共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 93 毫秒
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我国历来重视旱灾来临时的危机管理,比较轻视干旱全过程的风险管理.在此理念的主导下,我国防旱抗旱法制建设虽取得了比较显著的成就,但在干旱及旱灾预防方面还存在许多明显的不足,立法也存在一定的疏漏;由于关注点主要在于旱灾(危机)管理,对于因旱灾造成的工农业损失及群众财产损失的补偿也存在明显不足,现行的做法基本是发放“救灾款”解决问题,这与旱灾造成的实际损失有比较大的差距.以此为基础,提出进一步完善我国的防旱抗旱法律制度,以应对我国日益严重的水资源短缺及干旱灾害. 相似文献
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干旱作为我国西北地区东部影响最大的气象灾害, 可引起农业减产、水资源短缺、土地荒漠化和生态环境恶化等严重问题.在国家新一轮西部大开发战略实施之初, 在全球气候变暖背景下, 有必要对干旱发展的最新特征和演变趋势进行详细分析研究, 为加强防旱、抗旱,促进经济发展提供科学决策依据和参考.采用国家干旱标准综合干旱指数(CI指数), 利用西北地区东部74个气象代表站逐日气温、降水资料, 分析了西北地区东部不同级别干旱日数在各个季节的时空分布和变化趋势. 结果表明: 在气候变暖背景下, 西北地区东部从长期趋势看, 春、夏、秋季干旱呈加剧趋势, 冬季干旱呈减轻趋势. 21世纪以来春、夏季干旱进一步加剧, 尤其是夏季加剧更显著, 而秋、冬季干旱出现了减弱的新趋势. 在西北地区东部主降水期3-11月重-特旱加剧趋势比轻-中旱加剧显著, 南部干旱化趋势比北部更加明显. 尤其是宁夏同心地区春旱加剧非常显著, 已成为西北地区东部重-特旱最严重的地区.对于干旱发展的这一新动态, 必须引起有关部门的高度重视, 采取科学、有效手段加强防旱、抗旱. 相似文献
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鄱阳湖区干旱演变特征与水文防旱对策 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12
根据实测水文资料与历史记载资料,分析鄱阳湖区近1 000年来干旱的气候演变特征,表明从大周期上看,本世纪鄱阳湖区的气候严重干旱属正常偏少状态;但从小周期上看,本世纪前20年湖区气候严重干旱为偏多状态,未来十几年的抗旱形势依然十分严峻.利用都昌站水位资料,分析鄱阳湖区近55年来干旱的水文变化特征,表明干旱的水文变化较气候变化更为剧烈,且单向性变化趋势更加显著,说明湖区抗旱水资源利用困难呈加大趋势,旱期供水形势极为严峻.探讨了新形势下水文防旱对策. 相似文献
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作为旱灾风险管理的核心内容和关键环节,旱灾风险评估逐渐成为旱灾研究的热点问题。从科学界定旱灾风险概念入手,辨析了干旱风险与旱灾风险之间的关系,并从机理上对旱灾风险形成机制进行了剖析和阐述;首次提出了旱灾风险定量评估总体框架,即通过建立干旱频率~潜在损失~抗旱能力之间的定量关系实现对旱灾风险的定量评估,并探讨了该评估框架所涉及的干旱频率分析技术、灾损评估技术、抗旱能力评估技术和旱灾风险表征技术等关键技术及其难点。 相似文献
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干旱预警是抗旱工作的首要环节和重要的非工程措施,但由于相关技术方法研究比较薄弱,在实际工作中往往缺乏针对性和可操作性,其作用难以得到充分发挥。为满足抗旱工作的需要,从中国抗旱工作实际出发,在阐述抗旱工作中干旱概念及成因的基础上,分析了中国干旱预警现状及存在问题,集成构建了干旱预警水文指标体系,提出了水文干旱预警水位（流量）的新概念及确定办法,填补了江河湖库干旱预警空白,并在抗旱工作中进行了实践应用,为干旱预警开辟了水文方法新途径。 相似文献
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阐了铁岭市干旱的时空分布特点,对抗旱减灾现状及存在问题进行了分析,针对铁岭市现状,对抗旱防旱工作提出了对策和建议。 相似文献
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论气候变暖背景下干旱和干旱灾害风险特征与管理策略简 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The drought is a most severe natural disaster worldwide, which leads to great risk in human being. The drought disaster and risk have more prominent because of obvious climatic warming in the last hundred years. At present, the understanding of the internal laws of the occurrence of drought and drought risk is not comprehensive, and the recognition of the characteristics of the drought and drought risk under climatic warming is obscure. In this paper, we summarized systematically the domestic and overseas research progress of the drought and drought disaster risk, introduced the principle of the drought disaster transfer process and the essential features of drought disaster, analyzed synthetically the main characteristics and interactions among the key factors of the drought disaster risk, discussed the effect of climatic warming on drought and drought disaster risk, and probed into the basic requirement of drought disaster risk management. Above all, we provide the main protective measurements of the drought disaster and the main strategy of drought disaster risk management. 相似文献
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从干旱定义与识别、点干旱频率分析和区域干旱频率分析3个方面系统阐述了干旱频率分析研究进展和存在问题,归纳了适用于干旱频率分析的干旱定义,干旱识别存在的主要问题以及区域干旱频率分析研究的3种途径。提出综合利用研究区域水文气象特性、干旱成因、旱情、旱灾,并结合前期的大气环流条件等信息来描述和识别干旱,重点开展对干旱特征变量的理论分布、干旱事件重现期公式和经验频率公式等基本理论的研究,关注区域干旱频率分析,注重对径流、土壤水、地下水和供水系统的干旱特性分析。 相似文献
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This paper explores the value of triggers and declarations in the management of drought, bringing together two disciplinary perspectives, those of the public policy scholar and the climate scientist. These two perspectives highlight the complexity of the development and use of triggers in drought risk management by drawing on the experience of the United States, which has the most sophisticated system of drought triggers in the world, and that of Australia that has the most developed and longest standing national drought policy based on principles of risk management. The paper explores the advantages and disadvantages of triggers in managing drought, concluding that triggers are useful risk management tools at the individual level but become problematic and can lead to perverse outcomes when linked to some forms of government support programs. 相似文献
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Drought in the Sahel 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The Sahel region of West Africa is well known as a region of environmental degradation. The reported incidence of desertification
has been challenged but persistent and widespread drought is still widely accepted. Drought, defined solely as a function
of rainfall, is believed to have commenced in the early 1970s and continued through to the present. It is usually defined
as a meteorological phenomenon and standardised rainfall anomalies are employed to indicate the severity of negative departures
from the ‘norm’. There are several difficulties with this approach. The period of standardising rainfall has changed from
1931–1960 to 1961–1990 but the impacts on drought occurrence have not been fully determined. The spatial aggregation of rainfall
anomalies may mask important local variation and the purely statistical approach to defining drought takes little account
of human impact. The first two issues, averaging period and spatial aggregation, are investigated through an analysis of rainfalls
in Continental Sahel (Bukina Faso, Mali and Niger). A new classification of drought classes is suggested. Despite the clear
evidence of negative rainfall anomalies for rainfalls aggregated across the Sahel region, it is found that the averaging period
has a significant impact on our perceptions of the occurrence of what can be considered to be meteorological drought according
to the definition employed and that there is significant spatial variation.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Drought is a common occurrence in Nebraska and agriculture is the primary economic sector affected. Because of repeated and
widespread severe drought impacts, more emphasis on drought risk management is warranted. This study develops an agricultural
drought risk assessment model using multivariate techniques. The model is specific to corn and soybeans and is able to assess
real-time agricultural drought risk associated with crop yield losses at critical phenological stages prior to and during
the growing season. The assessment results are presented in a Geographic Information System to provide a better visualization.
This model provides information in a timely manner about potential agricultural drought risks on dryland crop yield to decision
makers ranging from agricultural producers to policy makers from local to national levels. 相似文献
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