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内蒙古察哈尔右翼后旗乌兰哈达第四纪火山群 总被引：7，自引：5，他引：2
乌兰哈达火山群位于内蒙古中部察哈尔右翼后旗乌兰哈达一带,地处蒙古高原南缘,距北京约300km.火山群坐落在太古宙乌拉山岩群和新近纪汉诺坝玄武岩之上,面积约280km^2。火山活动可分为晚更新世（30．56＋2．59kaBP;21．05＋1．79kaBP）和全新世两期,火山喷发总体为裂隙式或裂隙-中心式。晚更新世形成一系列呈北东和北西向线形展布的溅落锥,其中黑脑包为熔壳状火山锥。大部分锥体主要由玄武质熔结集块岩及碎成熔岩组成,已遭受一定剥蚀,但多数火口形态仍清晰可辨。全新世与晚更新世火山受同一北东向基底断裂控制。主要包括3座中心式喷发的炼丹炉火山,火山均由碱玄质火山渣锥和熔岩流组成,属斯通博利式火山。火山规模较大,结构完整,基本未遭受剥蚀。锥体由早期降落浮岩渣和晚期溅落熔结集块岩组成。熔岩流分布受地形制约,总体由北西向南东流淌,最长熔岩流约18km。熔岩流覆盖在全新世河谷砂砾石、风成沙和沼泽沉积物之上,表明火山喷发的时代应为全新世。熔岩流类型主要为结壳熔岩,其中胀裂谷和塌陷谷发育。熔岩流前部发育挤压脊、喷气锥和特征的熔岩琢群。熔岩流前缘抵达白音淖一带,堰塞水系形成莫石盖淖和乌兰胡少海等火山堰塞湖。乌兰哈达火山群是蒙古高原南缘目前发现的唯一全新世有过喷发的火山群,是一处天然火山“博物馆”,是研究蒙古高原南缘现代地壳深部结构及其活动性的天然“窗口”。 相似文献
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大兴安岭哈拉哈河—淖尔河地区第四纪火山活动初步研究 总被引：16，自引：11，他引：5
大兴安岭中部哈拉哈河-淖尔河地区受基底断裂控制,发育28座第四纪火山,这些火山总体呈北东向带状分布。研究区第四纪火山岩分布面积约1000km^2,岩性主要为碱性玄武岩。根据喷发时代和火山地质特征,这里的火山大体可分为更新世和全新世两期。按照火山作用方式不同,区内火山可分为岩浆成因和射汽岩浆成因两类：前者活动产物主要包括火山碎屑锥、碎屑席、熔岩流,其中发育结壳熔岩、渣状熔岩、块状熔岩,以及喷气锥、熔岩冢等火山地质现象;后者产物主要是射汽岩浆喷发形成的基浪堆积物,其中发育大型平行层理及交错层理。不同的火山作用形成了火山口湖、低平火山口湖、火山堰塞湖和塌陷熔岩湖四种不同规模与形态特征的湖泊,这种水火相容的火山地质现象为阿尔山火山温泉国家地质公园增添了景观。 相似文献
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由中心式喷发形成的大椅子山火山碎屑降落堆积物,主要为玄武质火山渣和浮石,其次为火山弹、超镁铁质岩包体和岩屑。在强劲西风的影响下,该火山经过110多次脉动式喷发,形成了耸立的火山渣锥和低缓的火山碎屑席。在平面和剖面上,降落火山碎屑的组成、厚度、最大粒径、分选系数和中值粒径都呈有规律变化。构成碎屑席的火山渣分下、中、上三层,主要发育平面平行层理和递变层理。降落火山碎屑的各种特征表明,大椅子山火山的喷发过程非常复杂。 相似文献
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新疆阿什库勒盆地大黑山火山地质及地球化学特征 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
大黑山火山是新疆阿什库勒火山群最大的火山,通过野外地质调查和遥感解译,火山锥体由渣锥、溅落锥和寄生火山锥组成。大黑山岩石类型分别为玄武粗安岩、粗面安山岩和粗面岩,钾玄岩系列。岩浆分离结晶特征明显,斜长石晶体析出导致残余熔体中δEu形成明显负异常。大黑山锥体南侧发育一套长约1.3km的碎屑熔岩。该套岩石显微薄片上表现为发育玻晶交织结构和溶蚀结构等熔岩结构特征,少许凝灰结构。碎屑主要为5~6cm的角砾,含少量的火山弹。角砾可能来自于大黑山火山较强的爆发,生成岩屑以及少量凝灰质碎屑。后期熔岩喷泉式喷发形成熔岩流,在流动过程中裹带大量的岩屑以及少量凝灰质碎屑。该套碎屑熔岩的发现,加深了对整个地区火山活动类型的了解。 相似文献
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《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2015,(Z1)
乌兰哈达第四纪火山群位于内蒙古中部、华北克拉通北缘,大体上处于大兴安岭—太行山重力梯度带与华北克拉通—中亚造山带界线交汇区域,行政区划上属于乌兰察布市察哈尔右翼后旗。该火山群周围发育大量的新生代地堑盆地、活动强烈的断层以及广泛分布的火山岩。火山群西侧是新生代河套断陷盆地,东侧是上新世—第四纪商都盆地。区域内EW向断层与NNE向断层第四纪以来活动明显。火山群周围有大面积分布的晚渐新世—第四纪形成的集宁玄武岩(汉诺坝玄武岩)。长期以来,乌兰哈达火山群被归入集宁玄武岩;近年来,这一火山群中陆续发现晚更新世—全新世火山活动的证据,逐渐成为火山研究的热点。乌兰哈达火山群由8座火山组成,即红山、火烧山、那明山、北炼丹炉、中炼丹炉、南炼丹炉、黑脑包和北尖山。这些火山大多具有多个火山口和锥体,共由20个火山锥组成,其中包括17个火山渣锥,3个熔岩锥。12个火山渣锥底部直径为60~160 m,另外5个渣锥底部直径为300~680 m,熔岩锥底部直径为70~90 m。这些火山锥形成NE和NWW两个线性排列。初步的火山岩K-Ar测年研究表明,红山、火烧山和黑脑包3个火山形成于0.22~0.36 Ma,属中更新世晚期。其他火山的风化程度明显较弱,尤其是北炼丹炉、中炼丹炉、南炼丹炉和北尖山,这4座火山保存着较为完整的锥体,熔岩流表面裸露,喷气锥、绳状熔岩、结壳熔岩这些熔岩流动过程中形成的独特地质景观得以保留,表明它们形成时代较晚,推测火山喷发时代在晚更新世—全新世。由此推断乌兰哈达火山群有早晚两期火山活动:中更新世晚期火山活动主要发生在NWW走向的乌兰哈达—高勿素深断裂附近,火山喷发规模较小,喷出熔岩也相对较少;而晚更新世—全新世喷发的火山主要在NE走向的线性排列上,这一规律连同新发现的NE向的喷发裂隙支持在这一方向上存在断裂构造。基于以上认识,我们提出,区域上NE向的主压应力作用在NWW走向的乌兰哈达—高勿素深断裂上,使其形成左旋逆走滑,并衍生出NE走向的张裂,这些NWW走滑断裂与NE张裂一起控制了乌兰哈达第四纪晚期火山活动的时空分布。 相似文献
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老黑山火山碎屑降落堆积物研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
由中心式喷发形成的老黑山火山碎屑降落堆积物，主要是玄武质火山渣、火山弹、火山饼和少量岩屑。在火山爆发自身能量和北北西风的影响下，形成高耸的火山渣锥和向南南东展布的低缓的火山碎屑席地貌景观。区域上系统测量了火山碎屑席中火山碎屑的厚度、最大平均粒径、分选系数和中值粒径，均呈现规律性变化；剖面层序则反映老黑山火山经过两个大喷发阶段，多次脉动式喷发。经估算，老黑山火山碎屑席中火山碎屑量比火山渣锥中要少得多，老黑山火山碎屑属“建造火山锥”火山碎屑沉积。据投点，老黑山火山喷发属斯通博里型。老黑山、火烧山火山仍有再次爆发的可能。未来火山喷发的潜在危险主要来自火山喷发空落堆积物。老黑山、火烧山火山的南东、东和南，包括五大连池市在内有必要对未来火山爆发加以防范。 相似文献
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在内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟与赤峰交界处、达里湖的西北部有一群第四纪火山,数目达上百座,多数为中心式或裂隙-中心式喷发,形成相对高度在50~130m之间的火山锥,它们被称为"达里诺尔火山群",也是世界上海拔较高的火山群之一。因锥体形成后受风化、流水侵蚀等外力作用,多数火山锥已受剥蚀,但相对较新的火山还保留着完整的火山机构,包括火山渣锥、火山口、降落和溅落堆积物、塌陷坑、熔岩流、喷气锥等。达里诺尔火山锥体多由火山碎屑物组成,熔岩则流动迭加在早期形成的多级熔岩台地之上,分布总面积约3100km2,与其它火山岩共同组成了广阔的内蒙古高原。火山区整体呈四周低、中间阶梯状隆起的台地地形,按高程可分为四个阶梯,高度分别为1280m、1360m、1440m和1500m。熔岩台地的展布和火山锥的分布均呈东西走向的条带状,火山群的整体分布主要受东西向天山-阴山基底断裂和北东向大兴安岭-太行山断裂的双重影响,与大地构造关系密切。本群火山锥体虽然大小不一、形态各异,但按锥体形态可将火山锥分为截顶单锥形、复合型、盾形和残余型等四类,其剥蚀程度有明显差异,暗示了火山喷发活动时代的先后关系。锥形及复合型火山位于火山群中部,而盾形火山多沿台地边部分布,残余形火山则分布广泛,表明台地边部火山形成时间较早,晚期火山活动集中于台地中部,而更早期造台地的溢流式拉斑玄武岩喷发规模更大,形成本区基底。达里诺尔火山岩的岩性主要为碧玄岩和碱性玄武岩,少量为粗面玄武岩,虽然SiO_2变化范围较大,但全碱含量变化幅度相对较小,均属钾质系列的碱性火山岩范畴。火山岩斑晶数量少,在镜下为斑状结构,基质多为隐晶质,少量微晶质,明显不同于火山岩之下早期熔岩台地火山岩的基质显晶质结构。火山岩的微量元素呈LREE富集、HREE亏损的右倾型,显示了岩浆低度部分熔融的特征,并且本区与邻区火山岩可能有共同或相似的岩浆源。在岩性相近的基础上,结合火山锥体剥蚀和保留程度显示的火山活动相对时序,暗示本区岩浆成分从碱性玄武质和粗面玄武质逐渐演化为碧玄质,岩浆可能来自软流圈,且来源逐渐变深。 相似文献
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龙岗火山群四海火山渣层—来自金龙顶子火山亚普林尼式火山爆发 总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20
龙岗火山群四海玄武质火山渣层为金龙顶子火山爆发形成，而非多个火山共同喷发的结果。火灾山渣组成金龙顶子火山渣锥及以东相伴随的火山碎屑席，反映火山爆发时强劲单向西风的吹指。火山碎屑席中火山渣层厚度，火山渣粒度参数远离火山渣锥呈规律性变化。 相似文献
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The role of collapsing and cone rafting on eruption style changes and final cone morphology: Los Morados scoria cone, Mendoza, Argentina 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Karoly Németh Corina Risso Francisco Nullo Gabor Kereszturi 《Central European Journal of Geosciences》2011,3(2):102-118
Payún Matru Volcanic Field is a Quaternary monogenetic volcanic field that hosts scoria cones with perfect to breached morphologies. Los Morados complex is a group of at least four closely spaced scoria cones (Los Morados main cone and the older Cones A, B, and C). Los Morados main cone was formed by a long lived eruption of months to years. After an initial Hawaiian-style stage, the eruption changed to a normal Strombolian, conebuilding style, forming a cone over 150 metres high on a northward dipping (～4°) surface. An initial cone gradually grew until a lava flow breached the cone’s base and rafted an estimated 10% of the total volume. A sudden sector collapse initiated a dramatic decompression in the upper part of the feeding conduit and triggered violent a Strombolian style eruptive stage. Subsequently, the eruption became more stable, and changed to a regular Strombolian style that partially rebuilt the cone. A likely increase in magma flux coupled with the gradual growth of a new cone caused another lava flow outbreak at the structurally weakened earlier breach site. For a second time, the unstable flank of the cone was rafted, triggering a second violent Strombolian eruptive stage which was followed by a Hawaiian style lava fountain stage. The lava fountaining was accompanied by a steady outpour of voluminous lava emission accompanied by constant rafting of the cone flank, preventing the healing of the cone. Santa Maria is another scoria cone built on a nearly flat pre-eruption surface. Despite this it went through similar stages as Los Morados main cone, but probably not in as dramatic a manner as Los Morados. In contrast to these examples of large breached cones, volumetrically smaller cones, associated to less extensive lava flows, were able to heal raft/collapse events, due to the smaller magma output and flux rates. Our evidence shows that scoria cone growth is a complex process, and is a consequence of the magma internal parameters (e.g. volatile content, magma flux, recharge, output volume) and external conditions such as inclination of the pre-eruptive surface where they grew and thus gravitational instability. 相似文献
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长白山天池火山老虎洞期火山活动发生在更新世晚期白头山组碱性粗面岩喷发之后,火山活动的产物主要为玄武岩质火山碎屑岩和少量玄武岩质或粗面岩质熔岩;老虎洞组火山岩的稀土元素地球化学特征介于早期玄武岩和气象站组碱流岩两者之间,将二者有机地联系在一起,使整个天池火山岩的演化趋势更加清晰。老虎洞组火山岩的存在充分证明了天池火山的粗面岩类与该区早期的大量玄武岩具有成因联系。长白山天池火山活动的成因并非简单地用西太平洋板块的俯冲作用所能解释的。 相似文献
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Mohammed R. Moufti Károly Németh Nabil El-Masry Atef Qaddah 《Central European Journal of Geosciences》2013,5(2):254-271
Al Wahbah Crater is one of the largest and deepest Quaternary maar craters in the Arabian Peninsula. It is NW-SE-elongated, ～2.3 km wide, ～250 m deep and surrounded by an irregular near-perpendicular crater wall cut deeply into the Proterozoic diorite basement. Very few scientific studies have been conducted on this unique site, especially in respect to understanding the associated volcanic eruption processes. Al Wahbah and adjacent large explosion craters are currently a research subject in an international project, Volcanic Risk in Saudi Arabia (VORiSA). The focus of VORiSA is to characterise the volcanic hazards and eruption mechanisms of the vast volcanic fields in Western Saudi Arabia, while also defining the unique volcanic features of this region for use in future geoconservation, geoeducation and geotourism projects. Al Wahbah is inferred to be a maar crater that formed due to an explosive interaction of magma and water. The crater is surrounded by a tephra ring that consists predominantly of base surge deposits accumulated over a pre-maar scoria cone and underlying multiple lava flow units. The tephra ring acted as an obstacle against younger lava flows that were diverted along the margin of the tephra ring creating unique lava flow surface textures that recorded inflation and deflation processes along the margin of the post-maar lava flow. Al Wahbah is a unique geological feature that is not only a dramatic landform but also a site that can promote our understanding of complex phreatomagmatic monogenetic volcanism. The complex geological features perfectly preserved at Al Wahbah makes this site as an excellent geotope and a potential centre of geoeducation programs that could lead to the establishment of a geopark in the broader area at the Kishb Volcanic Field. 相似文献
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新生代以来,强烈而频繁的火山活动铸成了长白山火山的主体——白头山火山锥。近几年来,从火山学和火山灾害学角度在该区进行研究和调查所获得的资料发现,长白山天池地区在全新世至少有六期火山活动在地表留下了记录。除白云峰期和八卦庙期喷发出大量碱流岩质浮岩形成的火山碎屑流造成了严重的火山灾害之外,其他四次喷发的规模均较小、影响面不大。老虎洞期活动发生在浮岩喷发之前,主要产物为玄武质火山渣和熔岩;气象站期喷发可能是该火山近期活动的表现,以碱流岩喷溢为主。这些喷发活动证实,该区近代火山活动不仅从未停止过,相反,活动的频度却逐渐加大。 相似文献
16.
The Mount Widderin shield volcano is located near Skipton, western Victoria, in the Western Plains subprovince of the monogenetic Pliocene–Holocene Newer Volcanic Province (NVP). Radiometric ages for lavas in the Hamilton–Skipton–Derrinallum area are few, owing to limited suitable outcrop for K–Ar or 40Ar/39Ar geochronology studies. Existing age constraints for flows in this area have been inferred from Regolith Landform Units (RLUs), complemented by a small number of K–Ar studies on ≥1 Ma flows. Although the RLU approach provides a valuable overview of relative eruption ages across the NVP, it is of limited use in eruption frequency studies. Additional radio-isotopic ages are required to refine age ranges for individual RLUs, and to validate previous assignment of individual flows to specific RLUs. We report a new, high-precision 40Ar/39Ar age of 389 ± 8 ka (2σ) for a Mount Widderin basalt sample. Based on this age and geomorphic observations, we propose that both the Widderin and Elephant lava flows be reassigned from the Eccles RLU to the Rouse RLU. We use the 389 ± 8 ka (2σ) age for Widderin, along with published K–Ar ages, to anchor a stratigraphic sequence of 15 individual flows in the Hamilton–Skipton–Derrinallum area, demonstrating that intermittent volcanism has occurred in this area from ≥3 Ma to ≤0.389 Ma. Within the limits of available data for the NVP, this time span of volcanic activity is second only to that of the Melbourne area. We consider the significance of the Widderin eruption age, in conjunction with published age constraints for maars and scoria cones of the Western Plains subprovince, building on previous studies that have focused solely on lava flow ages. The inclusion of the additional data weakens the argument for a decrease in volcanic activity after ca 0.9 Ma as implied by published ages for lava flows only. Additional detailed combined geochronology–geomorphology studies of lavas, scoria cones and maars in strategically selected small areas are advocated to better understand eruption frequency across the NVP. 相似文献
17.
龙岗金垅顶子近代活动火山的岩石学与地球化学 总被引：13，自引：4，他引：9
距今１６００ 年前喷发的金龙顶子火山是龙岗火山群中一座最年轻的近代活动火山, 它的喷发物包括金龙顶子火山锥体 （海拔９９９．４ｍ ）、熔岩流及其广布的火山碎屑席 （四海火山渣层）。金龙顶子火山岩为单一的粗面玄武岩, 有着极为相似的ＲＥＥ和不相容元素分布模式, ８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ和１４３Ｎｄ／１４４Ｎｄ 分别变化于０．７０４８４６～０．７０４９２１ 和０．５１２６１９～０．０．５１２６４６, 这反映了它们直接来自地幔源区, 岩浆上升过程极少演化和壳源混染, 具有较为原始的岩浆特点。年轻火山岩中的幔源捕虏体提供了该区存在相对低温 （～９００℃） 含水的地幔。 相似文献
18.
新疆东准噶尔石炭纪火山机构类型与时限 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
东准噶尔卡拉麦里大气田的主要储层是石炭纪火山岩,石炭纪古火山机构的样式与组合特征,与火山岩储层展布关系密切。野外调查表明,隐爆角砾岩是东准噶尔石炭纪古火山机构最常见的标志之一。东准噶尔石炭纪古火山机构类型主要有中心式、裂隙式和裂隙-中心式等样式。中心式火山机构以大石头层状火山、柯克巴斯套锥状火山最为典型;巴塔玛依内山附近沿断裂分布的带状火山岩具有裂隙式喷发的特征;东黑山火山具有火山口串珠状排列特征,是裂隙-中心式喷发的产物。大石头地区原缪林托凯陶山组火山岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为345.6±7.1 Ma,而已知巴塔玛依内山组火山岩年龄是350.0±6.3Ma,因此东准噶尔火山活动的主要时期是早石炭世。 相似文献
19.
Changes of the susceptibility to lava flow invasion at Mount Etna are quantified by using lava flow simulations on four Digital
Elevation Models documenting the morphostructural modifications of the volcano in the time interval 1986–2007. The probabilistic
code DOWNFLOW is used to derive the areas invaded by several thousands of lava flows obtaining, for each DEM, maps of the
susceptibility to lava flow invasion and of the lava flow hazard. These maps show, for the first time, the evolution of these
surficial properties with time, and render a quantitative image of the effects of topographic changes on the preferential
lava flow drainage paths. The results illustrate how the emplacement of new lava flows and the growth of scoria cones affect
the probability of inundation by lava flows. We conclude that the persistent activity of this volcano requires a frequent
updating of the topography for a reliable lava flow hazard assessment. 相似文献