共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 156 毫秒
1.
板块下的构造及地幔动力学 总被引：14，自引：4，他引：14
最新的全球地幔地震层析资料揭示了岩石圈板片可以俯冲到核幔边界，超地幔羽可以从核幔边界上升到地壳上部形成热点。在大陆板块汇聚边界，地幔地震层析图像不仅显示了岩石圈板片的超深俯冲，还保存了拆沉的岩石圈“化石”残片的重要信息。从地幔深部所获取的新资料为全地幔“单层对流“的新模式提供了依据。在介绍上述全球构造研究新动向的基础上，本文强调了研究岩石圈板块必须了解板块下的构造，探索岩石圈板块的驱动力应该从“岩石圈动力学”升华到“地幔动力学”，并提出了大陆板块汇聚边界地幔动力学研究的新思考。 相似文献
2.
中国东南部中一新生代地球动力学背景若干问题的探讨 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
近年来，有关中国东南部中新生代地球动力学背景的研究已取得了重要的进展，主要体现在：地幔性质、岩石圈减薄、岩石圈伸展和构造背景四个方面。研究表明，中国东南部中新生代的地幔性质主体是亏损地幔和EMⅢ型富集地幔混合，中生代以富集地幔为主，而新生代主体为亏损地幔。中国东南部晚中生代经历了岩石圈减薄，并伴生了玄武质底侵作用，具有较为复杂的岩石圈增生～减薄过程。大量事实表明中国东南部中新生代存在多期岩石圈伸展事件，侏罗纪存在局部岩石圈伸展，主要集中于内陆地区，白垩纪经历了区域性岩石圈伸展。近二十年来，中国东南部大规模岩浆的构造背景一直存在着争论，焦点在于太平洋俯冲对中国东南部产生什么的影响。从目前已有的资料来看，白垩纪地幔源区受到太平洋俯冲的影响，太平洋俯冲和玄武质岩浆底侵诱发了地壳加厚，岩石圈拆沉和软流圈上涌而导致岩石圈伸展是中国东南部主要构造背景。但是，中国东南部晚中生代以来的岩石圈伸展—减薄及其深部动力学机制是目前急需进一步深入探讨的问题。 相似文献
3.
古地幔流体及其在大陆克拉通地幔演化中的意义——以华北地台为例 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
古生代含捕虏体的金伯利岩和新生代含捕虏体的玄武岩同出于华北地台，提供了研究自古生代以来岩石圈演化的深源探针。古生代含金伯利岩的侵位表明古生代时曾存在冷厚的岩石圈；而新生代含捕虏体玄武岩的喷发，表明新生代时存在热薄的岩石圈。岩石圈减薄与“大洋化”是层圈物质交换作用在一定历史阶段中的反映。地幔流体是地幔演化产物，反之又作用于地幔演化。富含地幔流体的幔内剪切带及交代矿物层作为幔内软薄弱带，存在热、流体、化学及机械的耦合，是岩石圈减薄拆沉作用的重要界面位置。 相似文献
4.
在华北地块东部，河南鹤壁新生代玄武岩中的耐熔橄榄岩捕虏体被认为是克拉通地幔的残留；山东山旺饱满橄榄岩捕虏体被认为是新生代玄武岩所捕获的新生地幔物质，对它们全岩的常量、微量元素，组成单矿物的常量元素和透辉石微量元素进行了对比．结果显示代表古老岩石圈的鹤壁克拉通型地幔和代表新生岩石圈的山旺“大洋型”地幔分别相当于原始地幔经历15％一25％和1％一5％熔融的产物．它们在熔融之后又都遭受了硅酸盐质碳酸岩熔体的交代改造作用，但前者明显强于后者．古老岩石圈橄榄岩的固相线温度受地幔熔／流体的长期交代而降低．由于早中生代时华北地块受扬子地块碰撞的地幔热扰动和软流圈上涌影响，促使橄榄岩熔融．所融出的基性岩浆主要垫托在地壳底部，形成壳-幔过渡带并实现大规模的壳-幔物质和热交换．第三纪以后的热沉降使抬升的软流圈物质冷却垫托在岩石圈底部构成新增生的岩石圈．因此，发生于东部的中、新生代(相对于古生代)岩石圈减薄不是软流圈抬升所引起的简单岩石圈厚度变小，而是伴随着新生地幔物质对古老地幔的置换过程． 相似文献
5.
在英国附近海域的深部地震剖面揭示了地幔最上部的地震反射带。地震反射带的存在，其地球物理特征，及有关的主要地壳断裂，可以用地幔剪切带来解释。尤其在北海，地幔反射带表现为伸展趋势，且在被解释为伸展剪切带时有助于解释盆地中的区域地层分布，苏格兰西部的反射带与大格兰棱走滑断层（ＧｒｅａｔＧｌａｎＦａｔｕｌｔ）的交切关系，表明地幔结构晚于大格兰棱断层，因此可能与后来的伸展作用有关。如果Ｆｌａｎｎａｎ地幔反射是伸展剪切带，那么，苏格兰北部岩石圈变形的动力学分析与在地震资料基础得出的结果是一致的，二叠纪以前的伸展岩石圈的再造，把Ｆｌａｎｎａｎ断裂恢复到Ｒｏｃｋａｉｌ槽的边缘，其在石炭纪可能是一个裂谷。因此，Ｆｌａｎｎａｎ断层可能是在石炭纪裂谷作用过程中发展起来的。我们可以得出大多数地幔反射是地幔伸展剪切带的某种表现形式。在岩石圈伸展过程中，这种结构是是值得考虑的。 相似文献
6.
大量证据表明大陆溢流玄武岩省与地幔羽活动有关。然而，溢流玄武岩所具有的放射性同位素特征往往超出了地幔羽源区（如海岛玄武岩所证实的）范围。这些特征较易解释为大陆岩石圈源于将温度较低的，难熔的地幔岩石圈贡献了富集同位素的（低＾１４３Ｎｄ／＾１４４Ｎｄ）物质。然而，对于将温度较低的，难熔的地幔岩石圈作为玄武质岩浆的一个重要源区的模式有不少反对意见。关于玄武岩的成因，Ｒｅ－Ｏｓ体系可以对地幔羽和大陆下岩石 相似文献
7.
本文把地幔和岩石圈看作统一的动力学系统，分析了岩石圈运动极型场，环型场的激发机制和动力来源，结果表明，岩石圈运动极型场中在岩石圈内部重力，热力，科里奥利力以及应力的作用下产生，又能由地幔自由热运动所激发；而岩石圈运动环型场仅与地球的转动效应和岩石圈不同块体间的旋转剪切运动有关。在岩石圈演化历史上，上述不同性质力源的相对强弱和作用方式，决定了岩石圈运动的的性质及其驱动机制。 相似文献
8.
通过分析各种地壳运动假说，提出了地幔胀缩力和重力是地壳运动的主要动力来源，地球自转离心力和潮汐摩擦力是地壳运动的次要动力来源。地幔软流圈中放射性元素衰变热产生的膨胀使岩石圈产生拉裂，软流圈物质以岩浆形式喷出地表，岩浆柱散热收缩，产生负压，岩石圈在负压和重力作用下形成地壳运动。 相似文献
9.
本文利用二维地球动力学数值模拟方法研究地幔柱与大陆岩石圈相互作用,着重探讨上覆大陆岩石圈结构、地幔柱规模及二者间的相对位置等参数对上覆大陆漂移速率的影响。模拟结果表明,在地幔柱作用下,大陆是否含厚的岩石圈根对其自身的漂移速率有一定影响;在相同规模地幔柱作用下,大陆的漂移速率随着岩石圈根的增厚而减小。另外,大陆岩石圈越长其漂移速率越小,最终漂移距离越短。且随着地幔柱直径的增加,上覆大陆漂移速率和持续漂移时间都会随之增加。对于含岩石圈根模型而言,岩石圈根位置越靠近地幔柱上涌中心,上覆大陆的漂移速率越大,最终漂移距离越长。而对于不含岩石圈根模型,上覆大陆与地幔柱的相对位置同样影响较大。地幔柱越靠近上覆大陆岩石圈的边缘,其对于大陆漂移的影响越显著。上涌地幔柱对于上覆大陆漂移普遍起到10 cm/a以上的增速作用。模型结果对认识印度大陆在晚白垩世的快速向北漂移提供了重要的动力学约束和地质启示。 相似文献
10.
华北东部大陆地幔橄榄岩组成、年龄与岩石圈减薄 总被引：16，自引：1，他引：15
对比分析了华北东部地块陆下岩石圈地幔橄榄石Mg#值和单斜辉石的REE配分形式。报道了汉诺坝和鹤壁橄榄岩中不同产状硫化物的激光MC-ICPMS原位Re-Os年龄和信阳橄榄岩中锆石的U-Pb年龄和信阳橄榄岩锆石的U-Pb年龄。在这些资料基础上,进一步讨论了华北东部岩石圈中、新生代时的减薄机制。原位分析在揭示岩石圈深部过程的细节上,有比全岩分析更大的优越性,并揭示出了在华北深部有中元古代(14亿年)和新元古代(7～8亿年)热活动的记录。岩石圈拆沉作用不能很好地解释古老难熔地幔、过渡型地幔和新生饱满地幔并存的事实;同时,单纯的熔体-橄榄岩相互作用也难以解释中、新生代岩石圈的减薄过程和新生地幔单斜辉石中出现强烈LREE亏损现象,即历史复杂的克拉通岩石圈向历史明显简单的“大洋型”地幔的转换。因此,华北东部岩石圈减薄包括地幔伸展、熔-岩作用、侵蚀置换等复杂过程。这些过程可能包括:(1)早中生代时,扬子地块向北俯冲碰撞所引起华北岩石圈的熔/流体交代富集作用、地幔伸展和受扰动软流圈物质上涌并侵蚀被改造了的岩石圈;(2)晚中生代—古近纪,因太平洋俯冲的热扰动致使软流圈物质进一步的强烈侵蚀作用引起岩石圈的巨大减薄;(3)晚第三纪以来的软流圈热沉降作用所带来的小幅度岩石圈增厚过程。岩石圈先大幅减薄、后小幅增厚实现了最终的地幔置换和岩石圈整体的减薄过程。喷发时代为100Ma的阜新玄武岩所捕获的橄榄岩主体是饱满的,说明华北东部部分地区在此之前曾有过地幔置换作用。 相似文献
11.
《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2007,29(2-3):320-335
The ∼133 Ma volcanic rocks of Sangxiu Formation are distributed in the eastern part of the central Tethyan Himalaya and belong paleogeographically to the northeastern margin of Greater India. These volcanic rocks include alkaline basalts and felsic volcanic rocks. Major and trace element abundances and whole-rock isotopic data for selected samples of these volcanic rocks are used to infer their petrogenesis. Geochemically, the Sangxiu basalts are closely similar to the Emeishan high-Ti basalts. Major and trace element data and Sr–Nd isotopic compositions suggest that the Sangxiu basalts may have been derived from an OIB-type mantle source, with discernable contributions from subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM). The basaltic magmas may have formed as a result of the infiltration of plume-derived melts into the base of the lithosphere in a continental rift setting. The Sangxiu felsic volcanic rocks share most of the geochemical features of A-type granite, and have Sr–Nd isotopic compositions which differ considerably from the Sangxiu basalts, suggesting that they originated from the anatexis of ensialic continental crust. The Sangxiu volcanic rocks may be considered as the consequence of an interaction between the Kerguelen hotspot and the lithosphere of the northeastern margin of Greater India at ∼133 Ma, and may represent the initial stage of the separation of Greater India from southwestern Australia. 相似文献
12.
CENOZOIC VOLCANISM AND LITHOSPHERETECTONIC EVOLUTION IN NORTH TIBET 相似文献
13.
高温高压微束衍射实验进展及其地学应用 总被引：6，自引：6，他引：6
同步辐射X射线微束衍射技术与静态高压装置(包括金刚石压砧设备和大腔体压力机设备)结合运用是研究高温高压下物质晶体结构、相变等的有效方法。金刚石压砧高温高压实验技术的发展体现在:在产生极端高温高压的同时,获得准确的实验温度压力值,采用充装气体传压介质等方法减小压力梯度,采用激光双面加温技术和改进激光光路以减小样品径向和轴向的温度梯度。大腔体压力机高温高压实验技术的发展主要表现在产生更高的实验压力,以及测试过程中使样品在一定幅度摆动以消除晶体生长和择优取向对衍射数据的影响。同步辐射X射线微束衍射技术的发展主要表现在更高亮度和更宽能量范围的同步辐射光源的使用、X射线聚焦技术的发展,以及角色散X射线衍射测试技术的进步。介绍了近年来高温高压微束衍射实验在地球科学领域所取得的一些最新进展,包括硅酸盐超钙钛矿的实验发现,铁的高温高压相变及熔融曲线、SiO2 超斯石英相变、橄榄石尖晶石相—超尖晶石相转变压力的精确测定等研究结果;认为硅酸盐超钙钛矿的进一步深入研究,水对地球深部矿物岩石力学性质及熔融行为的影响,高温高压下物质的化学反应性和地球深部元素的地球化学行为等,是今后高温高压实验研究的重要方向。 相似文献
14.
华北克拉通东部显生宙地幔演化 总被引：23，自引：9，他引：14
华北克拉通东部显生宙以来的地幔可以划分为3种类型:克拉通型地幔,大陆活动带型地幔和大陆裂谷型地幔。1 700 Ma—古生代末,地幔属于克拉通型:ε(Nd,t)值高于-5,为弱富集型;层圈相互作用以幔源的熔体和/或流体与古老的岩石圈地幔的作用为主,但规模较小,范围局部。100 Ma以前的中生代地幔属于“大陆活动带型”:ε(Nd,t)值低,在-5以下,为富集型;地幔中含有地壳的组分,层圈相互作用以下地壳与弱化的岩石圈地幔之间的作用为主;发生的时间为190~100 Ma,高峰期在130 Ma左右;发生的部位邻近莫霍面,导源的岩浆多为钙碱性系列,部位浅,活动范围广泛。100 Ma至新生代,地幔属于“大陆裂谷型”:为亏损型的软流圈地幔,ε(Nd,t)值高,几乎均为正值。层圈相互作用转变为软流圈岩石圈地幔之间的作用,转变的时间具有约40 Ma的过渡时期,前锋开始于100~109 Ma,导源的岩浆大致沿NWW和NEE向的大型断裂带分布。进一步证实了软流圈地幔上隆的不均匀性和主动性。 相似文献
15.
藏北新生代玄武质火山岩起源的深部机制——大陆俯冲和板片断离驱动的地幔对流上涌模式 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
近年来地震层析成像揭示出可可西里-西昆仑中新世-第四纪钾质火山岩带下方存在一个深达900km的巨型地幔低速体,空间上与新特提斯洋和印度大陆俯冲断离板片沉降形成的冷地幔下降流共存(Replumaz et al.,2010a,b),两者构成统一的地幔对流体系。研究表明,羌塘古近纪(60~34Ma)钠质玄武岩和高钾钙碱性玄武岩均以富含Ti O2、P2O5和大离子亲石元素为特征,主体具有与OIB相近的微量元素组成和弱亏损的Sr、Nd同位素特征,指示岩浆起源于软流圈的上涌熔融,但Nb、Ta的弱亏损表明岩浆源区有岩石圈地幔熔融组分的贡献。羌塘(32~26Ma)碱性钾质玄武岩与可可西里和西昆仑中新世以来喷发的钾质玄武岩的地球化学性质相近,不相容元素比值和Sr、Nd同位素组成指示岩浆起源于古俯冲地幔楔的低程度熔融。这些特征表明藏北软流圈上涌作用始于古近纪,初始上涌中心位于羌塘地体之下。计算表明藏北古近纪火山岩距离当时的印度大陆北缘的最大和最小距离约为1250km和700km,与现今可可西里地幔低速体的南、北边界与印度大陆北缘的距离相近,支持羌塘古近纪地幔上涌作用也是受藏南冷地幔下降流所驱动。青藏高原在南北缩短过程中不仅表现为软流圈自西向东挤出流动,地幔垂向对流也是其重要的运动形式,在地幔上升流形成的藏北热幔区内,地壳的水平缩短增厚与岩石圈地幔的伸展减薄呈脉动式共存。藏南冷地幔下降流和藏北热地幔上升流的持续北移是导致藏北后碰撞火山岩时空迁移的主要控制因素。 相似文献
16.
DUGGEN S.; HOERNLE K.; VAN DEN BOGAARD P.; GARBE-SCHONBERG D. 《Journal of Petrology》2005,46(6):1155-1201
Post-collisional magmatism in the southern Iberian and northwesternAfrican continental margins contains important clues for theunderstanding of a possible causal connection between movementsin the Earth's upper mantle, the uplift of continental lithosphereand the origin of circum-Mediterranean igneous activity. Systematicgeochemical and geochronological studies (major and trace element,Sr–Nd–Pb-isotope analysis and laser 40Ar/39Ar-agedating) on igneous rocks provide constraints for understandingthe post-collisional history of the southern Iberian and northwesternAfrican continental margins. Two groups of magmatic rocks canbe distinguished: (1) an Upper Miocene to Lower Pliocene (8·2–4·8Ma), Si–K-rich group including high-K (calc-alkaline)and shoshonitic series rocks; (2) an Upper Miocene to Pleistocene(6·3–0·65 Ma), Si-poor, Na-rich group includingbasanites and alkali basalts to hawaiites and tephrites. Maficsamples from the Si–K-rich group generally show geochemicalaffinities with volcanic rocks from active subduction zones(e.g. Izu–Bonin and Aeolian island arcs), whereas maficsamples from the Si-poor, Na-rich group are geochemically similarto lavas found in intraplate volcanic settings derived fromsub-lithospheric mantle sources (e.g. Canary Islands). The transitionfrom Si-rich (subduction-related) to Si-poor (intraplate-type)magmatism between 6·3 Ma (first alkali basalt) and 4·8Ma (latest shoshonite) can be observed both on a regional scaleand in individual volcanic systems. Si–K-rich and Si-poorigneous rocks from the continental margins of southern Iberiaand northwestern Africa are, respectively, proposed to havebeen derived from metasomatized subcontinental lithosphere andsub-lithospheric mantle that was contaminated with plume material.A three-dimensional geodynamic model for the westernmost Mediterraneanis presented in which subduction of oceanic lithosphere is inferredto have caused continental-edge delamination of subcontinentallithosphere associated with upwelling of plume-contaminatedsub-lithospheric mantle and lithospheric uplift. This processmay operate worldwide in areas where subduction-related andintraplate-type magmatism are spatially and temporally associated. KEY WORDS: post-collisional magmatism; Mediterranean-style back-arc basins; subduction; delamination; uplift of marine gateways 相似文献
17.
《Journal of African Earth Sciences》1999,28(1):239-261
This paper reviews the Mesozoic continental flood basalts (CFBs) associated with the break-up and dispersal of Gondwana from 185-60 Ma, the conditions for melt generation in mantle plumes and within the continental mantle lithosphere, and possible causes for lithospheric extension. The number of CFB provinces within Gondwana is much less than the number of mantle plumes that are likely to have been emplaced beneath it in the 300 Ma prior to its initial break-up. Also, the difference between the age of the peak of CFB volcanism and that of the oldest adjacent ocean crust decreases with the age of volcanism during the break-up and dispersal of Gondwana. The older CFBs of Karoo and Ferrar appear to have been derived largely from source regions within the mantle lithosphere. It is only in the younger Paranâ-Etendeka and Deccan CFBs that there are igneous rocks with major, trace element and radiogenic isotope ratios indicative of melting within a mantle plume. These younger CFBs are also clearly associated with hot spot traces on the adjacent ocean floor. The widespread 180 Ma magmatic event is attributed to partial melting within the lithosphere in response to thermal incubation over 300 Ma. In the case of the Ferrar (Antarctica) this was focussed by regional plate margin forces. The implication is that supercontinents effectively self-destruct in response to the build up of heat and resultant magmatism, since these effects significantly weaken the lithosphere and make it more susceptible to break-up in response to regional tectonics. The younger CFB of Paranâ-Etendeka was generated, at least in part, because the continental lithosphere had been thinned in response to regional tectonics. While magmatism in the Deccan was triggered by the emplacement of the plume, that too may have been beneath slightly thinned lithosphere. 相似文献
18.
The reason for obduction, or tectonic transport of oceanic lithosphere onto continents, is investigated by two‐dimensional thermo‐mechanical numerical modelling based on the geology of the Anatolia–Lesser Caucasus ophiolites. Heating of the oceanic domain and extension induced by far‐field plate kinematics appear to be essential for the obduction of ~80‐Ma‐old oceanic crust over distances exceeding 200 km. Heating of the oceanic lithosphere by mantle upwelling is evidenced by a thick alkaline volcanic series emplaced on top of the oceanic crust 10–20 Ma before obduction, at the onset of Africa–Eurasia convergence. Regional heating reduced the negative buoyancy and strength of the magmatically old lithosphere. Extension facilitated the propagation of obduction by reducing the mantle lithosphere thickness, which led to the exhumation of eclogite‐free continental crust previously underthrusted beneath the ophiolites. This extensional event is ascribed to far‐field plate kinematics resulting from renewed Neotethys oceanic subduction beneath Eurasia. 相似文献
19.
地壳与弱化岩石圈地幔的相互作用:以燕山造山带为例 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9
燕山造山带中生代发育4期钙碱性火山活动,它们的源区组成都是受壳幔相互作用的制约,其中髫髻山组和义县组分布广泛,具有代表性．髫髻山组岩性比较单一,地球化学参数变化范围小,岩浆的AFC作用不强烈,源区成分不复杂．依据Kay et al．(1991)的方法,估算了早-中侏罗世燕山地区的地壳厚度为40-45 km.髫髻山组粗安岩是在加厚的地壳 (40-45 km)条件下,源区是含角闪石的石榴石麻粒岩 底侵的基性岩的壳幔过渡带熔融形成．义县组火山岩的源区为下地壳 岩石圈地幔,地幔组分较髫髻山组增加．研究区中生代早期地壳开始加厚,发生下地壳拆沉,进入流变学性质改变了的“弱化的岩石圈地幔”,二者发生作用．岩石圈地幔在中生代晚期受到流体、熔体、地幔矿物中活化的分子水、剪切构造作用,以及温、压条件改变的影响,导致岩石圈地幔发生不均一的局部弱化,为容纳拆沉的下地壳提供了优化场所．推测弱化岩石圈地幔出现于135 Ma以后燕山地区发育的小型拉伸盆地之下,以及对应的小型软流圈底辟体之上．上述模型可以与俯冲带的楔形地幔与俯冲洋壳的相互作用相对比． 相似文献
20.
Geochemical compositions of lower crustal and lithospheric mantle xenoliths found in alkali basaltic lavas from the Harrat Ash Shamah volcanic field in southern Syria place constraints on the formation of the Arabian–Nubian Shield in northern Arabia. Compositions of lower crustal granulites are compatible with a cumulate formation from mafic melts and indicate that they are not genetically related to their host rocks. Instead, their depletion in Nb relative to other incompatible elements points to an origin in a Neoproterozoic subduction zone as recorded by an average depleted mantle Sm–Nd model age of 630 Ma.Lithospheric spinel peridotites typically represent relatively low degree (< 10%) partial melting residues of spinel lherzolite with primitive mantle compositions as indicated by major and trace element modelling of clinopyroxene and spinel. The primary compositions of the xenoliths were subsequently altered by metasomatic reactions with low degree silicate melts and possibly carbonatites. Because host lavas lack these signatures any recent reaction of the lherzolites with their host magma can be ruled out. Sm–Nd data of clinopyroxene from Arabian lithospheric mantle lherzolites yield an average age of 640 Ma suggesting that the lithosphere was not replaced since its formation and supporting a common origin of the Arabian lower crustal and lithospheric mantle sections.The new data along with published Arabian mantle xenolith compositions are consistent with a model in which the lithospheric precursor was depleted oceanic lithosphere that was overprinted by metasomatic processes related to subduction and arc accretion during the generation of the Arabian–Nubian Shield. The less refractory nature of the northern Arabian lithosphere as indicated by higher Al, Na and lower Si and Mg contents of clinopyroxenes compared to the more depleted nature of the south Arabian lithospheric mantle, and the comparable low extent of melt extraction suggest that the northern Arabian lithosphere formed in a continental arc system, whereas the lithosphere in the southern part of Arabia appears to be of oceanic arc origin. 相似文献