic fabrics interpreted here as microbial occur more commonly in the upper part of the reef. This indicates that microbial micrites, with a cementing role, formed coevally with reef growth within the upper part of the photic zone. 相似文献
13.
在我国西南南盘江地区广泛分布着二叠系生物礁。可分为两种类型:1)堤礁;2)孤立礁。前者一般沿碳酸盐台地的边缘分布,后者发育于盆地内孤立碳酸盐台地的边缘。广南生物礁的礁后灰岩由浅灰色块状骨架岩组成。造架生物以串管海绵、纤维海绵、tabulozoans等为主,往往有蓝绿藻包覆。骨架生物之间有极为发育的纤状方解石胶结物。本文共描述了串管海绵8属12种,它们是Waagenella salinaria irregalaris Zhang,Waagenella sp., Rhabdactinita of columnaria Yabe and Sugiyama, Rhabdactinia sp., Intrasporeocoelia hubeiensis Fan and Zhang,Intrasporeocoelia sp., Uvanella guangnanensis sp. nov., Girtycoelia sp., Colospongia of dubia Laube, Colospongta sp., Verticillites sp.,Lichuanospongta typica Zhang. 相似文献
14.
西沙-南海北部晚第三纪生物礁的比较沉积学研究 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11
在西沙群岛琛航岛一井晚第三纪生物礁中发现了９属４３种造礁钙藻和９个生物化石群落,与在南海北部陆架珠江口盆地惠州３３－１－１井发现的７属１６种造礁钙藻,７个生物化石群落() 及在莺歌海-琼东南盆地区莺６井发现的５属２１种造礁钙藻和５个生物化石群落() 一起,并列为迄今在研究区发现生物礁的三大典型研究剖面。本文较详细地从比较沉积学的角度讨论了这三个生物礁的异同点。生物礁最为重要的鉴定标志就是它具备典型的生物骨架结构。利用有关三个生物礁化石群落的鉴定成果、分布特征、组合关系、剖面演变规律的资料,指出皮壳状与坚硬分枝状珊瑚藻（Ｍｅｌｏｂｅｓｉａｅ）、直立分节状珊瑚藻（Ｃｏｒａｌｉｎａａ）和仙掌藻（Ｈａｌｉｍｅｄａ）在成礁过程中形成格架,扮演了“开路先锋”、“主力军”、“收容队的角色;尤其绿藻门仙掌藻作为其中最为重要的骨架生物之一在西沙生物礁中形成剖面序列,对于完善成礁理论和探索中国的“Ｍｅｓｓｉｎｉａｎ”事件-“南中国海”事件具有重要的古海洋学意义。三地生物礁因陆架海与陆缘海的区别而在沉积环境方面有所不同;成礁基有碳酸盐台地、古老的前第三纪基岩或“海台”;主要成礁期为中新世不同阶段;重要的岩石类型包括珊瑚藻礁灰岩与白云。 相似文献
15.
16.
EBERHARD GISCHLER ROBERT N. GINSBURG JENS O. HERRLE SACHINDRA PRASAD 《Sedimentology》2010,57(4):1049-1068
The Belize barrier and atoll reefs represent one of the largest reef structures in the Atlantic Ocean. The southern shelf of Belize is a classic location of a modern mixed carbonate–siliciclastic system. Whereas knowledge of the Holocene deposits in the area is extensive, data on the Pleistocene system are fragmentary. Open questions include: (i) the nature of the reef foundations (carbonate versus siliciclastics); (ii) the ages of the deposits including the initiation of the barrier reef; and (iii) the response of the mixed system to sea‐level fluctuations. The results of a study of borings on the southern Belize shelf are presented here. Six, up to 105 m long borings were made to better understand the history of this important mixed system. Uranium‐series dating in the Pleistocene was not possible because of diagenetic alteration; however, lithostratigraphy, strontium isotopes and calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy were used to constrain stratigraphic ages. Results support the contention that the Quaternary development in Belize was quite similar to that of other major barrier reefs such as the Florida Reef Tract and, further afield, the Great Barrier and the New Caledonian Barrier Reefs. All of these barrier reefs are mixed carbonate–siliciclastic systems and significant reef growth only began after the onset of high‐amplitude, eccentricity‐controlled sea‐level changes and as late as during the exceptionally long and warm marine isotope stage 11, some 400 ka. In Belize, Early Pleistocene sections at bases of borings include mollusc‐rich wackestones, rare coral packstones and marls, which were deposited under low to moderate energy conditions in a ramp setting before ca 900 ka, during the high sea‐levels of marine isotope stage 25 and possibly earlier (marine isotope stage 31 or 37). The Belize shelf was subaerially exposed for most of the mid‐Pleistocene and was dominated by siliciclastic sedimentation, possibly during marine isotope stages 24 to 12 when highstands were comparatively low. Continuous reefs at the shelf margin were developing during highstands. In the Late Pleistocene, beginning with the long and high highstand of marine isotope stage 11 (some 400 ka), the southern shelf was flooded entirely and carbonates started to dominate once more. Reefs developed on top of siliciclastic deposits on the shelf. A continuous barrier reef came into existence and largely developed on top of carbonates at the shelf margin. During Late Pleistocene lowstands, siliciclastics presumably no longer reached the shelf margin because of the topographic high of the barrier reef platform. The Quaternary Belize example may serve as a model for reconstructing ancient mixed systems in icehouse worlds, however, any extrapolations are limited by the fact that fast‐growing Scleractinian reef‐builders had not yet evolved in the Palaeozoic. 相似文献
17.
J. JAVIER ÁLVARO† SÉBASTIEN CLAUSEN† ABDERRAZZAK EL ALBANI‡ EL HASSANE CHELLAI§ 《Sedimentology》2006,53(1):35-53
Marine microbial communities recorded in the Moroccan Anti‐Atlas were unaffected across the Neoproterozoic–Cambrian transition. A stromatolite‐dominated consortium was replaced at the beginning of the Atdabanian (ca 20 Myr after the Neoproterozoic–Cambrian boundary) by shelly metazoan and thromboid consortia, which contain the oldest biostratigraphically significant fossils of the Moroccan Cambrian. The associated collapse of microbial mat (stromatolitic) growth appears to coincide with a change from pre‐Atdabanian shallow‐water restricted conditions into Atdabanian deeper, open‐sea conditions. It is postulated that this environmental change led to an episode of improved water circulation over carbonate platform interiors, promoting shelly metazoan immigration into the region. The Tiout/Amouslek lithostratigraphic contact in the early Atdabanian marks the end of an episodically unstable seafloor as suggested by the abundance of slumping and sliding structures, and synsedimentary microfaults and cracks recorded in the underlying Tiout Member. Concurrent with the transition is the occurrence of a network of cryptic fissures and cavities that provided habitats for a coelobiontic chemosynthetic–heterotrophic microbial community composed of stromatolitic crusts, Renalcis–Epiphyton–Girvanella intergrowths, and Kundatia thalli. In the overlying Amouslek Formation, archaeocyathan–thromboid reefs were constrained by substrate stability, water depth and subsidence rate. Four reef geometries are distinguished: (i) patch reefs surrounded by shales, (ii) bioherms in which flank beds intercalate laterally with carbonate and shale inter‐reef sediments, (iii) biostromes or low‐relief structures formed as a result of lateral accretion of patch reefs, and (iv) kalyptrate complexes that nucleated because of a marked tendency for aggregation, and in which patch reefs and bioherms occur stacked together bounded by clay–marl–silt seams. 相似文献
18.
Famennian microbial reef facies, Napier and Oscar Ranges, Canning Basin, western Australia 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Following the Frasnian–Famennian mass extinction, which eliminated most skeletal reef-building fauna, the early Famennian reefs of the Canning Basin were constructed primarily by reef-framework microbial communities. In the Napier and Oscar Ranges, the Famennian reef complexes had high-energy, reef-flat depositional environments on a reef-rimmed platform that transitioned into low-energy, deep-water reefs growing in excess of 50 m below sea level. High-energy, reef-flat depositional environments contain doming fenestral stromatolites that grade into porous thrombolites and are associated with coarse-grained sandstones and grainstones. The reef-margin subfacies contains mounds of microdigitate thrombolites, which are more delicate than the reef-flat thrombolites and locally contain abundant red algae, Girvanella, renalcids and sediment-filled tubes. Within the thrombolites, the red algae are in upright growth positions, suggesting that the thrombolites are largely composed of carbonate that precipitated in situ. Reefal-slope environments are dominated by Wetheredella and Rothpletzella with locally abundant Girvanella, renalcids and Uralinella. In reefal-slope strata, delicate fans and microdigitate stromatolites of Wetheredella and Rothpletzella are often oriented horizontal or diagonal to bedding and are interpreted as syndepositionally toppled over. Most mesoscale microbial community structures contain several species of microbial fossils, and no single microbial species appears to have controlled the morphology of the community structure. Therefore, the depositional environment must have determined the distribution and morphology of the stromatolites, thrombolites and other microbial community structures. The adaptability of microbial communities to various reef environments allowed them to fill ecological niches opportunistically after the Frasnian–Famennian mass extinction. 相似文献
19.
塔塔楞环斑花岗岩是柴达木盆地北缘一个古生代复式岩体。该环斑花岗岩在主量元素上, 具有富SiO2、K2O和FeO*, 高K2O/Na2O和FeO*/MgO的特点, 其平均值分别为72.86％、5.17％和3.35％,2.22和10.73;∑REE在279.1×10－6～300.3×10－之间,（La/Lu）N为11.32～13.14,δEu在0.28～0.38之间;Ba、Rb、Pb、Th等元素的含量高,而Sr、Cr、Ni、V等元素的含量低。与经典环斑花岗岩相比,二者在岩相学上相同,在地球化学上也有相似之处,即该岩体也表现为高钾、富铁和LREE,Eu亏损的特征,但部分微量元素与典型环斑花岗岩有一定差异。岩体的形成时代和区域构造背景的综合分析显示,该岩体可能是早古生代后碰撞或后造山伸展构造环境下的产物。 相似文献
20.
西沙海域西琛1井生物礁主要是由红藻门壳状珊瑚藻、有节珊瑚藻和绿藻门仙掌藻等钙藻组成的植物礁,其次为珊瑚礁。礁相类型主要有礁核相和礁后泻湖相。岩石矿物成分单一,以碳酸盐矿物为主,包括低镁方解石和铁白云石;结构组分有生物骨架、粒屑、泥晶和亮晶;结构类型有生物格架结构、生物障积结构、生物节片结构、生物捆扎结构和生物粘结结构。岩石类型包括骨架石灰岩/白云岩、粘结石灰岩/白云岩、粒屑石灰岩/白云岩。储集空间类型有粒间孔、生物体腔孔和藻架孔等原生孔隙和铸模孔、裂缝、颗粒内溶蚀孔、藻类溶孔和扩大的粒间溶孔等次生孔隙。孔隙组合类型以粒间孔＋溶孔＋晶间孔最为发育,储集性能较好。 相似文献