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1.
《地质学报》2015,(8)
地震预测是公认的世界性科学难题,而地震成因问题又是地震预测的基础与关键。由于人们不能进入因而不能直接观察和研究发生地震的震源,使得认识地震的成因非常困难。本文依据地质勘查、地球物理探测和工程揭露等事实,在东秦岭熊耳山南麓发现一个形成于216.8±4.0Ma(等时线年龄227±8.4Ma)前古地震的震源遗迹。通过隐爆角砾岩体、隐爆系列角砾岩、岩石地球化学、同位素示踪、同位素测年、稀土元素、多相包裹体、角砾岩微观破碎特征等分析表明,该震源遗迹是一个在杨子板块与华北板块碰撞对接的印支-燕山主造山阶段晚期,上地幔或下地壳经深熔形成的I型造山带花岗质母岩浆结晶分异产生高温高压气液流体乃至超临界流体,沿断裂等薄弱部位上升到局部硅化封闭空间内积聚,产生高温高压气液流体膨胀压力并逐渐积累,当积累的巨大压力超过其所处深度的静岩压力与围岩破裂强度可承受的压力之和时,便在深部产生剧烈的隐蔽爆炸即隐爆所形成。根据上覆地层厚度、临近可参照深成岩体的侵位时代与深度、现代相对高度比较、震源遗迹主震的现代地表尺度并参照地下核爆炸试验相关数据等估算,东秦岭熊耳山震源遗迹的隐爆深度位于当时地表约10km之下,形成震源遗迹隐爆主震的隐爆总能量约为1.55×1017J,相应的主震面波震级MS为7.0。同理得知中国印支-燕山期19个典型隐爆角砾岩型多金属矿床隐爆所产生地震的强度为MS5.1~7.6级之间,据此统计分析得到它们产生地震的等效球状隐爆地质体的压碎区半径R与面波震级MS的经验关系为MS=1.40+0.95ln(R)。与一般"地震遗迹"不同,东秦岭熊耳山南麓地震遗迹不仅是一个震源的实体遗迹即"震源遗迹",而且是一个震源深度、发生年代、地震强度等地震要素完整、一致且现今可视、可入的震源遗迹。该震源遗迹以及中国印支-燕山期一系列隐爆角砾岩体以相近方式形成地震的震源遗迹,为岩浆分异气液流体和超临界流体隐爆形成地震的地震成因类型存在提供了实例依据,并为该类地震成因机制的深入研究乃至地震预测提供了可直接观测研究的震源实体。 相似文献
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通过对牛圈银(金)矿床的细粒花岗岩、隐爆角砾岩、同位素特征等方面研究,笔者认为与矿床关系密切的隐爆角砾岩(次火山岩)由基底岩石的部分重熔形成,而成矿物质来源于下地壳-上地幔重熔岩浆;成矿热液为重熔岩浆分异演化形成的富气相流体。这些热液与次火山岩浆相伴或滞后上升,经多次隐爆作用在破碎带中形成矿床。银矿体呈脉状产出于粗粒花岗岩之破碎带中,含矿岩石为隐爆角砾岩。熔浆物质既成角砾又呈胶结物,成矿带发育中低温热液蚀变。矿床为含矿凝灰岩(英安质)熔浆经隐爆作用形成的浅成中低温热液矿床。 相似文献
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全球到处发育的隐爆角砾岩表明隐爆作用的普遍性,并标志着古地震的一种形成机制。隐爆角砾岩具有特殊的角砾形状和构造。地震地质资料表明大地震产生的地表破裂带没有肉眼可观测到的断层位移。材料聚集应变能估算值表明岩石聚集的应变能不足以产生大地震。携带高能量的地核-地幔流体不仅为自己逸散提供了能量,而且为产生地震提供了充足的能量。深部流体以运移-聚集-爆炸-运移-聚集-爆炸的循环方式向地表逃逸,在地球内部不同深度产生了不同震级的地震。因此,超高压流体隐爆应该是地震形成的主要机制。地震隐爆成因机制不仅能够更好地解释各种天然地震(中深源地震、震群、慢地震和非双力偶性地震等)以及全球地震、火山和地热带的空间吻合,而且能够解释隐爆角砾岩及其伴生矿的形成。 相似文献
4.
地震成因综述 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文从地质、地球物理、地球化学和能量等方面分析了地震的成因。源于地核地幔的流体携带大量热能,为岩浆起源、地震形成和地热田提供了充足的能量,然而岩石聚集的应变能不足以产生中等以上的地震。大地震(M≥6.0)绝大部分分布在海沟、火山岛弧和大陆裂谷带等拉张性构造带,如环太平洋海沟、东印度洋海沟、大洋中脊、非洲裂谷、地中海-黑海-里海-波斯湾、欧亚大陆中部的伊塞克湖-阿拉湖-乌布苏湖-库苏古尔湖-贝加尔湖裂谷。流体在地球深部物质运动、地壳运动、地震和火山活动中扮演着重要作用。全球到处发育的隐爆角砾岩表明隐爆作用的普遍性。深部流体向上运移、向地表逃逸的过程中发生爆炸,在地球内部产生了不同震级和震源深度的地震。因此,隐爆应该是产生地震的主要机制。地震成因的隐爆模型不仅能够更好地解释不连续、各向异性的非弹性介质中发生的各类地震,譬如中深源震、震群、慢地震和非双力偶性地震等,而且能够更好地诠释全球地震、火山和地热带在空间上的吻合以及隐爆角砾岩型矿藏的形成。 相似文献
5.
含金热液隐爆角砾岩的特征及研究意义 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
唐菊兴 《成都理工学院学报》1995,22(3):59-64
含金热液隐爆角砾岩可划分为岩浆热液隐爆角砾岩、岩浆－天水混合热液隐爆角砾岩和天水热液隐爆角砾岩。隐爆角砾岩最重要的特征为：形似厚板状、筒状，角砾岩中含有大量岩粉，矿物的快速沉淀。热液体系的减压扩容、流体的沸腾和去气（ＣＯ２）作用引起了隐爆角砾岩化。金常富集在隐爆中心附近。对隐爆角砾岩的研究将有助于判断金矿体的剥蚀程度、矿头和矿尾的位置，有助于布置勘探工程，有助于对金沉淀机制的研究和深部预测。 相似文献
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西藏东部发育大量与喜马拉雅期斑岩密切共生的隐爆角砾岩筒(脉)。隐爆角砾岩大都遭受强烈的矿化蚀变，其中的成矿元素金、银、汞等强烈富集。包裹体和同位素的资料证实爆破流体是一种与岩浆有成因联系的、介于岩浆与岩浆期后成矿热液之间的过渡性高温流体。 相似文献
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新近在安龙戈塘地区发现的万人洞含金隐爆角砾岩筒位于戈塘穹隆中部,北东向断裂带附近。据隐爆角砾岩筒露头特征,围岩为中二叠统栖霞组、茅口组灰岩,含金隐爆角砾岩筒由内向外可分隐爆角砾岩带、震碎带和影响带,由内向外,金矿品位逐渐降低,蚀变逐渐变弱。据流体包裹体及硫同位素研究分析,成矿压力3402497432 MPa,推测成矿深度113324 km;成矿温度在150℃170℃之间;成矿流体阴阳离子成分SO42- 、NO3- 、Cl- 、Ba2+ 、Ca2+ 、Sr+ 、Zn2+ 、Cu2+等,平均盐度为78 wt% NaCl,平均密度096 g/cm3 ,具有中高密度超高压流体浅层成矿的特点;硫同位素δ34S在127‰145‰之间,具有深源岩浆S的特点;综合研究认为万人洞含金“隐爆角砾岩筒”可能与重力推断的深部中酸性岩体有成因关系,值得近一步研究。 相似文献
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320铀矿床隐爆成矿特征及其找矿意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
３２０铀矿床控矿地质体是一种由岩浆气液隐爆作用所形成的硅质角砾岩体，矿床严格受其控制，属隐爆角砾岩型铀（钼）矿床。同位素组成、稀土元素配分及微量元素等地球化学研究数据表明，成岩成矿物质（除围岩破碎产物外）来源于混合源型岩浆房顶部的＂挥－硅岩岩浆体系＂，成岩成矿作用大体同步。湖南地区以及全国不少地区都存在有与此类似的硅质角砾岩体，因而具十分重要的找矿意义。 相似文献
10.
在长城岭铅锌多金属矿区,常见沿花岗斑岩脉与北东向断裂交汇处发育与成矿关系密切的角砾岩。这类角砾岩的空间就位、物质组成、岩石组构及蚀变特征等表明其为隐爆成因,可划分为爆破角砾岩、震碎角砾岩和混杂角砾岩。按照隐爆机制的不同,其又可分为岩浆隐爆角砾岩和热液隐爆角砾岩。区内花岗斑岩的地质地球化学特征表明,燕山早期晚阶段侵入的富含挥发分、流体-溶体相互作用强烈的浅成花岗斑岩具备有利的隐爆条件和明显的隐爆特征。隐爆作用不仅为铅锌多金属矿化富集提供物源及流体源,还为成矿流体汇聚及卸载沉淀提供了重要场所。长城岭地区与铅锌多金属成矿关系密切的隐爆角砾岩的发现对其矿区深部、湘南钨锡多金属矿化集中区乃至南岭中段有色金属找矿研究具有重要意义。 相似文献
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Earthquakes cause massive road damage which in turn causes adverse effects on the society. Previous studies have quantified
the damage caused to residential and commercial buildings; however, not many studies have been conducted to quantify road
damage caused by earthquakes. In this study, an attempt has been made to propose a new scale to classify and quantify the
road damage due to earthquakes based on the data collected from major earthquakes in the past. The proposed classification
for road damage due to earthquake is called as road damage scale (RDS). Earthquake details such as magnitude, distance of
road damage from the epicenter, focal depth, and photographs of damaged roads have been collected from various sources with
reported modified Mercalli intensity (MMI). The widely used MMI scale is found to be inadequate to clearly define the road
damage. The proposed RDS is applied to various reported road damage and reclassified as per RDS. The correlation between RDS
and earthquake parameters of magnitude, epicenter distance, hypocenter distance, and combination of magnitude with epicenter
and hypocenter distance has been studied using available data. It is observed that the proposed RDS correlates well with the
available earthquake data when compared with the MMI scale. Among several correlations, correlation between RDS and combination
of magnitude and epicenter distance is appropriate. Summary of these correlations, their limitations, and the applicability
of the proposed scale to forecast road damages and to carry out vulnerability analysis in urban areas is presented in the
paper. 相似文献
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Earthquake casualty prediction is crucial for efficient and effective emergency management and response. In order to improve prediction reliability of earthquake casualties, correlation analysis and principal component analysis are used to select prediction covariates. Finally, five key indexes, including magnitude, epicenter intensity, population density, earthquake occurrence time and damaged building area, are chosen. According to the “two-stage” rule of earthquake casualties, a prediction model based on the modified partial Gaussian curve is proposed. In order to improve its prediction accuracy, the paper looked epicenter intensity and the casualty as the variables. And the partial Gaussian curve prediction model is modified by using the magnitude coefficient, population density coefficient, earthquake occurrence time coefficient and damaged building coefficient. The cross-validation experimental results show that the modified partial Gaussian curve has the advantages of good stability and high prediction accuracy comparing with the high-order nonlinearity, logarithmic curve, multivariate linearity, artificial neural network and so on. It can be used in practice from earthquake casualty prediction. 相似文献
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The occurrence of earthquake swarms is typically related to magmatic activity in volcanoes, yet swarms are also common in other intracontinental regions such as continental rifts. We present here a summary of geophysical observations that have been made in earthquake swarm areas of the Rio Grande, Kenya, and Eger rifts, focusing on characteristic parameters for the origin and generation of the swarm earthquakes.Our compilation of seismological parameters such as spatial distribution and focal parameters of hypocenters, magnitude statistics, and the location of the swarm centres in the rift environments reveals major similarities. The earthquake swarms take place at shallow depth between 0 and 10 km. The maximum magnitudes are mostly less than 4.5. The b-values, indicating the magnitude frequency relation of the seismicity, are about 0.8. They are hence not deviating from a normal non-volcanic intraplate environment, but are considerably lower than those of volcanic earthquake swarms. Focal mechanism studies give uniform pictures of stress field orientation and faulting style for the swarm areas. In all three rifts, the centres of swarm activity seem to be restricted to rift valley sections that may be influenced by large-scale fracture or shear zones that intersect the rifts. We conclude that these deep-reaching zones of weakness allow intrusions of upper mantle material into crustal layers, where magma-related fluids or fluctuations of the magma bodies themselves cause the generation of earthquake swarms. 相似文献
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2013年8月28日、31日, 云南迪庆藏族自治州香格里拉县、德钦县、四川省甘孜藏族自治州得荣县交界地区连续发生5.1级、5.9级地震.为了查明此次地震的影响破坏程度, 进行了地震现场建筑物震害考察并对震中附近断裂进行了野外构造地质剖面调查.两次地震在短时间内并在相近位置连续发生, 造成了此次云南香格里拉、德钦-四川得荣交界地震比以往同级地震的破坏程度要高, 地震烈度最高为Ⅷ级, 有感范围大, 5.9级地震宏观震中大致处在整个灾区破坏最严重的奔子栏镇争古村一带(28.20°N, 99.36°E), 距离地震微观震中约5.1km.等震线沿德钦-中甸断裂呈北西向分布, 近似为椭球状, 结合此次地震震中附近区域现场断裂调查、震源机制解数据以及地震余震空间分布特征, 初步推断此次地震的发震构造为德钦-中甸断层, 其主要表现为一次以正断为主兼有左旋走滑错动的地震事件. 相似文献
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Tomoki Watanabe Hiroaki Takahashi Masayoshi Ichiyanagi Muneo Okayama Masamitsu Takada Riyo Otsuka Kenji Hirata Shigehiko Morita Minoru Kasahara Hitoshi Mikada 《Tectonophysics》2006,426(1-2):107
Japan Marine Science and Technology Center installed a cabled geophysical observatory system off Kushiro, Hokkaido Island in July 1999. This observatory system comprises three ocean bottom seismographs (OBSs), two tsunami gauges, and a geophysical/geochemical monitoring system. 4 years and 2 months after the installation, a megathrust earthquake (the 2003 Tokachi-Oki earthquake, 26th September in Japan Standard Time (JST), MJMA 8.0) occurred along a plate boundary underneath a forearc basin where the system is located. The system recorded clear unsaturated seismograms just at 28.6 km from the epicenter. This paper demonstrates advantages brought by the cabled observatory to record the megathrust earthquake showing how earthquake detectability is improved dramatically combining permanent OBS and land-based observations around the region, and importance of the in situ monitoring on the seismogenic zone. In the present study, processing OBSs and land-based network together, and comparing magnitudes of common observed earthquakes with national authorized network, event detection level improved down to M 1.5, which is much lower than the previously designed as down to M 2. Comparing detection level before and after installing OBSs, we found dramatic improvement of the earthquake detection level in the interesting region. Real-time continuous observations of microearthquakes since 1999 have brought us tremendous findings. First, a seismic quiescence started about 10 days before the 2003 Tokachi-Oki earthquake. Second, aftershock distribution is not uniform over the focal area and can be divided into several sub-regions, which might indicate an existence of several asperities. We think that the geophysical observations helped to understand the initiation process of the rupture of the 2003 Tokachi-Oki earthquake and that observations including seismological, geodynamic, hydrogeological, and the other multidisciplinary observations would provide a clue to future understanding of seismogenic processes at subduction zones. 相似文献
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The 26 November 2005 Jiujiang-Ruichang, Jiangxi, Ms?5.7 earthquake occurred in a seismotectonic setting of moderate earthquake. The northwest-trending Xiangfan-Guangji fault (XFG) does not enter into the epicenter vicinity, but the northeast-trending Ruichang-Wuning fault (RWF) as a regional fault extends to the epicenter nearby, appearing as the Ruichang basin and its marginal faults. Tilting of the Ruichang Basin (RCB) in the Quaternary was controlled by the RCB southeast-marginal, buried fault (RSMBF). Shallow geophysical survey reveals that the RSMBF caused an offset of the reflection layers. Drill hole columnar section demonstrates that there are about 10–12?m displacement in the lower section of the middle-Pleistocene Series along the RSMBF, but no disruption is found in the upper section of the middle-Pleistocene Series. The RSMBF not only has activity in the Quaternary, but also coincides with the nodal plane I from the focal mechanism of the Jiujiang-Ruichang Ms?5.7 earthquake. This evidence, including aftershock distribution and isoseismic lines, strongly suggests that the RSMBF might be the seismogenic tectonics. The RWF is discontinuous at the surface, and consists of three en echelon Quaternary basins, which are the Ruichang, Fanzhen and Wuning basins. Three moderate earthquakes, the Fanzhen ML?4.9 earthquake, the Yejiapu ML?4.1 earthquake and the Jiujiang-Ruichang Ms?5.7 earthquake, have happened in the basins since 1995. The seismogenic tectonics of the Jiujiang-Ruichang Ms?5.7 earthquake is not isolated, but may be controlled by the RWF at depth, the slip of which causes the accumulation of energy for earthquake occurrence. 相似文献
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2014年8月3日16时30分, 在云南省昭通市鲁甸县(27.1°N, 103.3°E)发生Ms6.5地震, 震源深度10 km, 死亡617人, 失踪112人, 受伤3 143人, 受灾人口108.84万人.根据月亮赤纬角、太阳黑子极值年等周期变化及两者的叠加效应, 总结出2013—2014年是云南强震高危期, 具备Ms7地震的发生条件.次年, 利用基础SW前兆仪的临震预测指纹法信息, 制定了2014年底211号地震预测表, 预测了2014年8月四川(26.18°N, 105.33°E)将发生Ms5.3地震发生.2014年8月3日云南鲁甸Ms6.5地震表明: 这次地震的指纹法预测时间相差1天, 震中相差226 km, 震级误差Ms1.2.通过构造背景、地壳速度结构和震源机制研究, NW向的包谷垴-小河左旋走滑断裂是鲁甸地震的发震断裂.中下地壳低速(高导)体与包谷垴-小河断裂交接部位是流变界面能量释放的位置, 即本次地震的震源位置, 为板内地震三层次构造模式提供了一个新的案例. 相似文献
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2013年8月31日8时4分, 云南省迪庆藏族自治州香格里拉县(28.12°N, 99.4°E)发生5.9级地震, 震源深度10 km.区域范围内历史地震频繁, 为滇西北地震多发区.据震源机制解结果, 此次地震为正断兼左旋走滑型地震, NW向截面产状与德钦-香格里拉-中甸断裂基本吻合.利用EIGEN-6C2模型对震中附近进行布格重力异常探讨, 震源位置位于莫霍面起伏部位, 下部地壳厚度不稳定之处; 而从P波速度与地壳结构剖面可知研究区上地壳底部存在低速层, 认为韧性低速层与地震能量的积聚和存储关系密切.而韧性低速(高导)层与德钦-中甸断裂交接部位, 是流变界面能量释放的位置, 即本次地震的震源位置.这为板内地震3层次构造模式提供了一个新的案例. 相似文献
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四川芦山2013年Ms7.0地震发震构造初步研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
2013年4月20日8时2分,四川龙门山断裂带的雅安芦山发生Ms7.0级地震,震中位于芦山县太平镇和双石镇之间,震源深度13～14km,震中最大烈度达IX级。震中区野外调查发现,尽管房屋建筑损坏较严重,但这次地震没有产生明显的地表破裂构造,仅见少量的地裂缝和喷砂冒水现象。高分辨率遥感图像解译、主余震分布、震源机制解等综合分析认为,该地震是龙门山断裂带西南段一次独立的破裂事件,属于逆冲型地震,沿双石-大川断裂中南段发生破裂,主破裂面西倾,倾角33°～43°,推断芦山地震与龙门山构造带底部滑脱带(13～19km)断坡构造活动有关。历史上,沿双石-大川断裂发生至少2次Ms6～6.5级地震,由此认为芦山地震是龙门山断裂带西南段特征型地震,与汶川地震不同。原地地应力测量和监测数据表明这是汶川地震后龙门山断裂带西南段应力释放的结果。 相似文献