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1.
贵州南华纪古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿通过成矿理论和找矿预测方法的创新,近年来不断取得巨大的找矿成果,在国内外产生重要影响,已成为国内最重要的锰矿床类型。本文通过对贵州二叠纪锰矿与南华纪锰矿矿床地质特征的对比研究发现:二者在成矿构造背景、同沉积断层(控矿构造)、成矿物质来源、矿石与地球化学特征、锰矿成矿系统特征等方面十分相似,在结构构造特征、沥青球特征、盖帽白云岩和冷泉碳酸盐岩等方面也存在一些差别。在此基础上,贵州二叠纪锰矿通过借鉴和运用贵州南华纪古天然气渗漏沉积成矿理论和找矿预测方法,已在遵义锰矿国家整装勘查区取得重大进展。说明"内生外成"的古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿成矿理论和找矿预测方法,在相似的成矿地质背景条件下,具有普适性和推广意义。 相似文献
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古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿床成矿系统与成矿模式——以黔湘渝毗邻区南华纪“大塘坡式”锰矿为例 总被引：20，自引：2，他引：18
黔湘渝毗邻区"大塘坡式"锰矿床形成于南华纪裂谷盆地中,矿床主要分布于裂谷盆地中的次级断陷沉积盆地中心,受古断裂控制。矿物成分主要是菱锰矿和钙菱锰矿,具有低δ13C值(-7‰～-10‰)、高δ34S值(+40‰～+63‰)的特征。含锰岩系中,碳质页岩的Mn/Cr比值在40左右。结合菱锰矿体及相邻岩层中普遍发育由古天然气泄漏沉积形成的气泡状构造、底辟构造、渗漏管构造、帐篷构造、泥火山构造及相关的软沉积变形纹理等特征,提出该地区南华纪"大塘坡式"锰矿床是古天然气渗漏沉积成矿成因,并建立了古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿床成矿系统与成矿模式。 相似文献
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中上扬子地块周缘巨型成矿带是多旋回多阶段构造演化背景下成矿作用的产物。主要的成矿系统包括沉积-热水沉积成矿系统类、后生盆地流体成矿系统类、岩浆热液成矿系统类三大类。南华纪沉积-热水沉积锰成矿系统、震旦纪沉积-热水沉积铅锌成矿系统、震旦纪—寒武纪沉积-热水沉积银钒多金属成矿系统、二叠纪沉积-热水沉积锰成矿系统主要发育在古大陆边缘且形成于大地构造挤压向拉张的转换期,大型、超大型矿床定位受大陆边缘构造网络系统的制约,成矿的有利环境是拉张断裂控制的裂陷槽,同生断裂系统和深部含矿流体的持续补给是关键的控矿要素。印支—燕山早期后生盆地流体Pb-Zn成矿系统是本区主要的成矿系统且发育在盆山结合带,大型、超大型矿床定位主要受断裂、层位与岩性联合控制。燕山期岩浆热液型Pb-Zn多金属成矿系统受侵入接触构造体系控制,Pb-Zn矿体主要发育在外带;燕山期岩浆热液型Au多金属成矿系统主要发育在盆山结合带,大型、超大型矿床定位受断裂、褶皱构造和隐伏花岗岩的联合控制。本文初步构建了中上扬子地块周缘主要金属矿床成矿谱系。 相似文献
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《地质科技情报》2017,(4)
锰是湖南的优势矿种之一,当前国内锰矿供应紧张的形势下,研究湖南省境内沉积型锰矿地质特征及成矿规律,对推动沉积型锰矿的找矿勘查具有一定意义。介绍了湖南省沉积型锰矿床的基本地质特征、矿石同位素特征等,综合分析了湖南省境内沉积型锰矿的成矿控制因素,结合近年潜力评价提供的锰元素地球化学分布资料等,初步提出了统一的成矿模式。湖南沉积型锰矿床在时间上主要形成于前寒武纪、南华纪、奥陶纪、泥盆纪、二叠纪、侏罗纪-白垩纪共6个地质时代,最重要的赋矿地层是南华系、奥陶系、二叠系地层,在空间上集中分布在大陆边缘的沉积盆地中,地层岩相、构造、岩浆岩等共同决定了锰矿床的定位。 相似文献
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黔东北地区大地构造位置位于扬子板块西南部,自元古宙以来经历了多期次构造变形。不同期次的构造叠加对区内早期形成的沉积型矿产的埋藏和保存产生了重要影响。文章针对黔东北地区燕山期构造变形,采用中小尺度构造解析的方法开展露头尺度的构造样式、叠加关系剖析研究,同时,对研究区广泛发育的犁式正断层及其对南华纪"大塘坡式"锰矿的找矿勘查进行深入探讨。现有勘查成果认为犁式正断层为燕山早期—燕山晚期应力体制转换产物,该类断层倾角随深度增加而渐趋于缓,断距和断层错断区域伴随深度增加而加大,并伴生少量次级陡倾角分支断裂。冷水溪犁式断裂及其分支断裂将贵州松桃普觉超大型锰矿床体切割为多个独立单元,造成锰矿层不连续,且在矿区内形成了大小规模不等的断层错断区域。同时,由于冷水溪断层上盘下降,上盘锰矿体的埋藏深度增加,断层错断区域亦伴随深度加深而加大。对冷水溪犁式断层及其对锰矿体之间关系的分析,有利于深入研究整个黔湘渝地区"大塘坡式"锰矿的埋藏与保存特征,对助推区域上深部锰矿勘查,合理规避勘探风险具有重要的现实意义。 相似文献
6.
南华盆地成冰系大塘坡组锰矿是我国最重要的锰矿产地之一,它形成于成冰纪Sturtian冰川事件之后,其成矿背景及形成机理一直是研究的重点。在系统总结Sturtian冰川事件起始与结束时间、南华裂谷盆地结构演化及古气候演变等重大地质事件的最新研究进展的基础上,综合分析了南华盆地大型沉积型锰矿成矿作用过程与这些重大地质事件之间的联系。揭示了南华盆地Sturtian冰期的启动和结束与全球其他地区基本一致,分别发生在~717 Ma和~660 Ma之前。同时,对南华系大塘坡锰矿成矿时代进行了约束,大约形成于~660 Ma之前。在新元古代中期Rodinia超大陆裂解作用的影响下,南华裂谷盆地内部发育一系列由同沉积断层控制的地垒—地堑次级盆地。沿同沉积断层运移的热液流体为大塘坡锰矿的形成提供了大量的成矿物质,并对大塘坡锰矿的发育具有明显的控制作用。化学蚀变指数（CIA）、锂同位素（δ7Li）及锇同位素组成（187Os/188Os）等风化指标显示,南华盆地Sturtian冰期晚期至间冰期大塘坡期早期的气候为寒冷干燥,随后转为温暖湿润并很快变为寒冷干燥。至大塘坡中晚期,气候逐渐由寒冷干燥恢复至温暖湿润,并一直保持至大塘坡晚期。整体来看,Sturtian冰期结束后,南华盆地表层海水逐渐氧化,深部沉积水体出现局部间歇式氧化环境,裂陷阶段热液和陆源输入的Mn2+被氧化为MnO2发生沉淀,并在底部伴随着有机质的埋藏及早期成岩作用而最终形成菱锰矿。 相似文献
7.
南华盆地成冰系大塘坡组锰矿是我国最重要的锰矿产出层位之一,它形成于成冰纪Sturtian冰川事件之后,其成矿背景及形成机理一直是研究的重点。在系统总结Sturtian冰川事件起始与结束时间、南华裂谷盆地结构演化及古气候演变等重大地质事件的最新研究进展的基础上,综合分析了南华盆地大型沉积型锰矿成矿作用过程与这些重大地质事件之间的联系。揭示了南华盆地Sturtian冰期的启动和结束与全球其他地区基本一致,分别发生在～717 Ma和～660 Ma之前。同时,对南华系大塘坡锰矿成矿时代进行了约束,大约形成于～660 Ma之前。在新元古代中期Rodinia超大陆裂解作用的影响下,南华裂谷盆地内部发育一系列由同沉积断层控制的地垒—地堑次级盆地。沿同沉积断层运移的热液流体为大塘坡锰矿的形成提供了大量的成矿物质,并控制着大塘坡锰矿的发育分布。化学蚀变指数(CIA)、锂同位素(δ~7Li)及锇同位素组成[n(~(187)Os)/n(~(188)Os)]等风化指标显示,南华盆地Sturtian冰期晚期至间冰期大塘坡期早期的气候为寒冷干燥,随后转为温暖湿润并很快变为寒冷干燥。至大塘坡中晚期,气候逐渐由寒冷干燥恢复至温暖湿润,并一直保持至大塘坡晚期。整体来看,Sturtian冰期结束后,南华盆地表层海水逐渐氧化,深部沉积水体出现局部间歇式氧化环境,裂陷阶段热液和陆源输入的Mn~(2+)被氧化为MnO_2发生沉淀,并在底部伴随着有机质的埋藏及早期成岩作用而最终形成菱锰矿。 相似文献
8.
黔湘渝毗邻区南华纪“大塘坡式”锰矿是我国最重要的锰资源基地,现已发现沉积型菱锰矿上亿吨,占全国已探明锰矿资源量的50%左右.通过对南华纪地层系统和地层分区的研究,提出在Rodinia超大陆裂解背景下,南华裂谷盆地 (I级) 西段分别由武陵、雪峰次级裂谷盆地和其间的天柱-怀化隆起 (地垒)3个Ⅱ级构造单元构成.武陵次级裂谷盆地控制形成了黔渝湘毗邻区锰矿成矿带,内部由3个Ⅲ级断陷 (地堑) 盆地、2个Ⅲ级隆起 (地垒) 和至少16个Ⅳ级断陷 (地堑) 盆地组成.3个Ⅲ级断陷 (地堑) 盆地分别控制形成了松桃-古丈、玉屏-芷江以及溪口-小茶园锰矿成矿亚带.其中,松桃-古丈锰矿成矿亚带是武陵次级裂谷盆地的裂陷中心,锰矿成矿作用强烈,形成的锰矿资源量巨大,已成为世界级锰矿资源富集区之一.Ⅳ断陷 (地堑) 盆地则控制形成研究区各锰矿床;提出南华纪早期同沉积断层是锰矿床形成的前提,并识别恢复出研究区15条同沉积断层及所控制形成的断陷 (地堑) 盆地和主要锰矿床.同沉积断层不但是深部锰质和古天然气上升的通道,更是连接古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿成矿系统中地内系统与表层系统的纽带. 相似文献
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There are few inter-African country urban analyses because of the continent’s enormous size and socioeconomic diversity, language barriers, and wide variations in national and regional urban research capacity. Nevertheless, comparative urban studies are critical in understanding contemporary African urbanization. In this comparative spatial and temporal analysis of Ghana and Kenya’s urbanization, we find that both countries are urbanizing rapidly and are faced with many common urban problems. Moreover, Ghana is more urbanized than Kenya and has a larger indigenous urban imprint and a more widely dispersed urban pattern. Besides their physiographic and population conditions, we trace these countries’ convergent and divergent urban trends to their shared but unique experiences of colonialism, nationalism and globalization. 相似文献
12.
Friedemann Freund 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1987,15(1):1-18
The dissolution of H2O and CO2 in structurally dense, nominally anhydrous and non-carbonate oxide matrices such as MgO and CaO is reviewed. H2O and CO2 are treated as gaseous oxide components which enter into solid solution with the refractory oxide hosts. They form anion complexes associated with cation vacancy sites. Evidence is presented that OH? pairs which derive from the dissolution of H2O are subject to a charge transfer (CT) conversion into peroxy moieties and molecular hydrogen, O 2 2? ... H2. Because the O 2 2? moiety is small (O?-O? distance ≈ 1.5 Å) high pressure probably favors the CT conversion. Mass spectroscopic studies show that molecular H2 may be lost from the solid which retains excess oxygen in the form of O 2 2? , leading to the release of atomic O. The dissociation of O 2 2? moieties into a vacancy-bound O? state and an unbound O? state can be followed by measuring the internal redox reactions involving transition metal impurities, the transient paramagnetism of the O? and their effect on the d.c. conductivity. Evidence is presented that CO2 molecules dissolve dissociatively in the structurally dense oxide matrix, as if they were first to dissociate into CO+O and then to form separate solute moieties CO 2 2? and O 2 2? , both associated with cation vacancy sites. In the CO 2 2? moiety (C-O? distance 1.2–1.3 Å, OCO angle ≈ 130°) the C atom probably sits off center. The transition of the C atom into interstitial sites is accompanied by dissociation of the CO 2 2? moiety into CO? and O?. This transition can be followed by infrared spectroscopy, using OH? as local probes. Further support derives from magnetic susceptibility, thermal expansion, low frequency dielectric loss and low temperature deformation measurements. The recently observed emission of O and Mg atoms besides a variety of molecules such as CO, CO2, CH4, HCN and other hydrocarbons during impact fracture of MgO single crystals is presented and discussed in the light of the other experimental data. 相似文献
13.
Using improved analytical techniques, which reduce the Re blanks by factors of 8 to 10, we report new Re-Os data on low Re and low PGE pallasites (PAL-anom) and IIIAB irons. The new pallasite samples nearly double the observed range in Re/Os for pallasites and allow the determination of an isochron of slope 0.0775 ± 0.0008 (T = 4.50 ± 0.04 Ga, using the adjusted λ187Re = 1.66 × 10−11 a−1) and initial (187Os/188Os)0 = 0.09599 ± 0.00046. If the data on different groups of pallasites (including the “anomalous” pallasites) are considered to define a whole-rock isochron, their formation would appear to be distinctly younger than for the iron meteorites by ∼60 Ma. Five IIIAB irons (Acuna, Bella Roca, Chupaderos, Grant, and Bear Creek), with Re contents ranging from 0.9 to 2.8 ppb, show limited Re/Os fractionation and plot within errors on the IIAB iron meteorite isochron of slope 0.07848 ± 0.00018 (T = 4.56 ± 0.01 Ga) and initial (187Os/188Os)0 = 0.09563 ± 0.00011. Many of the meteorites were analyzed also for Pd-Ag and show 107Ag enrichments correlated with Pd/Ag, requiring early formation and fractionation of the FeNi metal, in a narrow time interval, after injection of live 107Pd (t1/2 = 6.5 Ma) into the solar nebula. Based on Pd-Ag, the typical range in relative ages of these meteorites is ≤10 Ma. The Pd-Ag results suggest early formation and preservation of the 107Pd-107Ag systematics, both for IIIAB irons and for pallasites, while the younger Re-Os apparent age for pallasites suggests that the Re-Os system in pallasites was subject to re-equilibration. The low Re and low PGE pallasites show significant Re/Os fractionation (higher Re/Os) as the Re and PGE contents decrease. By contrast, the IIIAB irons show a restricted range in Re/Os, even for samples with extremely low Re and PGE contents. There is a good correlation of Re and Ir contents. The correlation of Re and Os contents for IIIAB irons shows a similar complex pattern as observed for IIAB irons (Morgan et al., 1995), and neither can be ascribed to a continuous fractional crystallization process with uniform solid-metal/liquid-metal distribution coefficients. 相似文献
14.
利用GC-MS（气相色谱—质谱仪）,对采自湖北清江流域和尚洞洞顶的土壤样品与洞内石笋样品进行分析,发现土壤中存在的七个系列单甲基支链烷烃在所有的石笋样品中均可以找到,呈现相似的分布模式,石笋中七个系列支链烷烃有可能来自洞穴滴水携带的土壤中的支链烷烃,但是也不能排除石笋原地生长的微生物的贡献。烷基环己烷的分布在土壤与石笋中呈现了相似的分布模式,但是主峰碳数有所变化,高碳数部分与低碳数部分的相对含量也发生了变化。主要原因可能是微生物选择性降解的结果,也有可能是土壤与石笋中微生物种类分布差异所造成的。本次研究初步显示了相对封闭稳定的洞穴沉积物与上覆土壤层中生物标志化合物的异同。 相似文献
15.
At 31 sites in Finland the Zn content was determined of the epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. growing on pine and birch, the terricolous lichen Cladina spp. in pine bark, and the inner part of birch bark. The anomalous contents of Zn in H. physodes on pine and Cladina spp. in soil appeared to be strongly related to sulphide ore deposits. Anthropogenic Zn correlated closely with S and Fe in H. physodes on pine and with Fe in Cladina spp. The binding of geogenic Zn was related to iron hydroxides, and was attributed to the different uptake mechanism of S in these lichens. Elevated values of Zn in H. physodes on birch were due to both geogenic and anthropogenic sources. Zinc in pine bark increased with the Zn content in H. physodes and reached a limiting value. 相似文献
16.
Aqueous extraction contributes to the formation and weathering of planetary materials and renders electrolytes such as phosphate available for biology. In this context, the solubility of phosphate is measured in planetary materials, represented by the Mars meteorites Nakhla, Dar al Gani 476 (DaG 476), Elephant Morraine 79001 (EETA 79001), and terrestrial analogs, and in the Murchison CM2 and Allende CV3 carbonaceous chondrites. The Mars meteorites contain high levels of phosphate that is readily extracted by water, up to 15 mg kg−1 in Nakhla and DaG 476 and 38 mg kg−1 in EETA 79001, while the terrestrial analogs and the carbonaceous chondrites contain 0.5 to 6 mg kg−1. Correspondingly, high phosphate concentrations of 4 to >28 mg L−1 are obtained in extracts of the Mars meteorites at high solid/solution ratios, exceeding the concentrations of 0.4 to 2.0 mg L−1 in the extracts of the terrestrial analogs. A wide range of planetary conditions, including N2 and CO2 atmospheres, solid/solution ratios of 0.01 to 1.0 kg L−1, extraction times of 1 to 21 d, and temperatures of 20 to 121°C affect the amounts of extractable phosphate by factors of only 2 to 5 in most materials. Phosphate-fixing capacity and exchangeable phosphate are assessed by the isotopic exchange kinetics (IEK) method, which quantifies the amount of P isotopically exchangeable within 1 min (E1min) and between 1 min and 3 months (E1min-3m) and the amount of P that cannot be exchanged within 3 months (E>3m). The IEK results show that the DaG 476 Mars meteorite and terrestrial analogs have low P-fixing capacities, while the carbonaceous chondrites have high P-fixing capacities. Aqueous processing under early planetary CO2 atmospheres has large effects on the available phosphate. For example, the fraction of total P that is exchangeable in 3 months increases from 1.6 to 11%, 13 to 51.6%, and 43.9 to 90.4% in the DaG 476 Mars meteorite, Allende, and Murchison, respectively. The results show that solutions with high phosphate concentrations can form in the pores of planetary lava ash and basalts and in carbonaceous asteroids and meteorites. These solutions can help prebiotic synthesis and early microbial nutrition. The Martian and carbonaceous chondrite materials contain sufficient phosphate for space-based agriculture. 相似文献
17.
Amphibole and chlorite in mafic and ultramafic rocks in the lower crust and upper mantle 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Stabilities of amphibole and chlorite in mafic and ultramafic compositions have been considered in the model system CaO+MgO+Al2O3+SiO2+H2O. From topological arguments two petrogenetic grids have been constructed. Although available experimental data in CMASH are compatible with the grid in which amphibole reacts out before chlorite in model ultramafic compositions for the pressure range 6 to 15 kbar, naturally observed mineral assemblages and some experimental data in more complex systems favour the other grid in which chlorite reacts out before amphibole at all pressures. This discrepancy between natural and model systems is due to differential movement of the dehydration equilibria of the two hydrates reflecting the variation of activity of H2O or of components other than CMASH. 相似文献
18.
Discovery of Cinnabar in Soils in Hg Anomalous Zones in City and Town Areas and Their Surroundings and Its Significance 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
ZHU Lixin MA Shengming WANG Zhifeng China University of Geosciences Beijing Institute of Geophysical Geochemical Exploration Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Langfang Hebei 《《地质学报》英文版》2005,79(2):286-290
As a result of systematic study on heavy minerals in soils at city and town areas and their surroundings,cinnabar was discovered for the first time in areas of Hg anomalies in China, and it was found that the distribution of cinnabar was basically coincident in scope with that of Hg anomalies, showing that Hg anomalies were‘closely related to cinnabar. This finding provides a theoretical basis for a verification of Hg anomalies in soils in city and town areas and their surroundings, as well as evaluation of its ecological effects, and is significant to revealing the occurrence modes and origin of Hg in soils. 相似文献
19.
Temporal and spatial variations in water discharge and sediment load in the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers in Himalaya, India 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers originate in the mountainous regions of the Himalayas (Garhwal) and result in high sediment yields causing flood hazards downstream of the Ganga River and high sediment flux to the Bay of Bengal. The rivers are perennial, since runoff in these rivers is controlled by both precipitation and glacial melt. In the present study, three locations in the upper reaches of the Ganga River were monitored for 1 yr (daily observations of, more than >1000 samples) for suspended sediment concentrations. In addition, more than one hundred samples were collected from various locations of the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers at different periods to observe spatial and temporal variations in river suspensions. Further, multi-annual data (up to 40 yrs) of water flow and sediment concentrations were used for inferring the variations in water flow and sediment loads on longer time scales. In most previous studies of Himalayan Rivers, there has been a general lack of long term water flow and sediment load data. In the present study, we carried out high frequency sampling, considered long term discharge data and based on these information, discussed the temporal and spatial variations in water discharge and sediment loads in the rivers in the Himalayan region. The results show that, >75% of annual sediment loads are transported during the monsoon season (June through September). The annual physical weathering rates in the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi River basins at Devprayag are estimated to be 863 tons km−2 yr−1 (3.25 mm yr−1) and 907 tons km−2 yr−1 (3.42 mm yr−1) respectively, which are far in excess of the global average of 156 tons km−2 yr−1 (0.58 mm yr−1). 相似文献
20.
公司法人治理结构是公司制的核心。本文从分析上市公司、试点企业公司法人治理设立和运作现状入手，着重分析了公司法人治理结构存在的问题和困难所在，总结经验教训，提出了建立和完善公司法人治理结构的对策建议。 相似文献