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1.
Summary Tourmalinites containing quartz, Li- and Cs-micas, and small amounts of arsenopyrite occur near Cáceres, Spain. The tourmalinites are developed within Ordovician pelites near the eastern margin of the Cabeza de Araya batholith and close to several small bodies of tectonized granite. Field and textural relationships document an epigenetic character for the tourmalinites. The tourmaline is fine to very fine-grained and its composition is intermediate within the schorl-dravite solid-solution series. Hydrothermal veins containing quartz, muscovite, amblygonite-montebrasite, apatite, fluorite, and/or cassiterite appear spatially related to the tourmalinites. The mineralized area is located in a shear zone that was active during D3 Hercynian deformation and the emplacement of granitic bodies. Tourmalinites and veins derived from B- and Li-rich magmatic-hydrothermal fluids are believed to have been associated with the intrusion of a hidden granite dome, the tourmalinites being produced by extensive metasomatism of Ordovician metasedimentary rocks.
Turmalinite and Sn-Li-Vererzungen im Valdeflores Gebiet (Cáceres, Spanien)
Zusammenfassung Turmalinite, die Quarz, Li- und Cs-Glimmer, sowie geringe Mengen an Arsenkies führen, kommen in der Ne von Cáceres, Spanien, vor. Sie sind an ordovizische Metapelite in der Nähe des Cabeza de Araya Batholiths und kleinere tektonisierte Granitkörper gebunden. Eine epigenetische Genese der Turmalinite ist auf Grund von Feldbeziehungen und texturellen Beobachtungen belegt. Die Zusammensetzung der sehr feinkörnigen Turmaline entspricht intermediären Gliedern der Schörl-Dravit- Reihe. Hydrothermale Gänge mit Quarz, Muskowit, Amblygonit-Montebrasit, Apatit, Fluorit und/oder Zinnstein treten benachbart zu den Turmaliniten auf. Der mineralisierte Bereich ist an eine Scherzone gebunden, die während der hercynischen D3 Deformation und der Platznahme der Granite aktiv war. Turmalinite und Gänge lassen sich genetisch von magmatisch-hydrothermalen Fluiden ableiten, die mit der Intrusion eines nicht aufgeschlossenen Granitdomes zusammenhängen. Die Turmalinite sind das Produkt einer weiträumigen Metasomatose der ordovizischen Metasedimente.

With 8 Figures  相似文献   

2.
Lithology and Mineral Resources - The Imnyakh Formation (1500–1800 m thick), which is developed east of the Mama–Bodaibo Synclinorium (inner zone of the Patom Upland), comprises...  相似文献   

3.
The F–(Ba–Pb–Zn) ore deposits of the Zaghouan District, located in NE Tunisia, occur as open space fillings or stratabound orebodies, hosted in Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary layers. The chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns may be split into three groups: (i) “Normal marine” patterns characterizing the wallrock carbonates; (ii) light REE (LREE) enriched (slide-shaped) patterns with respect to heavy REE (HREE), with small negative Ce and Eu anomalies, characteristic of the early ore stages; (iii) Bell-shaped REE patterns displaying LREE depletion, as well as weak negative Ce and Eu anomalies, characterizing residual fluids of subsequent stages. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.707654–0.708127 ± 8), show that the Sr of the epigenetic carbonates (dolomite, calcite) and ore minerals (fluorite, celestite) are more radiogenic than those of the country (Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, lower Miocene) sedimentary rocks. The uniformity of this ratio, throughout the District, provides evidence for the isotopic homogeneity and, consequently, the identity of the source of the mineralizing fluids. This signature strongly suggests that the radiogenic Sr is carried by Upper Paleozoic basinal fluids.The δ34S values of barite, associated to mineralizations, are close to those of the Triassic sea water (17‰). The δ34S values of sulfide minerals range from − 13.6‰ to + 11.4‰, suggesting two sulfur-reduced end members (BSR/TSR) with a dominant BSR process.Taking account of the homogeneity in the Pb-isotope composition of galenas (18.833–18.954 ± 0.001, 15.679–15.700 ± 0.001 and 38.690–38.880 ± 0.004, for the 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb ratios respectively), a single upper crustal source for base-metals is accepted. The Late Paleozoic basement seems to be the more plausible source for F–Pb–Zn concentrated in the deposits. The genesis of the Zaghouan District ore deposits is considered as the result of the Zaghouan Fault reactivation during the Late Miocene period.  相似文献   

4.
The paper presents original authors' data on the O, H, C, S, and Sr isotopic composition of water and sediments from the basins into which the Aral Sea split after its catastrophic shoaling: Chernyshev Bay (CB), the basin of the Great Aral in the north, Lake Tshchebas (LT), and Minor Sea (MS). The data indicate that the δ18О, δD, δ13C, and δ34S of the water correlate with the mineralization (S) of the basins (as of 2014): for CB, S = 135.6‰, δ18О = 4.8 ± 0.1‰, δD = 5 ± 2‰, δ13C (dissolved inorganic carbon, DIC) = 3.5 ± 0.1‰, δ34S = 14.5‰; for LT, S = 83.8‰, δ18О = 2.0 ± 0.1‰, δD =–13.5 ± 1.5‰, δ13C = 2.0 ± 0.1‰, δ34S = 14.2‰; and for MS, S = 9.2‰, δ18О =–2.0 ± 0.1‰, δD =–29 ± 1‰, δ13C =–0.5 ± 0.5‰, δ34S = 13.1‰. The oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of the groundwaters are similar to those in MS and principally different from the artesian waters fed by atmospheric precipitation. The mineralization, δ13С, and δ34S of the groundwaters broadly vary, reflecting interaction with the host rocks. The average δ13С values of the shell and detrital carbonates sampled at the modern dried off zones of the basins are similar: 0.8 ± 0.8‰ for CB, 0.8 ± 1.4‰ for LT, and –0.4 ± 0.3‰ for MS. The oxygen isotopic composition of the carbonates varies much more broadly, and the average values are as follows: 34.2 ± 0.2‰ for CB, 32.0 ± 2.2‰ for LT, and 28.2 ± 0.9‰ for MS. These values correlate with the δ18O of the water of the corresponding basins. The carbonate cement of the Late Eocene sandstone of the Chengan Formation, which makes up the wave-cut terrace at CB, has anomalously low δ13С up to –38.5‰, suggesting origin near a submarine methane seep. The δ34S of the mirabilite and gypsum (11.0 to 16.6‰) from the bottom sediments and young dried off zone also decrease from CB to MS in response to increasing content of sulfates brought by the Syr-Darya River (δ34S = 9.1 to 9.9‰) and weakening sulfate reduction. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio in the water and carbonates of the Aral basins do not differ, within the analytical error, and is 0.70914 ± 0.00003 on average. This value indicate that the dominant Sr source of the Aral Sea is Mesozoic–Cenozoic carbonate rocks. The Rb–Sr systems of the silicate component of the bottom silt (which is likely dominated by eolian sediments) of MS and LT plot on the Т = 160 ± 5 Ma, I0 = 0.7091 ± 0.0001, pseudochron. The Rb–Sr systems of CB are less ordered, and the silt is likely a mixture of eolian and alluvial sediments.  相似文献   

5.
The anurognathids are an enigmatic and distinctive clade of small, non-pterodactyloid pterosaurs with an unusual combination of anatomical traits in the head, neck, wings and tail. They are known from very limited remains and few have been described in detail, and as a result, much of their biology remains uncertain. This is despite their importance as potentially one of the earliest branches of pterosaur evolution or even lying close to the origins of pterodactyloids. This review covers the taxonomy and palaeoecology of the anurognathids, which remain an interesting branch of pterosaurian evolution.  相似文献   

6.
The Tinto and Odiel are small rivers draining one of the largest sulphide deposits in the world. As a result of these deposits and a large industrial complex, the adjacent marine area receives a high amount of metal input. Mercury distribution in the Tinto-Odiel estuary, the Huelva Ría and the Gulf of Cádiz was assessed in water and suspended particulatematter (SPM) and sediments. In the rivers and estuaries, dissolved (HgD)and particulate (HgP) mercury showed wide variations (13 to 200 pM and0.3 to 330 nmol g-1 respectively) depending on the presence or notof sulphidic waters, phosphogypsum deposits, detrital pyrite and oxyhydroxides.In the Ría, concentrations were lower than 10 pM and 4.5 nmol g-1 for HgD and HgP respectively. In surface waters of the Gulf of Cádiz, the average HgD concentration (pm standard deviation) was 2.9 pm 0.9 pM, which is similar to that of North Atlantic Central Waters. The surface sediments collected in the rivers, the Ría and the Gulf showed systematically enriched mercury compared to pre-industrial levels. Vertical mercury profiles in dated sediment cores were typical of anthropogenically influenced environments starting in the early Roman age. These distribution features suggest that most of the Hg discharged by the Huelva Ría is trapped in the sediments of the Gulf of Cádiz.  相似文献   

7.
The alkaline intrusion of Grønnedal-ka (South Greenland) is the oldest of the ten major rift-related plutonic complexes of southern Greenland that intruded during the Gardar period between 1330 and 1150 Ma into the 2.6-Ga-old gneisses and metasediments of the Ketilidian basement. The Grønnedal-ka alkaline intrusion consists of carbonatites, silicocarbonatites, transitional carbonatites and nepheline-bearing syenites. The silicocarbonatites exhibit locally ocellar textures that are typical for immiscibility processes. A 87Sr/86Sr initial ratio of about 0.703184 major and trace element compositions—including REE and C-, and O-isotope data from 15 carbonatite, 12 silicocarbonatite, 10 transitional carbonatite and 8 syenite and samples—provide evidence for minor crustal contamination of the mantle-derived magma that generated by unmixing carbonatites, silicocarbonatites and syenites. A scatter in major and trace element contents and isotope ratios is related to late- to post-magmatic alteration processes. The Grønnedal-ka silicocarbonatites are one of the rather rare cases in which unmixing of a highly alkaline mantle-derived magma into an alkalisilicate and a carbonatitic magma-fraction under plutonic conditions is well documented by textural and geochemical data.  相似文献   

8.
Isotopic compositions of carbon and oxygen are studied in different (rhodochrosite, calcareous-rhodochrosite, and chlorite–rhodochrosite) types of manganese carbonate ores from the Usa deposit (Kuznetskii Alatau). The 13C value varies from –18.4 to –0.7, while the 18O value ranges between 18.4 and 23.0. Host rocks are characterized by higher values of 13C (–1.9 to 1.0) and 18O (21.2 to 24.3). The obtained isotope data suggest an active participation of oxidized organic carbon in the formation of manganese carbonates. Manganese carbonate ores of the deposit are probably related to metasomatic processes.  相似文献   

9.
Mineralogy and Petrology - The relative stabilities of phases within the two systems monazite-(Ce) – fluorapatite – allanite-(Ce) and xenotime-(Y) – (Y,HREE)-rich fluorapatite...  相似文献   

10.
The Ni, Co, As, and Cu deposit of Gowd-e-Morad is located 20 km northwest of Anarak in Central Iran. In this hydrothermal deposit, mineralization occurs as veins in a fault breccia zone hosted by the Chahgorbeh (schist and metabasite) complex. The main ores are made up of Ni, Co, and Cu arsenides. Petrologic studies and results obtained from geochemical analyses have indicated that the Ni, Co, As, and Cu are derived from ultramafic rocks while Pb and Zn are likely to be derived from schist. Based on the geochemical evidence, particularly the high correlation between Ni, Co, and As, it is proposed that this deposit be categorized as a “five elements” mineral deposit. Fluid inclusion studies have shown homogenization temperatures (TH) in the range 113?206 ?C and salinity 3?13.5 % wt eq. NaCl. Therefore this “five elements” mineral deposit has been determined as a low temperature, epithermal deposit type. It is proposed that the low fluid temperatures are a result of an environment of formation which was distal to a volcanogenic source systems and the major influence of meteoric waters in the hydrothermal system.  相似文献   

11.
Helius alavensis sp. nov., one of the oldest representative of the genus Helius Lepeletier and Serville, 1828 (Diptera: Limoniidae), is described from the Álava amber (Lower Cretaceous, upper Albian), northern Spain. This is the first representative of the subfamily Limoniinae and of the genus Helius described from this fossil resin.  相似文献   

12.
Summary In 1961–63 the Czechoslovakian Geological Survey drilled a 1596 m deep borehole in the Sn-W-mineralized Cinovec (Zinnwald) granite cupola. The hole traversed zinnwaldite granite (ZG) to 730 m, then protolithionite granite (PG). The boundary between the two granites is a transition zone (TZ) about 10 m thick. The oxides of Nb, Ta and Ti, present in accessory amounts, are columbite, ilmenorutile, rutile and pyrochlore. The columbite occurs in both granites, but in the PG only below 1558 m depth. Its crystals are strongly zoned, the zoning representing variations in Nb/(Nb + Ta) on the one hand, and non-uniform distribution of W on the other. The columbite in the TZ is strongly enriched in W, up to 32.6 wt% WO3. The columbites with W < M4+ show the substitutions W6+ + M4+ 2(Nb, Ta)5+, where (M4+ = Ti, Sn, Th, U, Zr) and 6M4+ + 3M3+ 4Fe2+ 5(Nb, Ta)5+, where (M3+ = Sc, Y). In columbites with W > M4+, tungsten is introduced by the substitution W6+ + M4+ 2(Nb, Ta)5+, but also through the appearance of Fe3+ in the B site according to the replacement 2W6+ + Fe3+ 3(Nb, Ta)5+. The ratio Fe/(Fe + Mn + Ca) increases with depth, and Nb/(Nb + Ta) is higher in the PG.The ZG is characterized by the presence of ilmenorutile, which does not occur in the PG, where rutile contains at most only 4 wt% Nb2O5. Two types of substitution have been found in the ilmenorutile: Fe3+ + (Nb, Ta)5+ 2Ti4+; (Fe, Mn)2+ + 2(Nb, Ta)5+ 3Ti4-. For the ilmenorutiles studied, the ratio [Fe3+/(Fe, Mn)2+]at is near 1.AU- and Nb-rich phase, containing up to 36.2 wt% UO2, included in protolithionite, and missing from the ZG, has the composition of a defect pyrochlore, A2+ 2 5+(O6), and forms a solid solution with U4+B2 4+(O6]), where B4-= Ti, Si, Zr, Sn. Electron microprobe analyses indicate that this phase is strongly hydrated.The crystal chemistry of Nb-, Ta- and Ti-oxides in the Cinovec cupola reflects the complex geochemistry of its component granites and the interaction of the minerals with an F- and CO2-rich fluid phase. Among the thermodynamic parameters, fO2 plays a predominant role in the early evolutionary stages.
Résumé Un sondage profond (jusqu'à -1596m), a été réalisé en 1961–63 par le Service géologique tchécoslovaque, dans la coupole granitique, minéralisée en Sn-W, de Cinovec (Zinnwald), République tchèque. Ce sondage a recoupé un granite à zinnwaldite (ZG), relayé en profondeur (–730 m) par un granite à protolithionite (PG). Le contact entre ces deux granites est matérialisé par une zone de transition (TZ) puissante de 10 m environ. Les oxydes de Nb, Ta et Ti, présents en quantité accessoire, sont représentés par: columbite, ilménorutile, rutile et pyrochlore.La columbite apparaît tant dans ZG que dans PG, mais dans ce dernier uniquement dans la zone profonde (-1558.0 m). Ses cristaux sont fortement zonés. Le zonage reflète des variations du rapport Nb/(Nb + Ta) d'une part et une distribution hétérogène de W, d'autre part. La columbite de la zone de transition ZG-PG est très enrichie en W (jusqu'à 32.6 wt.~/ 0 W03). Les coiumbites à W < SM4+ présentent des substitutions W6+ + M4+ 2(Nb, Ta)5+, où (M44+ = Ti, Sn, Th, U, Zr) et 6M4+ + 3M3+ 4Fe2+ + 5(Nb, Ta)5-, où (M3+ = Se, Y). Dans celles à W > EM4+, outre la substitution W6+ + M4+ 2(Nb, T)5+, le tungstène est introduit grâce à l'apparition de Fe 3+ sur le site B suivant le schéma: 2W6+ + Fe3+ 3(Nb, Ta)5+. Le rapport Fe/(Fe + Mn + Ca) croit avec profondeur; celui Nb/(Nb + Ta) augmente dans PG.Le ZG est caractérisé par la présence de l'ilménorutile; par contre, celui-ci est absent dans PG, oú le rutile ne contient que 4 wt.% Nb205 au maximum. Deux types de substitution sont mis en évidence dans l'ilménorutile: Fe3+ + (Nb, Ta)5+ 2Ti4+; (Fe, Mn)2+ + 2(Nb, Ta)5+ 3Ti4+. Pour les ilménorutiles étudiés, le rapport [Fe3+/(Fe, Mn)2+]à, est proche de 1.Une phase riche en U (jusqu'à 36.2 wt.% UO2) et Nb, incluse dans la protolithionite et absente dans ZG, a composition d'un pyrochlore lacunaire A2+[B2 5+(06), formant une solution solide avec U4+E:B24+(O6), où B4+ = Ti, Si, Zr, Sn. Les analyses à la microsonde électronique indiquent que cette phase est fortement hydratée.La cristallochimie des oxydes de Nb, Ta et Ti dans la coupole de Cinovec reflète tant la complexité géochimique des granites qui la composent que l'interaction des minéraux avec une phase fluide riche en F et CO,. Parmi les paramètres thermodynamiques, fO2 joue un râle prépondérant lors des stades d'évolution précoces.
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13.
On the basis of a worldwide review of Claraia,Pseudoclaraia andEumorphotis,especially their important species,two range zones are recog-nized:the Pseudoclaraia wangi range zone——Upper Griesbachia——and the Claraia stachei-C.aurita-Eumorphotis multiformis acme zone——Upper Griesbachian to Lower Smithian .This result revises both the traditional Chinese concept regarding these fossils as limited in Lower Scythian andthe viewpoint of some Eurasian researchers who hold Eumorphotis multifor-mis to be Upper Scythian.The paleogeographical distribution of the three genera is controlledprimarily by temperature(latitude)and secondarily by physiographic separa-tions.Distribution of these fossils is subdivided into four realms and five prov-inces.The Eastern Asia province of the Tethys realm is suggested as thesource area of these fossils.The striking contrast between the composition ofthe species along the southern and northern margins of the Tethys,togetherwith other distributional characters,supports the pla  相似文献   

14.
Geochronological, mineralogical, and geochemical analyses have been focussed on the Mont-Lozère-Borne plutonic complex and surrounding rocks (Cévennes, French Massif Central) in which B–W-Sn and As-Au-Sb mineralization is encountered. Two main results are highlighted: (1) the existence of a 301–306 Ma magmato-hydrothermal event unrelated to the emplacement of the Pont-de-Montvert-Borne plutonic body at 316 Ma; (2) the magmatic and hydrothermal features are strongly associated, both in time and in space, thus demonstrating an intimate connection between mineralizing processes and magmatism in this part of the French Massif Central. We also show that mineralization and associated hydrothermal occurrences do not correspond to a simple and single geochemical signature and that a contamination model must be invoked in order to account for the complexity of isotopic results. This study demonstrates that the application of the O and H isotopic signatures as tracers of the source and nature of fluids in an orogenic context requires some specific care. Finally, a model of the tectonic-magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of the study area is suggested in which we discuss two alternative scenarios. The first one implies the existence of two different hydrothermal/mineralizing events (Bo-W-Sn and As-Au-Sb ones). The second one suggests the same source for all hydrothermal and mineralized structures.  相似文献   

15.
The Baula-Nuasahi Complex, on the southern flank of the Singhbhum Archaean nucleus in north-eastern India, exposes a series of Mesoarchaean igneous suites. These are (1) a gabbro–anorthosite unit, which is petrographically homogeneous, although mineral-chemistry data hint at a subtle eastward differentiation; (2) a peridotite unit (with three chromitite layers) together with (3) a pyroxenite unit which display cumulate textures, modal layering, and (for the peridotite unit) differentiation trends in both mineralogy and mineral chemistry; and (4) the Bangur gabbro (~3.1 Ga), which defines an oblong intrusion, crosscutting the older igneous suites in the southern part of the complex, with a curvilinear NW-trending apophysis, 2 km long and up to 40 m wide. Magmatic breccia comprising ultramafic and chromitite wall-rock clasts in a gabbro matrix is exposed at the contact of the main Bangur gabbro body and also forms the entire Bangur gabbro apophysis. Concentrations of platinum-group minerals (PGMs) are found where the breccia contains abundant chromitite clasts, and two types of platinum-group-element (PGE) mineralisation are recognised. Type 1 (Pt 1.1–14.2, Pd 0.1–2.1 ppm, with an average Pt/Pd=8–9) is a contact-type mineralisation which occurs in the breccia at the contact between the Bangur intrusion and its ultramafic host. The PGMs—Pt alloys (isoferroplatinum) and sulphides (braggite, malanite)—are enclosed by pyroxene and plagioclase, reflecting a magmatic origin. Significant wall-rock assimilation by the magma (giving rise to the Bangur gabbro) is indicated by changes in pyroxene composition and by the presence of relicts of chromite (from the host) now altered to secondary ferritchromite in the contact zone. Type 2 PGE mineralisation (Pt 0.3–1.6, Pd 1.8–6.0 ppm, with Pt/Pd~0.5–3.0) is restricted to the breccia apophysis of the Bangur gabbro where it occurs in the breccia matrix, associated with an intense hydrothermal alteration which does not exist in the contact zone. PGMs (PGE arsenides, tellurides, bismuthides and antimonides) and, where present, base-metal sulphides (BMSs) form intergrowths with hydrous silicates, reflecting a hydrothermal origin. Oxygen isotope geothermometry documents the main stages of hydrothermal alteration within a decreasing temperature range between 700–1,000 and 500–600 °C, and oxygen, hydrogen and sulphur isotopes show that the hydrothermal fluids were derived from the magma rather than an external source. Pervasive hydrothermal alteration in the breccia apophysis likely represents upward channelling of late-magmatic fluids along a narrow, near-vertical, subplanar conduit which led away from the main magma chamber. We suggest that Type 2 mineralisation was produced by late-magmatic hydrothermal remobilisation and reconcentration of Type 1 PGE mineralisation, and that the composition of the hydrothermal fluids controlled whether BMSs were enriched along with the PGMs.Editorial handling: P. Lightfoot  相似文献   

16.
The boundary separating Maastrichtian Sharwayn Formation from late Paleocene Eocene Umm Er Radhuma (UER) Formation in Dhofar, southern Oman, is characterized by a regionally extensive unconformity. The Jabal Samhan escarpment, north of Marbat-Sadh transect, preserves this unconformable boundary. This paper addresses the lithologic and diagenetic differences of the strata across the boundary and discusses their significance and link to the development of the upper Maastrichtian to lower Paleocene unconformity. The upper part of the Sharwayn Formation is characterized by lower thickly bedded, bioclastic, and peloidal mudstone to wackestone lithofacies overlain by a thick ledge (~5.5 m) of medium to coarse crystalline, (sucrosic) dolostone. Poorly preserved outlines of the framework grains suggest an original peloidal and bioclastic grainstone texture for the dolostone unit. The contact with the overlying UER Formation is sharp. The UER Formation is characterized by thickly bedded, bioclastic mudstone to wackestone overlain by coarse-grained, foraminiferal grainstone. The dolomitization process of the dolomite unit at the top of the Sharwayn Formation is envisaged to a shallow subsurface mixed meteoric and sea water diagenetic realm. This interpretation is supported by an inferred timing of dolomitization of latest Maastrichtian (post-Sharwayn Formation) to early Paleocene (pre-EUR Formation), preservation (although poorly recognizable) of the original depositional texture and diagenetic features that postdate the sucrosic dolomite. Pervasive dolomitization of the dolomite unit was controlled by its original grainstone texture, which permitted efficient percolation of the dolomitizing fluids. Correlation between the reference section of the formation and the section studied in this work raises the thickness of the formation to 28.5 m (relative to a thickness of 22 m at the reference section). Analysis of the new composite section suggests that deposition of the formation took place in a shallowing-upward setting where low-energy subtidal sediments (the lower limestone unit) were succeeded by a high energy sand shoal (upper dolomitized unit).This shallowing-upward succession is attributed to a third-order sea-level drop. The later is also recognized in many parts of the Arabian Peninsula, as well as globally, and interpreted as eustatic sea-level fluctuation.  相似文献   

17.
Baumgartner and Rumble (1988) apply a kinetic continuum theory for stable isotope transport to unidimensional infiltration of fluid into rock. Their numerical applications are restricted to the simplified case of rapid isotope exchange between phases, where the sharp isotope fronts of pure advection are distended by dispersive mechanisms only. However, kinetic limitations of isotope exchange are potentially an equally important distending mechanism, and it will only rarely be possible to ascribe front gradients to diffusion/dispersion alone. Abrupt isotopic changes at vein boundaries are more often a secondary signal of lithologic change than the expression of a retarded advective front. At such boundaries, diffusion and dispersion play a role that is comparable to, or greater than, that of advection, so that the detailed shapes of isotope fronts depend upon boundary conditions for the infiltration process. Zerodimensional box models have legitimate, if limited, uses in the modelling of fluid-rock interaction, and are reexamined.  相似文献   

18.
The Breves deposit in the Carajás Copper-Gold Belt, Brazil, a member of the Cu-Au-(W-Bi-Sn) group of deposits, contains about 50 Mt of 1.22% Cu, 0.75 g/t Au, 2.4 g/t Ag, 1,200 g/t W, 70 g/t Sn, 175 g/t Mo and 75 g/t Bi. It is hosted by sandstones and siltstones of the Águas Claras Formation (minimum age of 2,681±5 Ma) in the roof zone of a complex, highly altered granite intrusion. The mineralisation is disseminated in a greisenized zone, resulting from alteration of probable monzogranites and syenogranites. The ore-bearing greisen contains abundant xenomorphic quartz in association with Fe-chlorite and muscovite. The gangue assemblage also includes fluorite, tourmaline, and minor amounts of monazite, xenotime, chlorapatite, thorite, zircon, calcite, siderite and bastnäesite. Copper mineralisation is dominated by chalcopyrite associated with pyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite and molybdenite. Gold particles, in equilibrium with native bismuth, are common as inclusions in chalcopyrite. The greisen contains sub-economic concentrations of tungsten and niobium that are related to the presence of ferberite, qitianlingite and Nb-rutile. SHRIMP II zircon dating of the host granites gives 207Pb/206Pb ages of 1,878±8 and 1,880±9 Ma for two phases, and a combined age of 1,879±6 Ma. SHRIMP II dating of monazite and xenotime grains in late- to post-mineralisation veins gives a combined 207Pb/206Pb age of 1,872±7 Ma, indistinguishable from the ages of the granites. This provides a genetic connection between the Breves deposit and the ca. 1.88 Ga A-type granite magmatism that typifies the Carajás Belt as part of a much larger, intracratonic magmatic province that extends over much of the Amazonian Craton. The recognition of this association has exploration implications, not only for the geophysical signature of the granite roof zones, but also for likely geochemical dispersion around the deposits of this type.Editorial handling: G. Beaudoin  相似文献   

19.
Nepea narinosa Whitehouse, 1939, is as yet the only known species of the Nepeidae and Nepeacea. It is based on fragmentary material unsuitable for conclusive interpretation. The census of Nepeidae as yet unpublished includes five genera and twelve species, confined to the Middle and early Upper Cambrian of Australia. All nepeids have cedariform posterior sutures, free cheeks fused into a unit, a preglabellar boss, forked ocular ridges and a pustulose test. Nepea narinosa is distinguished by its very long intergenal spines and pointed, falcate palpebral lobes provided with a doublure.  相似文献   

20.
Using high-resolution spectra, we have determined the abundances of carbon (logε(C)), nitrogen (logε(N)), oxygen (logε(O)), silicon (logε(Si)), sulphur (logε(S)), and some other elements for three δ Scuti stars. Logε(C) for all three stars and logε(N) for δ Sct and HD 127986 are close to the solar values, while there appears to be a slight (0.15 dex) nitrogen deficiency for 14 Aur. The logε(O) values correspond to a 0.30-dex deficiency for 14 Aur and δ Sct and a 0.20-dex deficiency for HD 127986. The values of logε(Si) for the three stars are close to solar, and the logε(S) values indicate a slight deficiency (0.10 dex) for 14 Aur and HD 127986 and a 0.20-dex excess for δ Sct. Comparison of the elemental abundances for seven δ Scuti stars with those for Am stars shows that the mean deficiencies of C, N, and O are smaller for pulsating δ Scuti stars than for Am stars with similar effective temperatures. The sulphur abundances are virtually the same for both types of stars.  相似文献   

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