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1.
月球表面的地质构造要素主要包括环形构造、线性构造、地体构造及大型盆地构造等。月球大地构造纲要图从物质组成、构造要素、构造单元上对月表的构造状态进行全面的梳理、统计和分析。利用CE 1 CCD 2C像数据、LROC宽视角影像数据、CE 1 IIM 2C干涉成像光谱仪数据、Clementine紫外可见光影像数据、LOLA激光高度计数据识别月球表面各类矿物组分、线形构造、环形构造、火山构造和穹窿构造以及确定构造要素和构造单元的时代、古老撞击坑和大型盆地边界以及对月球表面撞击坑形态、大小、分布、密度及月球断裂和环形影像解译,充分认识月表基本情况,精细划分月表构造地貌单元,综合利用上述分析结果与国际上研究的进展,确定大地构造区划的基本原则,厘定月表重大构造事件与演化序列。依据岩石、月壤、构造地貌与构造形迹的综合分类,拟定大地构造区划的图例、图识规范,确定不同类型环形构造影像、线性构造影像、高地、盆地和月海等大地构造单元,进而编制大地构造区划图,并对重点区域构造形迹进行研究。虹湾区域(LQ 4)月球数字构造编图研究,充分借鉴国际行星地质编图的已有技术标准和规范,结合国内数字地质编图的技术标准和规范,建立了中国自己的月球与行星地质编图标准、规范和制图流程,也为最终完成月球大地构造区划提供地貌和构造方面的基础信息。 相似文献
2.
月岭是月球表面月海中分布最广的一种线性构造。虽然月岭的形貌特点已被广泛认识,但它的演化机制与过程却一直存在争论。月球目前所处的地质历史时期哥白尼纪形成的另一种线性构造叶状陡坎已被发现,改变了之前人类普遍认为月球自31亿年以来再无构造活动的认识,但月岭发育的时代特征还未确定,因此,对月岭成因过程和形成时代的研究是认识月球表面构造形成机制和月球演化过程的关键。基于美国勘测轨道飞行器(LRO)数据,对雨海地区的月岭构造进行解译;利用小型撞击坑直径与形貌相对关系定年法结合月岭与小型撞击坑的交切关系,证明在哥白尼纪月球表面仍然有月岭发育,进一步证实月球表面仍然有构造运动发生。利用哥白尼纪叶状陡坎的成因机制,文中设计了基底收缩作用下的月岭砂箱构造物理模拟实验,并设置不同参数多次反复模拟,将模拟结果的顶面和剖面形态以及构造样式与实际月岭进行了对比分析。模拟结果与实际月岭各项特征基本吻合,得出基底收缩可以作为哥白尼纪月岭的形成机制;此外,通过实验发现在这一机制下月岭是由先形成的叶状陡坎构造发展而来,并在月岭发育后又有新的叶状陡坎形成。通过实验过程的监测以及对实验数据的测算,发现月岭的演化过程经历塑性变形期、叶状陡坎发育期、月岭形成期和月岭成形后的叶状陡坎再发育期4个时期;月岭与叶状陡坎并不是受物质与环境约束完全独立发育的两类线性构造,在哥白尼纪以收缩为动力来源的应力环境下可以互相转化。 相似文献
3.
月球雨海北部陆地区域构造及其含义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
月球雨海北部陆地是雨海多环盆地的第二层,平均高程约-1 km。DEM图像显示,大量来自虹湾与柏拉图月坑的掘积物使本地区高程变得非常不均一。统计了研究区内的月坑,并根据其深度与宽度之比(深宽比)将它们划分为4组。深宽比较小而扁率较大的月坑被认为是较古老的月坑。这些古老月坑分布于比较接近月海的位置。对研究区内线性构造的制图研究揭示了3个优选方位,分别是E—W、NEE—SWW和NW—SE向。这种分布样式与月球格子构造系统大致匹配,因而它们很可能形成于雨海事件之前。这些线性构造,包括断裂与月溪,在月海玄武岩泛滥时期为玄武质岩浆的侵入提供了大量通道。在研究区内一些地形较低的地点,玄武岩上侵并出露在月表,它们的FeO平均含量接近但是略低于月海玄武岩。总结了本地区的地质构造演化历史,并且推论月球上的确存在类月海的陆地。 相似文献
4.
成矿构造的基本问题 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于对成矿构造的重新定义,建立起矿床学中相关构造术语的概念谱系,认为成矿构造是指:控制矿体几何形态、具有独立自然边界、为矿质直接充填或交代的地质构造单元。基于成矿构造单元的概念,认为成矿构造系列是指:同一构造体制下或某种特殊地质作用过程中形成的、相互联系的一套成矿构造单元的总和,并将成矿构造系列划分为十大类型。成矿构造可分为二类,一类是以构造动力破坏(构造致裂)为主形成的成矿构造——简称构造型成矿构造;另一类是以流体动力破坏(流体致裂)为主形成的成矿构造——简称流体型成矿构造。基于成矿构造的结构,可将上述两类成矿构造各划分为四种亚类型:角砾岩型、脉型、细脉型与蚀变岩型。比较了二类成矿构造中对应的成矿构造类型的差别。提出断裂构造系统中流体型成矿构造一般只发育于弱应变域(Q域)中,构造型成矿构造一般只发育于强应变带(P域)中。讨论了形变类型、成矿构造类型与矿化类型三者之间的关系,指出成矿构造类型与矿化类型具有一一对应的成因联系。 相似文献
5.
地月系统不同成因环形构造及其影像特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
环形构造是一种常见的地质现象,特别是在月球上分布更为普遍。本文论述了三种成因的环形构造,即:侵入岩成因的环形构造,火山成因的环形构造,以及小天体撞击形成的撞击坑。文中详细介绍了它们的成因与结构特征,指出侵入岩成因的环形构造主要由岩浆冷凝收缩形成,在遥感影像上主要表现为影像色调的不同;火山成因的环形构造为火山口,在遥感影像上具有环形结构;而小天体撞击形成的撞击坑形态复杂,如碗形坑、中心锥环形坑与多环撞击坑,撞击坑的坑沿外缓内陡,遥感影像上表现为环形或弧形构造,有些撞击坑具有辐射纹。 相似文献
6.
月球地质年代学研究方法及月面历史划分 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
介绍了确定月球地层单元相对年龄和绝对年龄的方法。建立相对年龄的方法主要有4种：地层叠置法、撞击坑大小频率分布统计法、撞击坑形态法和月壤成熟度法;研究绝对年龄的方法有两种：样品的同位素测年法和月球成坑计年法。回顾了现用月球层序划分的形成及发展过程,在此基础上,提出了改善月球年代划分的建议,分别用冥月宙、古月宙和新月宙表示月球内动力地质作用为主的时期、内外动力地质作用共同作用的时期和外动力地质作用为主的时期。推荐以南极艾肯盆地的形成为界线,将前酒海纪划分为前艾肯纪和艾肯纪,分别表示月球内动力地质作用为主的演化期和内外动力地质作用并重的演化初期。这种改进后的“三宙六纪”的月球年代划分既可以形成逻辑上更符合月球动力学演化过程的月球年代划分,同时又有助于开展在月球背面的地质研究。 相似文献
7.
流体构造动力学及其研究现状与进展 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：14
流体构造动力学是介于流体地质学和构造地质学之间的一个重要前沿领域 ,主要研究由流体的温度和压力等物理状态及其变化、流体的迁移与运动和流体与岩石矿物发生化学反应等物理与化学过程所引起的构造作用和动力学机制 ,研究内容涉及流体与构造的关系、流体的构造作用方式、流体构造类型与动力学成因机制。对流体构造动力学主要研究方向的研究成果进行了总结和回顾 ,介绍了流体构造动力学的一些研究进展 ,并指出流体是地壳运动、造山作用及岩石的褶皱和断裂等构造过程的重要参与者和组织者。 相似文献
8.
《地学前缘》2015,(4)
矿田是强调时间、空间、建造和构造成因上相紧密联系的一组矿床。矿田建造、构造和成矿作用标志及成矿动力学过程相关的综合研究是矿田地质研究的核心。前人对岩浆热力构造、类型划分和深部找矿预测的研究较少。岩浆热应力构造是指受岩浆热力作用影响或控制,与成矿期岩浆侵入或火山喷发活动有时空联系,形成于岩浆岩体中或围岩地层中或远程热力作用影响区的一系列与成矿有关的热力和热应力构造类型。文章在矿田地质学指导下,划分出五类岩浆热力构造类型,力图建立以岩浆热力构造为基础的构造研究、类型划分和深部找矿预测新方法。以近年实际调研工作为基础,选择青海祁漫塔格矿带景忍—虎头崖多金属矿田为例,建立印支期岩浆侵入成矿模式,厘定了岩浆热力构造的识别标志。在矿田建造与构造调研及构造岩相填图基础上,填制了该矿田岩浆热力构造类型分布图,以印支期中酸性侵入岩、花岗斑岩、夕卡岩带、大理岩带、古生代和新元古代碳酸盐岩有利岩性岩相层位和侵入接触带、断裂破碎带叠加热液蚀变带等构造发育地段为标志,圈定了该区成矿富集中心。研究剖析了该区花岗斑岩和夕卡岩型两类矿床特征,认为不同方向断裂控矿特征不同,近东西向和北西西向断裂控矿显著,晚三叠世岩浆侵入作用是该区多金属大规模成矿的主要内因,印支期岩浆侵入作用与各时代碳酸盐岩接触带形成了岩浆热液交代型矿田。目前海拔高度以夕卡岩型和热液型多金属矿床为主。中深部寻找斑岩型多金属矿床的潜力较大。此对该带矿田地质研究与找矿突破有引导推广价值。 相似文献
9.
线性构造是月球表面除环形构造外另一种重要的构造样式,呈线状延伸。月表线性构造种类繁多,其成因也具有多样性。它能反映全月球或者区域性的构造特征与应力状态,在某种程度上反应月球内部的地质信息,对研究月球的构造演化有重要的意义。文中以静海地区为例,经过对“嫦娥二号”CCD的影像数据及从中提取的DEM数据进行解译,提取出了284条月岭和71条月溪,并对月岭月溪进行分类和统计分析,然后结合静海地区线性构造的分布特征及坡度图、等值线图,分析其演化过程。结果表明,静海地区的月溪月岭大部分分部在西部高程较低的区域;静海盆地月溪的形成时间与盆地形成及玄武岩的填充时间大致相同,月岭的形成时间大致与撞击坑的形成时间相同;静海盆地中一端延伸至撞击坑的月岭形成模型属于火山成因模型中的堤坝模型。 相似文献
10.
永进地区位于准噶尔盆地中部,最近发现了多个与走滑断层相关的含油气构造,但关于走滑断层的发育特征及成因机制研究程度不够深入。本文通过三维地震资料精细解释,在研究区三叠系—侏罗系内识别出近东西向、北西西向以及北东东向的三组走滑断裂体系,平面上呈“网格状”展布,剖面上具有不同深度几何学形态差异展布特征。在此基础上基于相似性原理设计四组砂箱模拟对比实验,重现研究区构造演化过程。模拟结果表明,这类走滑断裂的形成与基底先存断层的发育位置有关,是受先存构造和地层属性双重控制的广布式走滑断裂系统,从而建立了研究区的断裂系统成因模式。研究成果对具有相似地质背景地区的走滑断裂成因解释具有借鉴意义。 相似文献
11.
Mebarka Takorabt Ahmed Cherif Toubal Hamid Haddoum Siham Zerrouk 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2018,11(4):76
This paper attempts an overview of the application of remote sensing to groundwater studies. Its objective is to define the role of the geological features in the underground hydrodynamic in the aquifer system of the Chott El Gharbi Basin (Algerian western high plains) and identify a link between the fracturing and the meteoric water supply of this deep aquifer. The methodology followed consists to study the fracturing map of studied area which is obtained after Landsat 7 ETM+ processing images. It is based on structural lineaments mapping. The obtained map has been validated by geophysical results and geological map. Statistical analysis of the lineaments network shows the presence of about 537 lineaments divided into four families oriented according to the following directions NE-SW, NW-SE, N-S, and E-W. The lineament analysis of the studied basin provides important information on subsurface fractures that may control the circulation and storage of groundwater. These fractures have an undeniable hydrogeological interest because of their size, a priori favorable for the aquifers recharge in the region. The probable link between the Chott El Gharbi implementation and the presence of mega fractures which some of them correspond actually to Wadis is confirmed. The correlation between the productivity of high debit drillings and the closest lineament confirms that these lineaments are surface traces of regional discontinuities and act as main groundwater flow paths. 相似文献
12.
本文探讨通过遥感影象线性体统计分析预测古火山机构的方法及效果。首先,作者提出并详细讨论了一种新的统计变量——线性体空间分布中心对称度。然后,又根据研究区已知火山机构的典型局部构造为环状、放射状断裂系统而设计采用了一套线性体密度-中心对称度综合统计分析方法,并对区内火山岩地质研究取得初步成功。 相似文献
13.
Identification of lineaments has important ramifications in geology because lineaments can signify zones of both hazardous
potential and economically valuable environments The synoptic view of local and regional lineament patterns by Landsat is
a useful mapping technique in areas considered to be well mapped as well as in poorly mapped areas Image enhancement of digitally
constructed Landsat images increases contrast and sharpness between geologic features and improves the recognition of subtle
differences
Five enhancement techniques are applied to Landsat digital data for lineament detection (1) mean value of all four bands,
(2) principal components, (3) band ratio, (4) histogram equalization, and (5) high-pass digital filtering Of the five enhancement
techniques evaluated, the principal components analysis identified the greatest number of lineaments and the greatest total
length of the lineaments. All five techniques identified a significant amount of unique lineaments, which were not found by
any other technique. Unique lineaments identified by each technique are combined through a composite process yielding a lineament
interpretation which exceeds the detection capability of the principal components interpretation 相似文献
14.
The relationship between major structural lineaments and locations of ore deposits in Iran has been investigated using geospatial data. In the course of lineament extraction, satellite images, aeromagnetic data, digital elevation model (DEM) and structural maps were processed and the lineaments and large-scale faults were identified. The extracted lineaments, based on subjective assessment, from each dataset were imported into GIS software and the “lineament map of Iran” was prepared by data integration. The analysis for selecting significant lineament was mainly based on fault correlated lineament and lineament with field map fractures, which was sets as benchmarks for compiling a final output map. Four major regional lineament trends of N–S, E–W, NW–SE and NE–SW were identified in the data of all images, which are corresponded to the structural zones and the major fault systems of Iran. The mineral deposits (active and abandoned) and mineral indications database compiled are based on the published maps, papers, reports and the ore deposits data files of Geological Survey of Iran. Integrating the output of these two datasets by GIS software resulted in the “Combined Map of Lineaments and Gold, Copper, Lead, Zinc and Iron Deposits of Iran”. The number and distance of ore deposits toward the lineaments were processed by the counting and cumulative methods in the GIS software's. Approximately, over 90% of the ore deposits of Iran are located in the central part of the lineaments (15 km on each side) which are concordant with a definition of large lineament. About 50% of these mineral deposits are closer than 5 km to the lineaments. There are significant correlations between lineament density and intersections with ore deposits occurrences. The observed associations at this scale are informative in establishing exploration strategy and decreasing exploration risks for detailed work on ore deposit scale. 相似文献
15.
Lineament extraction and analysis is one of the routine work in mapping medium and large areas using remote sensing data, most of which are satellite images. Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper （ETM） of 945×1 232 pixels subscene acquired on 21 March 2000 covering the northwestern part of Yunnan Province has been digitally processed using ER Mapper software. This article aims to produce lineament density map that predicts favorable zones for hydrothermal mineral occurrences and quantify spatial associations between the known hydrothermal mineral deposits. In the process of lineament extraction a number of image processing techniques were applied. The extracted lineaments were imported into MapGIS software and a suitable grid of 100 m×100 m was chosen. The Kriging method was used to create the lineament density map of the area. The results show that remote sensing data could be useful to extract the lineaments in the area. These lineaments are closely correlated with the faults obtained through other geological investigation methods. On comparing with field data the lineament-density map identifies two important high prospective zones, where large-scale deposits are already existing. In addition the map highlights unrecognized target areas that require follow up investigation. 相似文献
16.
Chalantika Laha Salui 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2018,92(3):321-328
Spatial distribution and pattern recognition of geologic lineaments are very effective in hazard risk evaluation. To make the process automated, various algorithms with various data sources were applied. This paper aims to make a review on such algorithms as well as data sources used. Comparative analysis of the LINE algorithm in PCI Geomatica and Hough Transformation in MATLAB has been conducted to explore the procedural accuracy with reference to existing landslides in the Darjeeling Himalayan region. Another comparison was made based on data sources like Landsat-8 OLI and digital elevation model, with reference to the same. As lineament density affects the landslide occurrences predominantly, the output lineament density by these two methods as well as with ground reflection and ground elevation data, were correlated with that of the landslide inventory map. A relational illustration was also done in between the lithological thrust direction and the direction of the individual lineament outputs. Hence, this study provides a decision on the use of a reliable method and data source for the automated lineament extraction which can be considered as generating an output with higher accuracy and, hence, safer for using it in the structural planning and execution of projects on various natural hazard studies. 相似文献
17.
Lunar topography and landform, resulting from endogenous and exogenous geophysical processes of various spatial and temporal scales, carry information of these processes and target properties. Geoscientists use morphometric analysis at different scales to study lunar topography, which is one of the four scientific objectives of China's lunar exploration project. This article first reviewed the lunar topographic types from different researchers, analyzed classifying method and progress, discussed geological mapping method of 1∶ 5 000 000 complied by United States Geological Survey in the 1970s. In consideration of the present situation of the lunar surface morphological characteristics, the pattern of macroscopic forcing, morphologic variation and combination characteristics and function way, etc., a matrix combining multi-stage classification method was put forward based on the characteristics of the topography and geologic age, which included 7 geologic ages and 14 morphologic classes. Geological ages can be divided into Copernican System (C), Copernican-Eartosthenian System (CE), Eartosthenian System (E), Eartosthenian-Imbrian System (EI), Imbrian System (I), Imbrian-PreImbrian System (IpI) and Pre-Imbrian System (pI). As to topographic types, the first class can be divided into lunar mare, lunar basin, lunar terra and lunar crater. As to their second class according to morphological differences, the lunar basin can be divided into basin plain and circum-basin, and lunar mare can be divided into mare plain and mare dome; lunar terra can be divided into terra plain, plateau and hill, and craters can be divided into main sequence crater, crater plain, secondary crater, crater chains and clusters, rayed craters, irregular crater and undivided crater. Thus, 46 subclasses including geologic and morphologic features were obtained in this classification system. The test mapping method was addressed in Sheet H010, which shows the combination classification method is reasonable. 相似文献
18.
基于MAPGIS的遥感特征线分析方法设计 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
对遥感图像进行地质解译,获得的特征线图,是基础地学研究和矿产预测的有利工具。为弥补人的视觉识别特征线的局限性,需用对这些特征线进行进一步的定量分析、解译,获取更多的地质信息。作者在本文中通过计算构造复杂度量,划分出受构造线影响地区的不同构造复杂度。在此基础上,用ＶＣ＋＋在ＭＡＰＧＩＳ开发平台上,开发了遥感特征线分析系统。该系统对特征线图进行了定量化的划分,划分后的构造复杂度分布图可与物探、化探数据 相似文献
19.
Quantitative modeling of groundwater in Satluj River basin of Rupnagar district of Punjab using remote sensing and geographic information system 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Chander Kumar Singh Satyanarayan Shashtri Amit Singh Saumitra Mukherjee 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,62(4):871-881
Water is a fluctuating resource making it difficult to measure in time and in space. To demonstrate the efficiency of the
geographic information system (GIS) for groundwater studies, information on the parameters controlling groundwater such as
lithology, geomorphology and lineament analysis were analyzed. LISS-III and Landsat satellite image of the area was used to
infer information on the geologic lineaments and geomorphology. To delineate linear features enhancement and direction, filtering
was performed on single bands of Landsat images. Thematic maps for geology, slope, geomorphology and lineament were prepared
and integrated in GIS by assigning the weights and ranking to various parameters controlling the occurrence of groundwater
to generate the groundwater potential map for the study area. The results indicate that the floodplain of river and its adjoining
areas have very good groundwater potential, whereas the steeply sloping area in the northern part having high relief and slope
possesses poor groundwater potential. 相似文献