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1.
B. Christaras 《Engineering Geology》2003,68(3-4):361-372
Four tunnels along the under construction Egnatia highway, were studied in N. Greece (Polymylos and Vassilikos areas). The concept was to investigate the changes of the safety factors and the support ability of the wedges, regarding to their dimensions, taking also into account the spacing of the discontinuities. The safety factors of the wedges, as well as their ration before and after support, were correlated significantly with the weights and the volumes of the wedges, using powered regressions. According to these results the efficiency of the support ability of the shotcrete is very high in cases where the rock mass is cracked. There is no difference in safety factor between using only shotcrete and using shotcrete and rockbolts for supporting relatively small wedges. This ability decreases dramatically for bigger wedge volumes, over 20m3 and of weights in cases where these are over about 40tns. In these cases, the shotcrete presents low efficiency and bolting is the main support measure performed. 相似文献
2.
This paper describes the application of the SRC rockmass classification system to tunnels under high horizontal tectonic stress excavated in weak rocks. The analysis was performed on 25 tunnels in Spain and Italy, for which it was found that much heavier supports than those estimated by the RMR index were required. SRC and RMR indices and other relevant geomechanical data were obtained during the site investigation and construction stages. Data corresponding to in situ stress measurements, analysis of tectonic structures and instability problems arising during construction were used to asses the state of stress.
The relationship between tunnel section convergence and the SRC and RMR indices was also analysed. Support measurements based on SRC and RMR classification were compared with those actually used during construction. These analyses indicate that for most of the tunnels examined, supports estimated using the SRC were much closer to those actually installed than those predicted by the RMR index.
Based on the case histories presented, the factors mainly contributing to deformability and consequently to assessing support measurements were: high horizontal tectonic stress, low strength of rocks, overburden thickness and structural anisotropy related to tunnel axis orientation. According to these factors, the tunnels investigated were classified as three types. Tunnels classed as type I were those of low overburden thickness under high horizontal tectonic stress excavated in low strength rocks. The supports installed for these tunnels were much heavier than those predicted by the RMR index, being more in line with those indicated by the SRC index. The type II tunnels had thick overburdens and showed similar stress and strength conditions to the former. The supports installed were practically those foreseen by the SRC index, appreciably differing with respect to the RMR index. Finally, tunnels included in the type III class were those under low to moderate tectonics stress, irrespective of overburden thickness. These tunnels gave rise to RMR and SRC indices that provided acceptable results. 相似文献
3.
岩体工程质量是影响高放废物地质处置（HLW）工程长期稳定性和安全性的关键因素,也是处置库场址比选的重要依据。在地表岩体节理调查统计的基础上,采用RMR(relative metabolic rate)分级方案,探讨北山高放废物处置预选区内以花岗岩为主体围岩的岩体质量与岩体结构的对应特征,建立结构面间距D与RMR岩体质量总评分值之间的定量关系,对北山预选区芨芨槽地表岩体质量分布进行研究。研究结果表明,RMR与D值的点群分布具有扇形发散的正相关特征,随D值的增大,RMR亦呈增长趋势,但低级序岩体结构与岩体质量比高级序岩体表现出更好的对应关系。研究认为,选用RMR与D的点群中心线对应的线性方程评价花岗岩候选区的岩体质量可达到快速评价岩体质量、查明各级岩体空间分布特征的目的,同时也便于对不同候选场区进行大范围岩体质量对比。分析结果显示,北山芨芨槽预选地段BS16钻孔周边3 km2范围内主要以Ⅰ、Ⅱ级岩体为主,岩体质量总体较好且分布相对较为均匀。 相似文献
4.
This paper presents the engineering geological properties and support design of a planned diversion tunnel at the Boztepe dam site that contains units of basalt and tuffites. Empirical, theoretical and numerical approaches were used and compared in this study focusing on tunnel design safety. Rock masses at the site were characterized using three empirical methods, namely rock mass rating (RMR), rock mass quality (Q) and geological strength index (GSI). The RMR, Q and GSI ratings were determined by using field data and the mechanical properties of intact rock samples were evaluated in the laboratory. Support requirements were proposed accordingly in terms of different rock mass classification systems. The convergence–confinement method was used as the theoretical approach. Support systems were also analyzed using a commercial software based on the finite element method (FEM). The parameters calculated by empirical methods were used as input parameters for the FEM analysis. The results from the two methods were compared with each other. This comparison suggests that a more reliable and safe design could be achieved by using a combination of empirical, analytical and numerical approaches. 相似文献
5.
6.
Raoof Gholami Vamegh Rasouli Andisheh Alimoradi 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2013,46(5):1199-1209
Rock mass classification systems such as rock mass rating (RMR) are very reliable means to provide information about the quality of rocks surrounding a structure as well as to propose suitable support systems for unstable regions. Many correlations have been proposed to relate measured quantities such as wave velocity to rock mass classification systems to limit the associated time and cost of conducting the sampling and mechanical tests conventionally used to calculate RMR values. However, these empirical correlations have been found to be unreliable, as they usually overestimate or underestimate the RMR value. The aim of this paper is to compare the results of RMR classification obtained from the use of empirical correlations versus machine-learning methodologies based on artificial intelligence algorithms. The proposed methods were verified based on two case studies located in northern Iran. Relevance vector regression (RVR) and support vector regression (SVR), as two robust machine-learning methodologies, were used to predict the RMR for tunnel host rocks. RMR values already obtained by sampling and site investigation at one tunnel were taken into account as the output of the artificial networks during training and testing phases. The results reveal that use of empirical correlations overestimates the predicted RMR values. RVR and SVR, however, showed more reliable results, and are therefore suggested for use in RMR classification for design purposes of rock structures. 相似文献
7.
Analysis of support requirements for a shallow diversion tunnel at Guledar dam site, Turkey 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Engineering geological properties and support design of a planned diversion tunnel at Guledar dam site, which was located at the North of Ankara, Turkey were studied in this article. The main purpose of the construction of the planned tunnel is to regulate, drainage and to provide water for irrigation purposes. The diversion tunnel runs mainly through formations of limestone, sandstone and diabase. Rock masses at the site were characterized using Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Mass Quality (Q), Rock Mass Index (RMi) and Geological Strength Index (GSI). RMR, Q, RMi and GSI were determined by using field data and mechanical properties of intact rock samples, measured in the laboratory. Support requirements for the planned diversion tunnel were determined accordingly in terms of the rock mass classification systems. Recommended support systems by empirical methods were also analyzed using 2D Finite Element method. Calculated parameters based on empirical methods were used as input parameters in the finite element models. The results from both methods were compared with each other. This comparison suggests that more reliable support design could be achieved by using the finite element method together with the empirical methods. 相似文献
8.
针对金金川二矿区深部高应力采场巷道支护面临的困难,采用以预应力锚索为主要支护手段的综合控制技术,并在1 178 m分段巷道进行了现场试验研究.首先,基于工程经验,确定了长锚索支护的初步设计参数;然后,采用了数值分析方法,进行了正交数值试验和支护参数的优化设计,由此表明,对于Ⅲ类偏上的围岩(RMR=40)和受中等采动影响(β=1.20),预应力锚索长度应为6.5 m;对于受剧烈采动影响的1 178 m分段巷道,采用6.5 m长锚索支护,其稳定安全系数达到1.28,故5.5～6.5 m长的锚索可满足分段道的稳定要求. 相似文献
9.
This paper encompasses the engineering geological properties of rock mass along the power tunnel of hydropower in Kohistan, Khayber Pakhtun Khawa (KPK), Pakistan. The major geological units of the study area are Chilas complex (CC) and Gilgit complex (GC) that consists mostly of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Discontinuity surveys were conducted to classify the rock mass by utilizing rock mass rating (RMR) and tunneling quality index (Q) classification systems. RMR system involves collection of data for parameters of rock strength, RQD, spacing of discontinuities, condition of discontinuities, groundwater condition and Q system involves rock quality designation (RQD), joint roughness (Jr), joint sets (Js), joint alteration (Ja), stress reduction factor (SRF) and joint water reduction (Jw). RMR values ranges from 46 to 66 (fair to good) for rock unit of Chilas complex (CC) and 50 to 58 (fair) for rock unit of Gilgit complex (GC). The evaluated values of tunnel quality by Q-system are 1.55 to 6.4 (poor to fair) for Chilas complex (CC) and 1.35 to 1.84 (poor) for Gilgit complex (GC). The required support along the tunnel route is also estimated by both classification systems. Unwedge program is used to analyze the unstable zones due to the intersection of different joint sets. Total 14 cases are analyzed in Unwedge from which 3 cases have failure potential with FOS less than 1. These failure potential blocks can become stable by applying further support of rock bolting and shotcrete layer. 相似文献
10.
Cosserat extension of the Gauss stress-strain inversion method and multiple-slip method (MSM) are used to analyse 18 examples of natural wedge faulting observed in Slovenia. Based on additional numerical tests we show that kinematic incompatibility of slip along intersecting faults (wedges) has a significant effect on the state of stress in the Earth's crust. The slip direction along intersecting faults (wedges) can only be subparallel to the intersection direction between the faults. The normal stress on the wedges is then equal to the intermediate principal stress (eigenvalue) of the symmetric part of the stress tensor. This equality is very fundamental and could potentially be interpreted as a new law of faulting along tectonic wedges and non-planar faults. In the Cosserat theory of wedge faulting we also define two stress criteria, these are the weak and the strong stress conditions. The weak stress condition is related to the frictional reactivation of the wedges. It defines two limit values of the stress parameter and intermediate principal stress of the symmetric part of the stress tensor. The strong stress condition is related to the brittle faulting along tectonic wedges. It relates the angle of internal friction to the value of the stress parameter and the intermediate principal stress of the symmetric part of the stress tensor. For the value of the angle of internal friction larger than zero, the stress parameter is less than 0.5, which is in agreement with numerical and empirical observations described in this paper. 相似文献
11.
Geotechnical interpretation of drillholes for rock mass characterization is commonly based on the engineering judgment. This might result in misrepresentation of the rock mass at unsampled locations. This paper investigates the reproducibility of the spatial variability of rock mass quality (rock mass rating, RMR) using geostatistics. Geotechnical data from an exploratory phase mining project in Western Turkey that covers 2.7 km depth with a total of 14 drillholes composed of 700 samples was used to perform a geostatistical analysis. RMR values of positions, where geotechnical logging was missing, were estimated by applying inverse distance weighting (IDW) and the ordinary kriging (OK) methods. The validation process showed that the OK method is consistently estimating the RMR values better than IDW. The spatial variability of RMR values by geostatistical analysis could provide valuable information in the design and development of underground or surface structures. 相似文献
12.
龙门山中段山前带构造楔的发现及其几何学、运动学特征:对青藏高原东南缘隆升动力学机制的约束 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
运用断层相关褶皱几何学原理,对龙门山中段山前的地震反射剖面进行解释。研究发现,龙门山中段山前带垂向上具有多套滑脱层。其中深层次滑脱层位于前震旦系基底深度约(19±2)km的地方,其上发育双重构造和叠加构造楔,构造楔是龙门山中段山前带重要的构造样式之一。工区A剖面深层构造楔模型以后展破裂式叠加形成,断层产生的滑移量达45.5 km;B剖面深层构造楔模型以前展破裂式叠加形成,断层产生的滑移量约16.6 km;构造楔的形成导致上部断裂和岩层隆升并褶皱变形,A、B剖面山前地层相对川西平原最大抬升量分别为8 km和3 km。构造楔沿龙门山中段山前带走向平面上呈带状分布,具有不同的规模和几何形态;分析其形成时间较晚,可能形成于喜马拉雅期。通过对深层叠加构造楔几何学和运动学的定量计算,其正演运动学模型与实际剖面解释相吻合。深层叠加构造楔的形成在龙门山中段前山带有着其相应的成因机制,在所能限定的空间范围内,其特殊的地理位置、构造特征与成因,可以为研究青藏高原东南缘隆升的动力机制提供一定的约束。 相似文献
13.
Summary Although wedge and plane sliding stability analyses are well established in the geotechnical literature, certain geologic environments produce blocks which cannot be adequately modelled as either wedges or plane slides. An example is blocks forming in cylindrically folded sedimentary rocks, where the surface of sliding is neither a single plane nor a double plane but is curved. This type of block may be idealized as a prismatic block with multiple sliding planes, all with parallel lines of intersection. If the sliding planes number three or more, the distribution of normal forces, and hence the factor of safety, is indeterminate. A new analytical model for sliding stability analysis is described in which the distribution of normal forces on the contact planes is chosen to minimize the potential energy of the system. The classic wedge and plane solutions are shown to be special cases of this more general model, which allows determination of the safety factor for any shape of prismatic contact surface. An example from Tennessee concerning a block with a curved sliding surface is described and the factor of safety compared with the standard wedge analysis. It is shown that with three or more contact planes, the safety factor may be significantly lower than that calculated from the wedge model, which provides an upper limit on stability. 相似文献
14.
乌东德水电站是金沙江下游河段上4个水电梯级的最上游梯级,大坝为265 m高的双曲拱坝。采用非线性有限元法,将拱坝坝体-坝基作为一个整体系统,在考虑坝体横缝影响及无限地基辐射阻尼影响基础上,模拟坝肩控制性滑块各滑裂面在地震作用下张开、滑移的非线性力学行为,研究设计与校核地震作用下大坝的抗震性能,探讨大坝-坝基整体系统在强震作用下的抗震潜力。研究结果表明：设计地震条件下,坝体仅在拱端应力集中区域拉应力超过抗拉强度,压应力则均满足强度要求,坝肩块体稳定,大坝-坝基体系的整体安全性可以保证;校核地震条件下,坝体应力值略有增加,能够满足不溃坝的设防要求;以大坝-坝基代表性的位移、变形量变化曲线的拐点作为评价极限抗震能力的标准,可知拱坝-坝基体系的抗震超载安全系数为2.7,相应的基岩水平向峰值加速度0.729g,拱坝-坝基体系抗剪参数强度储备安全系数为2.0,乌东德高拱坝具备较强的极限抗震能力。 相似文献
15.
Avinash Paul A. P. Singh John Loui P Ajoy K. Singh Manoj Khandelwal 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2012,5(6):1435-1448
In underground coal mines, a lot of major fatalities have occurred due to roof fall in the newly developed faces or galleries of coal mines during the development or production of coal. There are around 500 underground coalmines in India, and continuous production or development or exploitation of coal depends upon the stability of the gateways developed in the form of galleries, which are supported in such a manner so that they can last up to that period, unless it has been finally extracted out with an operation called depillaring. A system of support design with roof bolting, resin bolting, and cable bolting for the aforesaid galleries is presently being decided on the basis of rock mass rating (RMR). The same support design has been attempted with the use of 3D numerical modeling technique—a tool nowadays very extensively used in geotechnical engineering to predict the stability of structures to be built or for the structures which are built against nature, i.e., underground mines. In this study, the support design system on the basis of RMR has also been validated with a numerical modeling technique for three locations of Monnet Ispat underground coalmine. After the study, it has been found that the numerical modeling technique can give better design of support system in underground coal mines in comparison with RMR-based support design system, and it will also play a major role in reducing the total cost incurred in coal exploitation from the underground coal mines. 相似文献
16.
为定量评价隧道围岩的稳定性并指导支护设计,提出了隧道临界稳定断面的概念及基于临界稳定断面的隧道围岩稳定性分析方法,主要包括以下内容：（1）隧道临界稳定断面就是与设计开挖断面中心埋深相同、几何形状相似在无支护状态下围岩能够自稳的最大断面;（2）当设计开挖断面小于临界稳定断面时,临界稳定断面与设计开挖断面之间的围岩可以作为支护结构利用,且当其安全系数满足设计要求时,认为围岩能够长期自稳,除进行局部防护外,不需要系统支护,否则需要补充工程支护措施;（3）当设计开挖断面大于临界稳定断面时,需要进行工程支护;（4）提出了设计支护力的计算方法,即认为破坏区范围内的围岩为松散体,设计支护力 应能维持该松散体的稳定且具有一定的安全系数。通过该方法,对两种典型断面形式的铁路隧道的临界稳定断面进行了研究,并计算了不同围岩级别、不同埋深条件下围岩的自承载安全系数与所需的工程支护力。研究成果可以为隧道围岩稳定性的量化分析、支护设计等提供一种新的思路。 相似文献
17.
Geotechnical investigation projects in Korea produced data on the in situ modulus of deformation of rock masses (E M) measured with the borehole test, rock mass rating (RMR), and Q-system. The modulus of deformation of rock masses was correlated with the degree of weathering, RMR, and Q values. Determination of E M for each degree of weathering allows for the results to be used to classify the degree of weathering or to predict E M. The relation between E M and RMR is represented by $ E_{\text{M}} = 10^{{\frac{{{\text{RMR}} - 16}}{50}}} $ , which returns values 2–3 times lower than those reported in previous studies. Despite scatter in the values, due to larger dataset used in this study, the proposed equation may be used to predict the in situ modulus of deformation from RMR values. In addition, the relation between modulus of deformation and Q values is $ E_{\text{M}} = 10^{{0.32{ \log }Q + 0.585}} $ . 相似文献
18.
ABSTRACT The local site experience is a valuable component for the success of rock mass classification systems as tunnel design methods. The Ituango hydroelectric project is a very important source of information in order to evaluate the usefulness of the main rock mass classification systems. The objective of this research is to improve understanding of some important features of excavated rock mass, such as discontinuities, block size, shear strength and joint alteration, by analyzing some hundreds of data obtained during excavation cycle. The field study included a survey of exposures after drilling and blasting rounds. Rock mass classification and support measures for each type of terrain along 1400 m tunnel were performed. The rock mass classes could be better explained if shear strength, alteration or block size is calculated. The assessment of these data allows evaluating the block fall risk, improving support and liner. A local correlation between the RMR and Q system was also obtained. 相似文献
19.
在基坑围护工程中,大量使用内支撑结构体系,在支撑体系中采用最多的是钢管支撑,因为其属于金属材料,温度变化对支撑结构的影响不容忽视。基于弹性热力学基本原理推导出空心圆筒热应力公式,同时考虑了围护墙的侧向水平位移,定量分析变温对基坑钢管支撑轴力影响,实测轴力值及数值解验证了计算公式的正确性。结果表明:解析解大于数值解,且解析解大于实测值,偏于保守,但差值不大可作为设计安全储备,便于工程师在今后设计过程中作为参考实例。 相似文献
20.
Influence of Rock Mass Parameters on the Performance of a TBM in a Gneissic Formation (Varzo Tunnel) 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
Summary The paper analyses the influence of rock mass quality on the performance of a double shield TBM in the excavation of a tunnel in a gneiss formation which is characterized by high strength and low fracture intensity.As full observation of the rock conditions was prevented by the use of segmental lining, a geomechanical survey of the face was performed during maintenance downtime and the observed conditions were correlated with the machine performance parameters for that same day. A statistical analysis of the data shows that penetration rate correlates well with a slightly modified RMR index (in which the influence of the water conditions and joint orientation were discounted), but the most important factor is by far the partial rating of the RMR classification related to joint spacing only. However in tunnels characterized by greater variability in rock strength and joint conditions, it could be worthwhile using the complete RMR index.Given the toughness of the rock, failure of the cutter bearings and supports were a frequent occurrence during excavation. Owing to this factor the influence of rock quality on the rate of advance was found to be weak and the correlation more scattered.The results obtained for the Varzo tunnel were compared with those relative to other tunnels in granitic rocks and found to be in good agreement. However the relationships obtained should be considered valid only for this type of rock; machine behaviour could be found to be markedly different in other rock types, even where rock material strength and joint frequency are the same. 相似文献