共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
I. J. SMALLEY 《Sedimentology》1967,8(1):35-38
If a modified version of the Zingg system is used particles can be subjectively classified into four shape classes. The roundness of a particle can be estimated by assessing the flat/convex/concave ratio and can then be represented as a point on a triangular net; this point can also indicate the Zingg class of the particle. 相似文献
2.
Rocking stones, balanced in counter-intuitive positions, have always intrigued geologists. In our paper, we explain this phenomenon
based on high-precision scans of pebbles which exhibit similar behavior. We construct their convex hull and the heteroclinic
graph carrying their equilibrium points. By systematic simplification of the arising Morse–Smale complex in a one-parameter
process, we demonstrate that equilibria occur typically in highly localized groups (flocks), the number of the latter being
reliably observed and determined by hand experiments. Both local and global (micro and macro) equilibria can be either stable
or unstable. Most commonly, rocks and pebbles are balanced on stable local equilibria belonging to stable flocks. However,
it is possible to balance a convex body on a stable local equilibrium belonging to an unstable flock and this is the intriguing
mechanical scenario corresponding to rocking stones. Since outside observers can only reliably perceive flocks, the last described
situation will appear counter-intuitive. A comparison between computer experiments and hand experiments reveals that the latter
are consistent, that is, the flocks can be reliably counted and the pebble classification system proposed in our previous
work is robustly applicable. We also find an interesting logarithmic relationship between the flatness of pebbles and the
average number of global equilibrium points, indicating a close relationship between classical shape categories and the new
classification system. 相似文献
3.
阳逻组砾石层分布于大别山南麓长江北岸地区,是长江中游地区一个重要的第四纪地层单位。其成因主要有两种观点:一种观点认为阳逻组砾石层为古长江冲积物,后期经过构造抬升而在长江北岸形成阶地;另一种观点认为其为大别山南麓河流冲积扇。砾石层中的砾石形貌记录了砾石的演化历史,对砾石进行形貌学研究可以用来进行古环境重建。文章选取武汉地区黄陂区横店镇、新洲区阳逻镇附近的25个砾石剖面中的2693颗砾石的外形参数进行测量。其中横店14个剖面中1377颗砾石、阳逻11个剖面中1316颗砾石。Zingg分类显示砾石以扁长形为主,砾石层在Sneed-Folk三角图中的主要分布于过渡相和河流相,砾石层中存在的大量片岩。这些特征均指示阳逻组砾石层是的物源区为大别山地区,它是大别山南麓河流形成的冲洪积扇堆积物。 相似文献
4.
JEFFREY L. HOWARD 《Sedimentology》1992,39(3):471-486
The feasibility of using quantitative shape measurements to discriminate between clast populations from different depositional settings was evaluated using samples from 11 fluvial, six submarine fan and four beach conglomerates from south-west California; these origins had been established previously by facies analysis. Quartzite and metavolcanic clasts were characterized by the following indices: modified Wentworth roundness (Rw), maximum projection sphericity (δp), oblate-prolate index (OPI) and long (L), intermediate (I) and short (S) axial ratios. These indices were compared with those documented previously for modern gravels. The results show that certain indices are useful palaeoenvironmental indicators, despite inherited differences in shape due to texture, provided that multiple sites are sampled and a statistical approach is used. Statistically, the most effective shape indices are δp and S/L which give good results with the Zingg classification (I/L vs. S/I); better results are also obtained using quartzite clasts. The OPI is useful for discriminating between beach and river conglomerates, which consist largely of oblate and prolate clasts, respectively. The relative abundance of blade-shaped clasts is a useful index of sediment maturity, being greatest for river clast samples and smallest for submarine fan clast samples. The latter are dominated by spherical particles. No correlation between palaeoenvironment and Rw is observed, hence the abundance of disc-shaped clasts in the beach conglomerates studied is attributed to selective transport in suspension and sediment by passing during fluvial transport prior to deposition in the surf zone. Selective transport of rollers (spheres and rods) by traction in a shallow marine setting, prior to redeposition by mass transport, may be responsible for the dominance of spherical particles in submarine fan conglomerates. 相似文献
5.
The joint frequency rating index accounts for 40% of the weight in the hundred-mark Rock Mass Rating 2014 (RMR14) classification system. However, owning to the natural variations of in-situ rock mass, this parameter is difficult for site engineers to obtain along the tunnel axis, especially in groundwater-rich conditions or prior to any disturbances made to rock mass. In this study, we propose an equivalent joint frequency, expressed quantitatively in terms of the ratio of the P-wave propagation velocity in the rock mass to that of the intact rocks, which is mainly based on engineering statistics easily obtained from the Chinese National Standard, GB/T 50218. We also explore a new rating method, based on field P-wave propagation velocity tests, for the joint frequency in the RMR14 classification system. Literature from in-situ databases is discussed to verify the applicability of the proposed rating method. The verifications demonstrate that, compared with the results of on-site parameters ratings as per the RMR classification system, the new rating method using P-wave propagation velocity can obtain a certain degree of accuracy. Hence, this enables the presentation of the primary state of integrity of an in-situ rock mass in accordance with the RMR14 classification system, through simple and non-destructive field P-wave velocity tests.
相似文献6.
滑坡灾害易发性评价研究对规划灾害区域、制定防灾策略等方面具有十分重要的意义。以滑坡灾害频发的汶川及周边两县（理县和茂县）为例,提出滑坡灾害易发性评价的快速聚类-信息量模型。选取坡度、高程、坡向、距构造的距离、距水系的距离、地层岩性和土地利用情况为对滑坡有重要影响的7个影响因子,并在二级因子的分类上,对上述前5个影响因子依据159处滑坡样本分别开展快速聚类分析,同时也给出了传统的等距分类法,以便与快速聚类方法形成对比,对后2个影响因子则以定性方法分类。根据上述二级分类方法的不同,以及滑坡样本是否考虑面积因素,将信息量模型细分为四类（模型a:快速聚类-数量模型、模型b:等距分类-数量模型、模型c:快速聚类-面积模型、模型d:等距分类-面积模型）,分别计算各二级指标信息量,并通过ArcGIS空间叠加分析得到研究区域信息量分布,然后通过自然断点法将研究区滑坡易发性划分为五个等级。以易发性递增原则和线下面积（Area Under Curve,AUC）作为精度评价指标,结果表明:①快速聚类模型（模型a和模型c）整体效果优于等距分类模型（模型b和模型d）;②相同分类方法下,面积模型（模型c与模型d）整体优于数量模型（模型a和模型b）;③在上述两项优势的加持下,模型c相较于模型b,评价精度明显提升,其AUC值从80.46%提高到87.25%。 相似文献
7.
影像分割是高分辨率遥感影像信息提取的前提,遥感影像分割的精确程度直接影响遥感分类的精度。为提高喀斯特山区遥感影像信息提取的精度,采用多尺度-光谱差异分割对喀斯特山区高分辨率影像分割,通过标准最近邻分类法提取土地利用信息,对比了仅多尺度分割、多尺度-光谱差异分割两种分割方法下喀斯特山区土地利用信息提取的精度。结果表明:（1）多尺度-光谱差异分割能改善过分割和欠分割现象。（2）多尺度-光谱差异分割优于单一使用多尺度分割。（3）多尺度-光谱差异分割综合了影像的光谱、纹理、形状等特征,进而提高了喀斯特山区影像分割分类的精度。 相似文献
8.
Two phenomena of similar objects with different spectra and different objects with similar spectrum often result in the difficulty of separation and identification of all types of geographical objects only using spectral information．Therefore,there is a need to incorporate spatial structural and spatial association properties of the surfaces of objects into image processing to improve the accuracy of classification of remotely sensed imagery．In the current article,a new method is proposed on the basis of the principle of multiple-point statistics for combining spectral information and spatial information for image classification．The method was validated by applying to a case study on road extraction based on Landsat TM taken over the Chinese YeHow River delta on August 8,1999． The classification results have shown that this new method provides overall better results than the traditional methods such as maximum likelihood classifier (MLC) 相似文献
9.
面向对象的喀斯特地区土地利用遥感分类信息提取 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
传统的面向像元分类方法虽然对光谱差异较为明显的遥感影像信息提取具有较好的效果,但会不可避免地产生“椒盐现象”,同时对纹理和形状信息不能充分应用,造成了大量信息损失。为了提高喀斯特地区土地利用遥感信息提取的精度,本文采用面向对象的分类方法,对贵州省毕节地区开展了土地利用遥感信息自动提取研究。首先对该地区Landsat-5 TM影像进行多尺度分割,形成影像对象层,然后综合应用基于知识决策树分类和基于样本的最邻近分类等技术对喀斯特地区进行遥感解译。结果表明,面向对象分类技术能较好地对喀斯特地区土地利用信息进行提取,同时避免了“椒盐现象”的产生,经野外采集样点数据验证,一级类分类精度为91.7 %,二级类分类精度为89.4 %,表明该方法在贵州省毕节地区应用效果良好。 相似文献
10.
A molecular simulation study of dehydrated 2:1 clay minerals is carried out using a new MD simulation method that is capable
of simulating a system under the most general applied stress conditions by considering the changes of MD cell size and shape.
The tensor defining the cell size and shape is correlated with the atomic level stress tensors (both internal and external)
through a Lagrangian formulation. In this paper, the static version of the method has been applied for the first time to the
simulations of dehydrated mica sheets and has successfully revealed unforeseen structural transformations of clay minerals
upon relaxation under different external stress conditions. Simulation results show that the degrees of freedom that the simulation
cell possesses (i.e., whether the cell size or shape change is allowed) determines the final equilibrated crystal structure
of clay minerals. When full allowance is given to the cell size and shape change, large shear distortions of clay minerals
occur, resulting in the eliminations of interlayer spacing and internal shear stresses. However, when only the cell size change
is allowed, interlayer spacing is retained, but large internal shear stresses also exist. 相似文献
11.
John J. Howarth 《Central European Journal of Geosciences》2010,2(1):41-44
An important property of loess is a tendency to collapse on loading and wetting (hydroconsolidation) which can have serious consequences worldwide for civil engineering projects. This paper describes the use of Monte Carlo and other analytical techniques to predict the shape of naturally occurring loess particles. Randomly generated particles are classified according to Zingg shape categories: disc, sphere, blade and rod. By assuming a uniform distribution for the basic particle, average relative dimensions are calculated for the blade category, into which most loess particles have been shown to fall. 相似文献
12.
Although there is general awareness that uncertainty, information and decision making are key elements of site investigation, there has previously been little comprehensive attempt to formalize these factors in the site investigation process. In modern design, rock engineering is considered as a system and it is necessary to establish the key variables and interactions between the variables within the system as a precursor to design. Then, questions concerning (i) the information required to characterize the system, (ii) the uncertainty associated with this information, and (iii) the influence that this has on decision making, naturally arise and need to be addressed. We consider the application of information theory to geotechnical engineering through interpretation of informatic concepts in a rock mechanics context. Examples are then given, concentrating on the ideas of information received in sequential phases of site investigation, the information content of rock-mass classification systems, and the information content of scalar and vector quantities using discontinuity frequency as an example. In the concluding section, there are recommendations for making improvements to site investigation using information theory. 相似文献
13.
张明华 《大地构造与成矿学》2007,31(4):418-423
东喜马拉雅南迦巴瓦峰地区地质构造十分复杂,对该区板块缝合带的空间位置问题,长期以来,一直认为沿雅鲁藏布江呈弧形展布。笔者以ETM+为主要信息源,以遥感与GIS为技术支撑,对南峰地区的断裂构造进行了详细的遥感解译分析,从构造统计分析的角度对断裂构造进行定量研究,从分维值及趋势值的空间分布及变化特征分析,认为缝合带的南东段、北段大致沿雅鲁藏布江展布,而北西段位于雅鲁藏布江的北西侧,沿东久-米林(断裂带)展布,这也与近几年来开展了1∶25万区域地质调查获得的新认识相一致。 相似文献
14.
A new type of indirect inverse analysis procedure is proposed to overcome the difficulties the geotechnical inverse analyses are encountering (such as unstability and non-uniqueness of the solutions as well as multicollinearity). These difficulties are eased by combining the objective information (i.e. the observation data) and the subjective information (i.e. the prior information) in an appropriate manner by so-called extended Bayesian method. The method is based on a new view on Bayesian model proposed by Akaike. The problem of model identification in the inverse analysis is also tackled by applying well-known AIC but of the Bayesian version. A case study on an embankment on soft clay is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the new method. A rather thorough review on the geotechnical inverse analysis is also presented to indicate the necessity of the proposed procedure. An appendix is attached to summarize the statistical background of the new method. 相似文献
15.
作为信息提取和分类的前提，面向对象的影像分割尺度参数的设置直接影响到提取和分类的精度。本文以GF-2影像数据为例，在已有分割理论和方法的基础上提出一种基于最优分割尺度的计算模型（OS模型）。该模型以主成分分析所得的主成分以及新建的归一化植被指数（normalized vegetation index，NDVI）特征层作为分割参考层，综合考虑均质因子的影响，构建加权尺度评价指数，插值拟合最优分割尺度。构建误差系数（Ec）对模型进行评价，结果表明：OS模型误差系数（Ec=1.15%）小于传统模型（Ec=3.28%），且分割对象更均匀、与实际地物更接近。 相似文献
16.
Compositions, proportions, and equilibrium temperature of coexisting two-feldspar in crystalline rocks are of great importance to classification in petrography and interpretation of petrogenesis. Crystalline rocks are usually composed of 4-6 minerals (phases), depending on their independent chemical components and the equilibrium temperature of crystallizations. In general, number of mineral phases can be determined by the “Phase Rule”. According to the mass balance principle, bulk composition of coexisting two-feldspar could be evaluated from the bulk chemistry of a rock, provided that the compositions of the coexisting mafic mineral phases containing calcium, sodium, and potassium oxides are determined, e.g., by microprobe analysis. The compositions, proportions, and temperature of two-feldspar in equilibrium can thus be simultaneously resolved numerically from bulk composition of the rock, by incorporating the activity/composition relations of the ternary feldspars with the mass balance constraints. Upon the numerical approximation method presented in this paper, better-quality, internally consistent data on feldspar group could usually be obtained, which would be expected more realistic and accurate in consideration of thermodynamic equilibria in the system of crystalline rocks, as well as bulk chemistry of a rock and the composing minerals. 相似文献
17.
Rosa Anna Corsaro Susanna Falsaperla Horst Langer 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,102(4):1151-1164
We present the application of a classification method based on Kohonen maps and fuzzy clustering to geochemical analyses of volcanic products erupted on Mt. Etna from 1995 to 2005. Based on 13 major and trace elements, the classification allows a new way to visualize distinct compositional features of magma both considering long period as well as single eruptive events, such as in 2001 and 2002–03 flank eruptions. Products of the various vents do not necessarily form homogeneous groups, but show clear trends of chemical evolution with time. Using a convenient color code, the graphical visualization of the results in just a single picture allows the rapid identification of the compositional features of each sample and their comparison with all the products analyzed in the 10-year-long time span. This single picture accounts for the mutual interactions of the 13 components avoiding shortcomings of classical low-dimensional plots where components relevant for the discrimination have to be found in a priori study of many diagrams. On the basis of the synoptic information provided by pattern classification, we identify links between the products of different eruptive vents which deliver a reliable picture of a multifaceted plumbing system, in agreement with geochemical and geophysical evidence reported in literature. The analysis of the 13-dimensional data set using the Kohonen maps and fuzzy clustering simultaneously turned out to be straightforward and easy. Accordingly, the results of this application will be useful also as a contextual data set for new data in future ongoing eruptive episodes. 相似文献
18.
19.
鄂西清江流域滑坡崩塌致灾背景及成灾模式 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
鄂西清江流域是我国滑坡崩塌地质灾害易发区。在该区域11个县市地质灾害详细调查成果基础上,运用归纳和类比等方法,对区内2 276个滑坡和567个崩塌(危岩)的要素数据进行统计分析;归纳总结了区域滑坡崩塌的基本发育特征和分布规律,并从构造作用、岩性组合、河流地貌演化、人类活动、降雨等几个方面,分析多种致灾背景对滑坡崩塌的不同影响和控制作用;继而根据主控因素归纳分析了区内滑坡具有的降雨型、箱形(紧窄)背斜型、宽缓向斜型和水库型等4类主要成灾模式,以及崩塌(危岩)具有的宽缓向斜型和岩溶石柱型两类主要成灾模式;指出了今后需要重点防控的三种类型滑坡崩塌风险。 相似文献
20.
蛇绿岩研究的最新进展 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
关于蛇绿岩的形成、定义和分类争论了近200年。早期蛇绿岩被认为是有成因联系的几种岩石的组合,发育在优地槽的核部。在板块构造中它被看作形成于洋脊的古洋壳残片。经过几十年的研究,发现导致蛇绿岩多样性的因素很多,一个新的定义和分类方案被提出。新定义强调了蛇绿岩形成的构造环境,认为在威尔逊旋回的各个阶段都会形成性质不同的蛇绿岩,并根据生成环境将蛇绿岩分为两大类,即与俯冲作用无关和与俯冲作用相关的蛇绿岩,两大类型还可以划分出不同的亚类。这些类型的蛇绿岩有其特有的地球化学、岩石学指标和内部结构。最近的研究还发现蛇绿岩产生的主要时段与全球超大陆的形成、裂解,以及巨型地幔柱活动的时间吻合。根据新分类方案,一部分前寒武纪绿岩应属于蛇绿岩,表明在太古宙时期地球已进入板块构造体制。新的定义和分类为蛇绿岩研究指出了新的方向。 相似文献