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降雨量分为预警雨量和转移雨量,在山洪灾害重点区域对雨量预警指标的计算尤为重要,正确计算不同降雨预警指标,掌握好预警信号的发布时机是预测山洪灾害的关键所在。本文针对山洪预警的不同时段,对预警指标计算的基本理论和难点进行分析,认为在计算过程中要以设计暴雨与设计洪水同频作为假设,根据不同区域实际情况采用洪峰模比系数地区综合频率曲线法和地区综合经验公式法进行计算,根据研究可以发现,洪峰流量面积指数法与地区综合经验公式法推求出的预警指标比较接近,计算结果可为保护山洪危害区人民群众生命财产安全提供基础依据。 相似文献
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山洪是山区中影响范围广,人员伤亡较大的一类地质灾害。针对山洪预警模型,国内外学者从多个角度对其进行过研究,研究区域多为大流域,方法多为雨量临界值预警。为了建立一套适用于北京山区小流域的山洪预警模型,本文研究了小流域单沟洪水模型预警在系统,此系统是基于充分的野外地质调查,在获得详细的沟域地质及土地利用数据后,利用合理的数学模型对流域内的降雨所产生的洪水产汇流过程进行全过程模拟,并对汇流过程中可能产生的灾害进行预警预报的一个系统。此单沟洪水模型具有精度高,计算结果准确的特点,其相应的预警系统能够对小范围居民区等重要建构筑物进行灾害预报,并预估人员撤离的安全时间,对实际的防灾减灾工作具有重要意义。 相似文献
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山洪灾害是我国防灾减灾工作中亟待解决的突出问题,临界雨量是山洪灾害预警预报的重要指标,传统的临界雨量计算方法各有所长,对资料的要求各不相同,但对于无实测资料小流域防灾对象临界雨量计算的研究却寥寥无几(这里无实测资料指的是既没有雨量、洪峰资料也无野外断面调查资料)。鉴于此,基于支持向量机回归拟合算法(SVR),应用比拟法建立模型,对无资料小流域山洪灾害临界雨量进行推求。结果表明:(1)SVR模型具有很好的泛化性,预测精度高、误差小,结果较优;(2)利用SVR模型预估的临界雨量值与真实值偏差小,可以作为山洪灾害预警预报指标,为当地决策部门提供参考。 相似文献
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山洪灾害来势凶猛、预见期短、破坏性大,如何获得较长的预见期,最大程度减小洪灾损失十分重要。雨量预警指标也可叫临界雨量(强)就是解决山洪灾害预报、增加洪灾预见期的基础指标。通过对乡宁县地质、地貌、历史洪灾、暴雨等资料的分析整理,采用水利部规定的计算方法,结合乡宁县现状实际,确定了全县21处小流域山洪灾害防治雨量预警指标,为今后山洪灾害防治群策群防提供科学决策依据。 相似文献
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针对雨型随机性所导致山洪灾害预警预报空报、漏报率过高问题,为提升山洪灾害预警精度,依据概率分布传递扩散原理,以雨型特征参数为控制条件,提出了基于参数控制的随机雨型生成法,建立了基于随机雨型的山洪灾害临界雨量计算模型及考虑决策者风险偏好的预警模式。以裴河流域为例,对不同雨型集下的临界雨量进行对比分析,并确定研究区6h临界雨量阈值空间。结果表明:雨峰位置、峰值倍比、前期土壤含水量对临界雨量的影响范围分别为32%~34%、33%~34%、15%~22%;雨型较前期影响雨量对临界雨量影响幅度更大;由雨峰位置系数和峰值倍比(r,bmax)双因子雨型集所确定的6h临界雨量阈值空间为98~185mm;考虑决策者不同风险偏好的临界雨量预警模式合理可靠,对更合理地开展山洪灾害预警工作具有指导意义。 相似文献
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预警指标对流域的山洪预警有着重要的作用。主要以荣成市崂山小流域崂山大疃为例,提出了确定雨量预警指标的方法。根据不同的土壤干湿程度,基于降雨径流曲线获得降雨径流关系,采用推理公式法计算设计洪水,绘制降雨洪峰曲线;根据崂山大疃现场调查,基于曼宁公式获取水位流量关系曲线,结合成灾水位推算临界流量,根据降雨洪峰曲线,由流量反推降雨。计算结果:在Pa=40 mm的情况下,崂山大疃的3个时段的临界雨量为62 mm,75 mm,95 mm,经过"折减"处理获得的3个时段预警指标,准备转移指标为56,68,86mm,立即转移指标为68,83,105 mm。 相似文献
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浙江省衢州庙源溪为典型的山区河流,庙源溪雨量丰富,河流比降大,源短流急,洪水陡涨陡落,汇流速度快,洪峰流量大。基于GIS的不规则三角网和空间分析功能,实现水文特征值等值线的内插。根据GIS获取的水文特征值,计算不同历时平均点雨量,考虑点面折算系数,得到平均面雨量。通过频率分析,获得不同频率下的设计雨量。采用瞬时单位线法,进行汇流计算,推求设计洪水过程线及洪峰流量,为制作山洪风险图,建立小流域防洪避洪保障体系提供依据。 相似文献
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基于半分布式水文模型的山丘区小流域防灾对象的雨量预警指标计算方法,首先采用NAM建立小流域半分布式水文模型,结合场次暴雨洪水数据分别对模型进行率定;根据沿河居民户与河道的空间分布信息,建立洪水水面线-沿线居民户高程判定模型,定位防洪能力最薄弱的居民户,确定成灾水位,以水位流量反推法推算防灾对象的成灾流量;采用模型试算法计算临界雨量。以南高而、柳埠东两个小流域为应用实例计算其临界雨量,并采用1995～2014年的75场降雨为验证数据系列,将计算的雨量预警指标与实际灾情对应的雨量记录进行对比验证。结果表明:该方法计算的临界雨量准确率在80%以上,能较好地应用于山洪灾害预警。 相似文献
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A review of advances in China’s flash flood early-warning system 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Changjun Liu Liang Guo Lei Ye Shunfu Zhang Yanzeng Zhao Tianyu Song 《Natural Hazards》2018,92(2):619-634
This paper summarizes the main flash flood early-warning systems of America, Europe, Japan, and Taiwan China and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. The latest development in flash flood prevention is also presented. China’s flash flood prevention system involves three stages. Herein, the warning methods and achievements in the first two stages are introduced in detail. Based on the worldwide experience of flash flood early-warning systems, the general research idea of the third stage is proposed from the viewpoint of requirements for flash flood prevention and construction progress of the next stage in China. Real-time dynamic warning systems can be applied to the early-warning platform at four levels (central level, provincial level, municipal level, and county level) . Through this, soil moisture, peak flow, and water level can be calculated in real-time using distributed hydrological models, and then flash flood warning indexes can be computed based on defined thresholds of runoff and water level. A compound warning index (CWI) can be applied to regions where rainfall and water level are measured by simple equipment. In this manner, flash-flood-related factors such as rainfall intensity and antecedent and cumulative rainfall depths can be determined using the CWI method. The proposed methodology for the third stage could support flash flood prevention measures in the 13th 5-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China (2016–2020). The research achievements will serve as a guidance for flash flood monitoring and warning as well as flood warning in medium and small rivers. 相似文献
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本文结合对雨量数据的分析, 总结了泥石流自动实时监测预警中的一些关键技术, 并提出一种基于降雨过程的泥石流实时监测预警的解决方案。在泥石流的监测预警工作中, 目前多采用雨强与累计雨量作为主要参数, 如何正确识别一场降雨过程, 对于提高监测预警的精度具有重要的意义。结合监测数据特征, 本文采用詹钱登对降雨过程的划分标准, 基于数据库技术实现对降雨过程的自动识别, 为后续预警参数的获取提供支撑。由于受雨量计工作模式的影响, 其原始数据的时间间隔是随机的, 不能直接用于预警模型的计算, 因此对雨量监测数据进行等时间间隔的处理。在预警流程方面, 如何实现预警过程无人工干预的完全自动、实时与稳定运行, 一直是预警工作中的难点, 本研究中引入“系统服务”这一技术, 将整套预警系统作为系统级别的后台服务运行于服务器上, 能够保证整个预警过程稳定地运行, 真正意义上实现了泥石流监测预警过程的自动化与实时化。本文研究成果应用于走马岭沟泥石流监测预警中, 成功对2013年7月8日的泥石流事件进行预警。 相似文献
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Flash flood disaster is a prominent issue threatening public safety and social development throughout the world, especially in mountainous regions. Rainfall threshold is a widely accepted alternative to hydrological forecasting for flash flood warning due to the short response time and limited observations of flash flood events. However, determination of rainfall threshold is still very complicated due to multiple impact factors, particular for antecedent soil moisture and rainfall patterns. In this study, hydrological simulation approach (i.e., China Flash Flood-Hydrological Modeling System: CNFF-HMS) was adopted to capture the flash flood processes. Multiple scenarios were further designed with consideration of antecedent soil moisture and rainfall temporal patterns to determine the possible assemble of rainfall thresholds by driving the CNFF-HMS. Moreover, their effects on rainfall thresholds were investigated. Three mountainous catchments (Zhong, Balisi and Yu villages) in southern China were selected for case study. Results showed that the model performance of CNFF-HMS was very satisfactory for flash flood simulations in all these catchments, especially for multimodal flood events. Specifically, the relative errors of runoff and peak flow were within?±?20%, the error of time to peak flow was within?±?2 h and the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency was greater than 0.90 for over 90% of the flash flood events. The rainfall thresholds varied between 93 and 334 mm at Zhong village, between 77 and 246 mm at Balisi village and between 111 and 420 mm at Yu village. Both antecedent soil moistures and rainfall temporal pattern significantly affected the variations of rainfall threshold. Rainfall threshold decreased by 8–38 and 0–42% as soil saturation increased from 0.20 to 0.50 and from 0.20 to 0.80, respectively. The effect of rainfall threshold was the minimum for the decreasing hyetograph (advanced pattern) and the maximum for the increasing hyetograph (delayed pattern), while it was similar for the design hyetograph and triangular hyetograph (intermediate patterns). Moreover, rainfall thresholds with short time spans were more suitable for early flood warning, especially in small rural catchments with humid climatic characteristics. This study was expected to provide insights into flash flood disaster forecasting and early warning in mountainous regions, and scientific references for the implementation of flash flood disaster prevention in China. 相似文献
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【研究目的】泥石流灾害是白龙江流域分布广泛并常引起群死群伤的重大地质灾害,准确评价泥石流活动规模及其危险度,是泥石流危险性预警预报的前提,合理构建危险性预报模型是泥石流防灾减灾的关键。【研究方法】本文以研究区历史泥石流案例和对应降雨资料为基础数据,采用统计分析方法,通过分析形成泥石流关键地质环境条件及其相互关系,构建了白龙江流域潜在泥石流危险度定量评价模型,提出了两类泥石流危险级别临界判别模式。【研究结果】结果表明：（1）以泥石流活动规模、沟床平均比降、流域切割密度、不稳定沟床比例为判断因子的泥石流危险度动态定量计算模型,能快速准确预测未来不同工程情景和降雨频率工况下泥石流危险度;（2）影响降雨型泥石流发生的地形条件由流域面积、10°~40°斜坡坡度面积比、沟床平均纵比降等组成,降雨条件主要由泥石流爆发前的24 h累积降雨量、触发泥石流1 h降雨量或10 min降雨量等组成;（3）依据30条典型泥石流沟危险度计算结果,获得泥石流危险性临界判别值,提出了降雨型潜在泥石流危险性1 h预报模型（Ⅰ类）和10 min预报模型（Ⅱ类）,其中Ⅰ类模型高危险度以上泥石流预测精度大于87.5%,Ⅱ类模型中等危险度以上泥石流预测精度大于80%,而两类预报模型验证准确率为83.3%。【结论】研究成果为泥石流精准预警预报提供了技术支撑,对建立中小尺度泥石流实时化预警系统具有一定参考意义。创新点：通过确定与泥石流相对应关键地质环境因子,构建了泥石流危险度动态定量评价模型,依据泥石流危险性1 h和10 min临界判别模式可准确实现潜在泥石流预警预报。 相似文献
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泥石流是一种多发的地质灾害,常对人民生命财产安全带来极大的威胁,其暴发不仅与降雨有关,还与众多地质环境因子相关。本文以流域面积、松散物质比率、沟床平均坡度为地质因子,以最大小时雨强（T）和总降雨量（R）的乘积作为降雨指数,在获取的泥石流地质因子和降雨指数因子综合样本库的基础上,采用遗传规划法建立了泥石流临界降雨指数智能预测模型,克服了以往以雨量为单一指标的预警模型的弊端,模型验证结果显示,泥石流预测精度高、适应性强。 相似文献
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北京山区泥石流灾害临界雨量研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
白利平 《地质灾害与环境保护》2006,17(4):101-104
目前北京山区泥石流灾害的临界雨量研究方法主要是基于统计资料的临界雨量阈值判别法,该方法没有包含泥石流形成地区的地质背景条件与形成机理的信息,因此在推广上存在难度。本文从松散物质失稳引发泥石流的机理出发,推导了松散物质失稳时的雨量计算公式,该公式可用于计算不同流域内泥石流沟道的松散物质起动的临界雨量。将该公式与常规的临界雨量阈值判别公式相结合,能够提高北京地区泥石流灾害预报预警的准确度。 相似文献
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海巴洛沟位于滇西北横断山区,2019年7月28日凌晨2:40暴发泥石流灾害,为科学准确开展该区域泥石流监测预警和综合防治工作,保障海巴洛沟流域中下游香丽(香格里拉至丽江)高速公路建设和运营安全,本文根据实地、无人机航拍及遥感调查,结合室内试验和分析计算,对本次泥石流特征及成因进行研究。本次泥石流平均容重为16.77 kN·m-3,属稀性泥石流,洪峰流量为528.16 m3·s-1,属特大泥石流。受地质、气候条件综合作用,海巴洛沟流域内物源包含3类:河谷区沟道侧岸滑坡体、高位冰碛物和高位寒冻风化碎屑。本次泥石流发生在27日晚至28日凌晨主体降雨过程的尾部,根据对2019年8~10月海巴洛沟流域9次降雨过程的监测,发现该区域降雨具有主体过程为6 h、降雨量随海拔升高而显著增加的时空分布特征。激发本次泥石流的强降雨集中分布在哈巴雪山西侧海拔4200~4800 m的峰脊区,6 h降雨过程平均降雨量为60.43 mm。激发水源除降雨外,还包含峰脊区内冰川融水,经计算本次6 h降雨过程中冰川平均消融水当量为17.29 mm。本文研究成果可为滇西北横断山区降雨-冰川融水混合型泥石流监测预警及防治提供可靠科学依据。 相似文献
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Karst flash flooding, identified as one of the hazards in karst terrains, is directly linked to the structure and hydraulic properties of karst aquifers. Due to the characteristics of flow within karst aquifers, characterized by a dual flow – diffuse flow within fissured limestone and conduit flow within karst conduits networks – flash flooding may be important in volume and dynamics. Such phenomenon may cause serious damages including loss of lives, as it occurred on 3rd October 1988 in Nîmes (Gard, South France). Flash floods there have been considered to be the result of very intensive rainfall events conjugated to runoff due to the geomorphologic context of the city located down hill. However, preliminary results of recent studies of the hydrologic behaviour of groundwater and surface water for a specific event (September 2005) show that the karst plays an important role in the flood genesis. The main characteristics of the Nîmes karst system leading to karst flash flooding are presented in this paper. A methodology comprising modelling of the karst system allowed proposing simple warning thresholds for various part of the karst (water level threshold for the karst conduits and cumulative rainfall threshold for the overflowing fissured karst). These thresholds can be included in the flash flood warning system of the Nîmes city. 相似文献
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Acosta-Coll Melisa Ballester-Merelo Francisco Martínez-Peiró Marcos 《Natural Hazards》2018,92(2):1237-1265
Prolonged and high intensity rainfall often saturates urban drainage systems and generates urban pluvial flooding, resulting in hazardous flash floods. The city most affected by urban flooding in Colombia (South America) is Barranquilla since lacks a proper storm water drainage system. Heavy rainfall produces flash floods to quickly become torrential streams that flow down the streets endangering pedestrians. This research describes a low-cost early warning system (EWS) to detect in real time the hazard level of a stream in an ungauged basin. The EWS indicates whether it is safe or not for pedestrians to cross a flooded street, based on certain criteria used to assess the hazard level of the torrent. A hydrological and hydraulic model calculates the flow, velocity and water level in all cross sections along the stream. The model uses only real-time measurements of rain gauges and topographic survey data to determine the hazard level. Finally, a wireless sensor network sends the alert to a web platform and warns the community in real time.
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