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考古遗址中的木炭遗存是重建过去局地木本植被群落组成、植物多样性、景观生态格局以及探索人地关系的关键生物指标之一。对于具有特殊性质的烽燧遗址,木炭是一种用以解读可能与烽烟传递军情、戍守人员生活用火密切相关的特定薪材的地质档案。文章对新疆尉犁克亚克库都克唐代烽燧遗址出土的大量木炭样品进行筛选、鉴定和定量分析,以了解驻防先民对烽燧薪材的选择,重建当地的植被生态和景观。木炭显微结构观察结果及树种数量百分比统计显示,有4种木材被选作薪材,包括数量百分比最高的柽柳属(Tamarix sp.)(83.63%)和数量百分比较低的杨属(Populus sp.)(11.95%)、柳属(Salix sp.)(3.54%),以及驼绒藜属(Krascheninnikovia sp.)(0.88%)。基于"最省力原则"和木炭化石组合中树木种属含量与现今当地林地中的丰度和多度成对应比例关系等理论,推断该军事遗址附近为以柽柳属为优势种,其他木本植物为伴生种的植物群落结构。这与现今在塔里木盆地东北部边缘河流沿岸典型的植被类型分布特征相似,由此进一步指示当时先民生存的地表景观为沿河绿洲。 相似文献
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通过对23种现代植物炭屑的观察、测量以及对草本、木本炭屑模拟破碎试验后的测量统计发现:现代植物炭屑形态根据其长宽比(L/W)和形态特征可以分为3个类型:1)草本型炭屑,L/W最大,平均为10.2±1.3, 呈长-薄条型、针型、簇纤维型,边缘及断口截然,棱角分明,有些具有气孔构造,很少有不规则的形态出现; 2)木本型炭屑(灌木+乔木),L/W较小,平均3.1±0.2,多呈方~长方型或立方体型,边缘多参差不齐,有些横向断口有粗大木纤维露出,相对致密; 3)阔叶类植物叶片炭屑,L/W最小,平均1.7±0.1,薄片状、网状,絮状,易碎。进一步通过对6个典型草原和森林表土样品的实验室分析,发现现代土壤中的炭屑颗粒大小相对现代植物炭屑颗粒大小总体有所减小,但草原土壤中炭屑长宽比相对森林土壤炭屑仍然较大,土壤中炭屑形态和部分结构鉴别特征仍能保留。表明L/W值与炭屑结构特征可以用来区分多数草本与木本植物炭屑。在此基础上,通过对黄土高原渭南剖面S1以来不同层位12个地层样品的炭屑形态分析,初步研究了不同草本、木本植物炭屑形态变化的特点和环境意义。 相似文献
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辽西阜新北部原建平群大理岩系中微古植物化石的发现及其意义 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
在辽西阜新北部原建平群大理岩系中发现了大量的微古植物化石,经鉴定有５个属,其组合时代为中元古代。这些微古植物化石的发现为确定这些大理岩形成时代提供了可靠证据,并对进一步探讨华北板块北缘古大陆边缘构造演化及整个东北亚地区的前寒武纪地质具有重要意义。 相似文献
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古海拔问题是当前古植物学与古环境研究领域中的难点之一,属于化石植物生物学与地球科学和环境科学相互交叉、相互渗透的前沿性研究。定量研究古海拔的变化对阐述诸如青藏高原抬升历史等重大科学问题具有十分重要的意义。应用生物学的思想和方法,利用化石植物研究地质历史时期古海拔的变化是当前研究的一个热点。化石植物既是研究地质历史时期植被演替的直接证据,又是研究古海拔变化的珍贵材料。本文简述了利用化石植物定量研究古海拔的3类主要方法,即最近亲缘种分析、共存因子分析和叶相分析的基本原理和实际应用,侧重分析中国地区（如西藏南部南木林盆地）古海拔的研究进展和存在问题,并结合近年来的研究实践展望了将来的工作。 相似文献
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利用湖泊钻孔的孢粉及炭屑分析资料,探讨了安徽巢湖湖泊沉积物孢粉-炭屑组合记录的全新世以来植被与气候演变。孢粉-炭屑记录表明：本区9870-6040 cal.{a BP},植被是以壳斗科的落叶、常绿属种为主的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶混交林,气候呈现温和略干的特点;6040-4860 cal.{a BP},植被是以落叶栎类、栗属、青冈属和栲/石栎属为主的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶混交林,气候由前一阶段的温和略干变为温暖湿润,进入全新世最适宜气候期;4860-2170 cal.{a BP},植被是以落叶栎类占绝对优势的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶混交林,气温逐渐降低、湿度下降,气候温和干燥,环境整体向着干旱趋势转化,2170 cal.{a BP}左右出现一次明显的干旱事件;2170-1040 cal.{a BP},森林退缩,落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶混交林迅速被破坏,演替成以禾本科为主的草地,气候处于转型时期,总体上温和湿润;1040-200 cal.{a BP},木本植物仅零星分布,可能存在针叶阔叶混交林植被,植被类型逐渐演替成以禾本科、蒿属和蓼属等为主的草丛,其中包括较多的农作物,气候温凉稍湿;200 cal.{a BP}以来,湖区周围零星分布有阔叶乔木,松林在远处可能有分布,植被仍是以禾本科、蒿属和蓼属等为主的草丛,气候相对温暖湿润,但也有若干变凉干的波动,湖泊富营养化水平逐渐增加,人类活动已经对环境变化产生了较大的影响。 相似文献
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深沪湾海底古森林座落在北纬24°37′～40′,东经118°38′～40′,,福建省晋江市深沪湾潮间带中下部.在1986年该古森林被发现时仅有树桩7棵,其中4棵样品被鉴定为松科(Pinaceae)植物,与现代油杉属(Keteleeria carr.)的木材结构相似. 为进一步研究深沪湾海底古森林,我们于1998年10月上旬特大低潮时,对古森林遗迹进行了测量及编号,共发现65棵古树桩,分布在中、南、北3个不同区域.因大部分古树的木材保存尚好,我们拟对所有古树桩的木材进行鉴别,以确定其森林群落的基本类型、组分及优势种,为恢复其生长时期的古植被、古气候与古生态提供依据.第一批共取6个木材样品进行比较观察,其中1号样品因木材较为坚硬,制片前曾经软化处理,2～6号样品的木材已炭化、腐朽,采取炭蜡包埋.上述样品经切片、脱蜡、染色、脱水后制成永久光学切片.现将观察结果简要报道如下. 相似文献
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John Dodson Xiaoqiang Li Ming Ji Keliang Zhao Xinying Zhou Vladimir Levchenko 《Quaternary Research》2009,(3):309-314
Understanding of the origin and development of bronze technology in eastern Asia remains unresolved. Here we report on the distribution of copper and associated cations in sediments from Huoshiliang in northwestern Gansu, China, strontium and lead isotope analyses of ore and slag samples, and some artifact fragments at archaeological sites at Ganggangwa and Huoshiliang in the Black River valley.We conclude that bronze production began perhaps as early as 2135 BC and that the Baishantang modern mine site at Dingxin was a possible source of copper ore. There was at least one other, but currently unidentified, source of ore. The Bronze Age people were also farmers and planted cereals such as wheat, and they may have abandoned the region when wood was exhausted and desertification took over. 相似文献
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Lisa‐Marie Shillito 《第四纪科学杂志》2011,26(6):576-588
Simultaneous thin section and phytolith observations of finely stratified anthropogenic deposits from the Neolithic settlement of Çatalhöyük, Turkey, dated between 7400 and 6000 BC provide evidence for both the depositional context and phytolith assemblage of these deposits. Although extracted phytoliths provide a general picture of vegetation that supports existing evidence of a local wet marshland environment, comparisons with observations of phytoliths in situ indicate a diverse range of microcontexts, as well as depositional and post‐depositional processes that influence phytolith size. This has implications for studies that use conjoined phytolith size as a proxy for water availability and early agricultural practices. Observations indicate a significant background noise of phytoliths and micro‐charcoal in the deposits, linked to the frequent use of fire, which has implications for interpreting assemblages where phytolith counts are low, such as from floors of buildings. This study confirms the usefulness of phytoliths in providing information on human plant use and environment where the taphonomy of the deposits is clear, and provides new evidence for wet farming of at least some of the wheat found at the site. It also suggests there needs to be greater consideration of phytolith taphonomy, which can be provided to an extent by combining phytolith analysis with thin section micromorphology. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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在总结前人对商周遗址中青铜器研究的基础上,通过对成都金沙遗址出土青铜器的铅同位素和主要金属元素含量的测定,分析讨论了金沙青铜器的化学特征及可能的矿质来源。通过对测定结果的分析认为：青铜器的冶炼过程中人为进行铜铅锡含量配比的迹象并不明显,更多体现出直接利用多金属矿的结果;金沙遗址中青铜器的铅同位素值大部分异常高,表现出N（206Pb）/N（204Pb）大于20。根据区域地质资料和前人对多金属矿床的研究结果,认为金沙青铜器的铜矿石极有可能来自于距离较近的会理拉拉厂铜矿。 相似文献
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The various sources of pyrogenic and coalified carbon (black carbon, BC) in soil have considerable structural heterogeneity, making the quantification of BC a challenge. This study was aimed at evaluating the capability of different detection procedures to recover different types of BC from soil. We added defined quantities of urban dust (UD, NIST SRM1649a), diesel particulate matter (DPM, NIST SRM2975), charcoal, lignite, bituminous coal and wood to four topsoil samples. Mixtures were analyzed by way of chemo-thermal oxidation (CTO), thermal gradient oxidation (ThG), the benzene polycarboxylic acid method (BPCA) and mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIRS). CTO returned good quantification of soot BC in the pure DPM, yet the recovery of soot BC from soil was unsatisfactory (18–270%). ThG gave good precision but lower values for pure soot BC. It severely overestimated the BC content for all soil-standard mixtures. The BPCA method gave a low return for soot BC, but for the spiked soil it reliably detected charcoal and coalified C (69–107% avg. recovery) but underestimated soot BC (52–90% recovery of DPM). Linear coherence in specific MIR vibrations was found in one component soil-BC mixtures for each BC type. Applying these standard calibrations to multi-component mixtures allowed detecting charcoal and a quantification of soot BC (88% avg. recovery) via MIRS, but ignored the presence of diagenetic C. We see the greatest potential in differentiating soot from charcoal in soil by employing a combination of chemical and thermal oxidation and MIRS, while the differentiation from diagenetic C is not possible yet. 相似文献
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新疆吐鲁番洋海墓地出土的粮食作物及其古环境意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
首次对吐鲁番洋海墓地出土的植物遗存进行了系统研究，并鉴定出3种粮食作物：黍（Panicum miliaceum）、青稞（Hordeum vulgare var. nudum）和普通小麦（Triticum aestivum）。吐鲁番地区降水稀少、环境干燥，因此考古遗址中的植物遗存大都保存完好。这些粮食作物均为当地生产。其中，黍可能是古代洋海人的主要粮食作物。通过植物遗存分析，2800年前的洋海古气候应该比较适合农业生产。古环境分析表明，古洋海人的部落位于一片绿洲中，绿洲内有一定面积的湿地，内生喜湿杂草。另外，河旁或高地上还有胡杨（Populus euphratica）、柳（Salix sp.）及云杉属（Picea sp.）等乔木分布。 相似文献
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Katalin Náfrádi Elvira Bodor Tünde Törőcsik Pál Sümegi 《Central European Journal of Geosciences》2011,3(4):358-367
The significance of geoarchaeological investigations is indisputable in reconstructing the former environment and in studying the relationship between humans and their surroundings. Several disciplines have developed during the last few decades to give insight into earlier time periods and their climatic conditions (e.g. palynology, malacology, archaeobotany, phytology and animal osteology). Charcoal and pollen analytical studies from the rescue excavation of the MO motorway provide information about the vegetation changes of the past. These methods are used to reconstruct the environment of the former settlements and to detect the human impact and natural climatic changes. The sites examined span the periods of the Late-Copper Age, Late-Bronze Age, Middle-Iron Age, Late-Iron Age, Sarmatian period, Late Sarmatian period, Migration period, Late-Migration period and Middle Ages. The vegetation before the Copper Age is based only on pollen analytical data. Anthracological results show the overall dominance of Quercus and a great number of Ulmus, Fraxinus, Acer, Fagus, Alnus and Populus/Salix tree fossils, as well as the residues of fruit trees present in the charred wood assemblage. 相似文献
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河南夏馆-高丘盆地出露一套富含恐龙蛋和恐龙骨骼化石的红色陆源碎屑岩系。20世纪70年代末,赵资奎(1979)将含蛋"红层"时代归为"白垩纪"。此后,该套"红层"曾称"高沟组"和"马家村组"、"桑坪组"、"夏馆组",但均没有测制正式地层剖面,无专门论文发表,原因是除恐龙(诸葛南阳龙)和恐龙蛋化石外,基本没有发现可资确定地层时代的无脊椎动物和植物化石。近年来,除新发现"河南宝天曼龙"外,2011年作者测制了系统剖面,并寻找到介形类、双壳类、腹足类、轮藻和植物大化石,有条件正式建立"夏馆组"组级地层单位并进行地层划分和对比。"夏馆组"的时代应为土伦(Turonian)中—晚期至坎潘(Campanian)中期。 相似文献