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1.
The main meteorological features of catastrophic rainfall events in Catalonia are described. Data come from several sources listed in the text. Surface and upper air synoptic and some subsynoptic conditions under which these events occur are described. Two kinds of events are identified, depending on the amount of forced lift required to release potential instability: Type A events, which take place on the coastal area when the forcing due to littoral and prelittoral hills is enough, and type B events require a large forced lift and occur near the Pyrenees. Local topographical and mesoscale meteorological conditions turn out to have a relevant role in connection with such events. 相似文献
2.
M. Paul Mosley 《Environmental Geology》1980,3(2):85-95
Planning of soil conservation and erosion control schemes to minimize downstream effects requires information on the sources
of sediment supply to a river system. A survey technique for providing an inventory of sediment sources has been developed
in New Zealand; sediment sources are classified in terms of geomorphic type and degree of activity (severity). The technique
is qualitative but is of value for both planning and research because it demands a formal, objective examination of the area
under study. In the Harper-Avoca watershed the technique demonstrated that some well-established beliefs regarding the supply
of sediment to the river systems might be erroneous; sediment supply appears to be controlled primarily by geomorphic and
geologic factors, and human interference with the ecosystem probably has had a minor effect on rates of supply. The bulk of
the sediment comes from large, natural features that are beyond present erosion-control technology, whereas those features
that could be effectively treated supply a relatively small proportion of the river's total sediment load. 相似文献
3.
Robin Brett 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1975,39(8):1135-1141
Data on the kinetics of some chemical reactions occurring in lunar samples are used to estimate cooling rates over limited temperature ranges. These results, together with data on thermal conductivity and specific heats of lunar samples, have been applied to estimate the thicknesses of the cooling units.Estimates for mare basalts indicate that they were derived from cooling units no thicker than 10 m. Breccias are derived from cooling units up to a few meters in thickness. This suggests that most lunar breccias are the product of a series of relatively local events rather than large basin-forming events. If this conclusion is correct, the significance of the radiometric ages of lunar breccias needs to be re-evaluated, as does the assignment of breccias to individual basin-forming events on the basis of their trace element contents. If the breccias are a product of the major basin-forming events, it is unlikely that so many would show an age of about 4.0 b.y. It is likely that a large proportion of materials sampled would have escaped resetting by these major events, and a wider spread of ages would be observed. Attempts to link a given breccia to a specific basin-forming event on the basis of its crystallization age therefore appear to be unfounded. 相似文献
4.
《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy》1999,24(10):921-924
Landsliding is a significant process on volcanic edifices, with individual events exceeding several cubic kilometres in volume. The causes of such mass movements and their relationship with volcanic activity are still poorly understood. Landslide events are an important factor in the evolution of volcanic islands such as Tenerife, where vertical and lateral collapses have occurred repeatedly. Subaerial and submarine processes related to landslide events strongly influence the morphology of the island. On Tenerife there are three very big valleys, Güimar, La Orotava and Icod, that have been created by large landslide events with ages ranging from Upper Pliocene to Middle Pleistocene. The landslides affect the northern flanks of the island and the slopes of a large central volcanic edifice, the Las Canadas volcano, which is truncated by the Las Canadas caldera, a multicyclic collapse depression, formed between 1.02 and 0.17 Ma. We have focused our studies on the potential for caldera collapse events to trigger large scale landslides. The available geological and morphological information has been incorporated into numerical models, which simulate the destabilising effects of a caldera collapse episode. The results of the numerical modelling indicate that processes associated with caldera collapse events can overcome the stabilising forces on the volcano flank and trigger landslides. We propose that caldera collapse events may have triggered large landslides on the slopes of the Las Canadas volcano. 相似文献
5.
Paul Edwin Potter 《Earth》2009,96(4):279-799
An amazing congruence of seemingly unrelated, diverse global events began in the Middle and Upper Miocene and established our modern world. Two global orogenic belts were active, mostly in the Middle and Upper Miocene, while backarc basins formed along the eastern margin of Asia. Coincident with these events global temperatures cooled in both the ocean and atmosphere, desertification occurred from Central Asia into and across most of northern Africa and also in Australia, and in southern South America. Coincident with the expansion of the Antarctic ice cap at 14 Ma, there was initial widespread deep sea erosion and changes in patterns of deep sea sedimentation. Muddy pelagic sedimentation increased six-fold in the North and Central Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and global changes in circulation lead to more diatomites in the Pacific and fewer in the Atlantic. By the end of the Miocene most of the Mediterranean Sea had evaporated. Broadly coincident with these events, many old, large river systems were destroyed and new ones formed as much of the world's landscape changed. Collectively, these global on-shore tectonic and ocean-atmospheric events provide the foundation for our modern world—a mixture of new and rejuvenated orogenic belts and their far-field effects (distant epiorogenic uplift, rain-shadow deserts, large alluvial aprons, and distant deltas) as inherited Gondwanan landscapes persisted remote from plate boundaries. Thus at the end of the Miocene much of the world's landscape, except for that changed by Pleistocene continental glaciation, would be recognizable to us today.We argue that all of these events had the same ultimate common cause-an internal Earth engine-that drove plate motions in two broad ways: first, the opening and closing of seven key gateways to deep-water oceanic currents radically altered global heat transfer and changed a lingering Greenhouse to an Icehouse world; secondly, these events were in part coincident with renewed heat flow in the African and Pacific Superplumes that energized global plate motions in the Middle and Upper Miocene. We hope this global synthesis will stimulate more research on the many global events of the Miocene—to understand better both our modern world and earlier global orogenies. 相似文献
6.
压裂微震数据采集具有采样时间长,以及采样间隔小的特点,采集得到的数据量很大。因此数据的读取和显示,需要一些特殊的方法,进而能有效地分析数据中的微震事件。针对微震数据的特点,这里运用LOD(Level of Detail)和内存映射,来实现微震数据快速读取和可视化,为精确反演微震事件奠定了基础。 相似文献
7.
Kenneth Hewitt 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2009,28(11-12):1055-1069
The Nanga Parbat–Haramosh Massif has some of the greatest relief on Earth and highest measured rates of uplift, denudation, and river incision in bedrock. Many studies have sought to understand how its morphology relates to geotectonic evolution and glaciations. However, few catastrophic rock slope failures had been recognised and many of their impacts had been attributed to other processes. Recently more than 150 of these landslides have been found within a 100-km radius of Nanga Parbat (8125 m). New discoveries are reported east, north and west of Nanga Parbat along the Indus streams. Most generated long-run-out rock avalanches that dammed the Indus or its tributaries, some impounding large lakes. They initiated episodes of intermontane sedimentation followed by trenching and removal of sediment. Valley-floor features record a complex interplay of impoundment and sedimentation episodes, superimposition of streams in pre-landslide valley floors, and exhumation of buried features. These findings depart from existing reconstructions of Quaternary events. A number of the rock-avalanche deposits were previously misinterpreted as tills or moraine and their associated lacustrine deposits attributed to glacial lakes. Features up to 1000 m above the Indus, formerly seen as tectonically raised terraces, are depositional features emplaced by landslides, or erosion terraces recording the trenching of valley fill in landslide-interrupted river reaches. Unquestionably, tectonics and glaciation have been important but decisive and misread formative events of the Holocene involve a post-glacial, landslide-fragmented fluvial system. The latter has kept valley developments in a chronic state of disequilibrium with respect to climatic and geotectonic controls. Accepted glacial chronologies are put in doubt, particularly the extent and timing of the last major glaciation. The pace and role processes in the Holocene have been seriously underestimated. 相似文献
8.
An Overview of Some Significant Eastern Canadian Earthquakes and Their Impacts on the Geological Environment,Buildings and the Public 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Numerous moderate to large earthquakes have occurred in eastern Canada. Some ofthese events had significant geological effects such as surface faulting, liquefaction,submarine slumping, rock avalanches, rock falls, landslides, railroad embankmentslides, and one tsunami. Some of these earthquakes caused considerable damage tobuildings with unreinforced masonry elements that were located on thick clay deposits. These events also had strong psychological and social impacts, mainly due to the unpreparedness of the population. To minimize these impacts, programs should be designed to map the land and offshore areas most susceptible to mass movements (Earth Sciences), to define buildings most at risk (Engineering) and to educate the public about mitigation actions (Education, science popularization). 相似文献
9.
Mihaela Constantin Aurelian C. Trandafir Marta C. Jurchescu Daniel Ciupitu 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,59(7):1569-1578
The May–August 2005 heavy rainstorm events in Romania triggered a large number of geomorphic hazards of great magnitude, consisting
of primarily floods and landslides. Some of the most affected regions were the Curvature Carpathians and Subcarpathians. This
paper addresses the effects of rainfall on slopes, especially in the middle sector of the Sibiciu basin (the Buzău Carpathians)
outlining the significant landslide damage along the road connecting the Colţi and Aluniş villages. The landslides are analyzed
in terms of geologic, geomorphic and engineering geologic features, focusing on the Colţi–Aluniş landslide which had the greatest
impact on the road displacement. The related environmental and social impacts are also discussed. 相似文献
10.
11.
The effect of undersampling on estimating the size of extreme natural hazards from historical data is examined. Tests using synthetic catalogs indicate that the tail of an empirical size distribution sampled from a pure Pareto probability distribution can range from having one-to-several unusually large events to appearing depleted, relative to the parent distribution. Both of these effects are artifacts caused by limited catalog length. It is more difficult to diagnose the artificially depleted empirical distributions, since one expects that a pure Pareto distribution is physically limited in some way. Using maximum-likelihood methods and the method of moments, we estimate the power-law exponent and the corner size parameter of tapered Pareto distributions for several natural hazard examples: tsunamis, floods, and earthquakes. Each of these examples has varying catalog lengths and measurement thresholds, relative to the largest event sizes. In many cases where there are only several orders of magnitude between the measurement threshold and the largest events, joint two-parameter estimation techniques are necessary to account for estimation dependence between the power-law scaling exponent and the corner size parameter. Results indicate that whereas the corner size parameter of a tapered Pareto distribution can be estimated, its upper confidence bound cannot be determined and the estimate itself is often unstable with time. Correspondingly, one cannot statistically reject a pure Pareto null hypothesis using natural hazard catalog data. Although physical limits to the hazard source size and attenuation mechanisms from source to site constrain the maximum hazard size, historical data alone often cannot reliably determine the corner size parameter. Probabilistic assessments incorporating theoretical constraints on source size and propagation effects are preferred over deterministic assessments of extreme natural hazards based on historical data. 相似文献
12.
Even in the absence of associated skeletal material, isolated feathers in amber remain of high scientific interest. The remarkable preservation of these delicate structures in amber implies a potential for significantly improving our knowledge of feather evolution and diversity. A large sample set of 150 Burmese amber specimens (Upper Cretaceous, ~99 Ma) containing feathers is herein described. Several structural types can be differentiated, including flight feathers, contour feathers, semiplumes, and filoplumes. In some cases, peculiar pigmentation patterns and structural features can be documented. Additionally, different developmental stages have been captured in this assemblage with some examples of erupting feathers or neoptile plumage. Comparisons with previous studies, including skeletal material described in amber, show that Enantiornithes and non avialan dinosaurs are most likely represented in the assemblage, as well as unknown taxa. 相似文献
13.
14.
干旱持续时间久、影响范围大,时空连续性是干旱的基本特征,以往研究大多考虑单变量或双变量。通过给定阈值识别干旱斑块和判断两相邻时间干旱的连续性,提出了时空连续的干旱事件三维识别方法,用干旱历时、干旱面积、干旱烈度、干旱强度和干旱中心位置5个特征变量对一场干旱事件进行度量;提出了基于Copula函数的干旱历时-面积-烈度三变量频率分析方法。以中国西南地区为例,采用SPI(Standard Precipitation Index)干旱指标识别了近52年发生历时等于或大于3个月的干旱事件,一共78场,其中2009年8月至2010年6月最严重干旱事件的重现期为94年一遇。通过比较概率分布函数和Copula函数,表明在干旱频率分析时需要考虑干旱历时、面积、烈度3个特征变量。 相似文献
15.
N. G. Razzhigaeva L. A. Ganzey T. A. Grebennikova A. A. Kharlamov Kh. A. Arslanov V. M. Kaistrenko A. O. Gorbunov A. Yu. Petrov 《Russian Journal of Pacific Geology》2017,11(1):34-45
Tsunamis are reconstructed on the basis of distribution of tsunamigenic sediments in coastal lowland sections. Reflections of anomalous tsunamis are recorded in detail in the lacustrine–boggy sections of the Lesser Kuril Ridge, while only fragments of these sediments have been found on the islands of the Greater Kuril Ridge. The distribution and composition of the sediments left by recent large-scale tsunamis (locally documented 1994 and 1894 Shikotan tsunamis and transoceanic 2011 Tohoku tsunami) are analyzed for the purpose of understanding deposition features during large and megatsunamis. Interregional correlation of the events during the last ~2.5 kyr is carried out with estimation of their scales. It is established that large events took place in the 17th and 18th centuries and approximately at 1.0, 1.4–1.6, 1.7–1.8, and 2.0–2.1 ka ago. New data on large tsunami chronology since the Middle Holocene are presented. A unique natural peatland section with abundant tsunamigenic sand layers is studied on the Pacific side of Zelenyi Island (Rudnya Bay), where deposition continued through the entire Holocene. The largest tsunamis which happened on the South Kuril Islands during the last ~7.5 kyr and can be classed as megatsunamis are revealed. 相似文献
16.
《Applied Geochemistry》2001,16(7-8):963-983
The <2 mm fraction of 605 samples of the C-horizon of podzols collected from an area of 188,000 km2 in the European Arctic was analysed for more than 40 chemical elements. The results were used to construct geochemical maps which showed clear regional distribution patterns, notwithstanding the very low sample density of 1 site per 300 km2. Some of these patterns fit established lithological boundaries. Others fit lineament structures in the area and underline the relative importance of certain tectonic directions some of which have not yet been delineated on existing geological maps. Some mark large-scale hydrothermal events and related alteration. Finally, some are connected with prominent, known ore deposits occurring in the area. However, several large deposits and even famous metallogenic provinces (Fe, Ni/Cu) are hardly, or not at all, reflected in the regional geochemical maps. In their present definitions geochemical provinces and metallogenic provinces are thus not necessarily related. Special geochemical features can occur at very different scales. The term geochemical province is so imprecise in terms of processes leading to regional-scale geochemical features that it should be avoided. Low-density geochemistry can be used to aid the interpretation of the geological evolution of large regions. It can also be used to find prospective areas within such regions. 相似文献
17.
In the geological sciences it has only recently been recognized how important the process of impact cratering is on a planetary scale, where it is commonly the most important surface-modifying process. On the Moon and other planetary bodies that lack an appreciable atmosphere, meteorite impact craters are well preserved, and they can commonly be recognized from morphological characteristics, but on Earth complications arise as a consequence of the weathering, obliteration, deformation, or burial of impact craters and the projectiles that formed them. These problems made it necessary to develop diagnostic criteria for the identification and confirmation of impact structures on Earth. Diagnostic evidence for impact events is often present in the target rocks that were affected by the impact. The conditions of impact produce an unusual group of melted, shocked, and brecciated rocks, some of which fill the resulting crater, and others which are transported, in some cases to considerable distances from the source crater. Only the presence of diagnostic shock-metamorphic effects and, in some cases, the discovery of meteorites, or traces thereof, is generally accepted as unambiguous evidence for an impact origin. Shock deformation can be expressed in macroscopic form (shatter cones) or in microscopic forms (e.g., distinctive planar deformation features [PDFs] in quartz). In nature, shock-metamorphic effects are uniquely characteristic of shock levels associated with hypervelocity impact. The same two criteria (shock-metamorphic effects or traces of the impacting meteorite) apply to distal impact ejecta layers, and their presence confirms that materials found in such layers originated in an impact event at a possibly still unknown location. As of 2009 about 175 impact structures have been identified on Earth based on these criteria. A wide variety of shock-metamorphic effects has been identified, with the best diagnostic indicators for shock metamorphism being features that can be studied easily by using the polarizing microscope. These include specific planar microdeformation features (planar fractures [PFs], PDFs), isotropization (e.g., formation of diaplectic glasses), and phase changes (high pressure phases; melting). The present review provides a detailed discussion of shock effects and geochemical tracers that can be used for the unambiguous identification of impact structures, as well as an overview of doubtful criteria or ambiguous lines of evidence that have erroneously been applied in the past. 相似文献
18.
《地学前缘》1997,(Z2)
包括地外事件在内的地球中阵发性的意义重新引起了１８世纪均变论与灾变论之间的论争。看来有些前寒武纪构造热事件可能关系到和代表着大直径（Ｄｐ１０ｋｍ）抛射物大型撞击的最终效果。特别是，影响到构造上活动、地热上活跃的即硅镁壳下厚度小于２０ｋｍ的地区，可望引发区域性及全球性的亚岩石圈扰动、岩浆突发作用和大岩浆省的形成。对地壳活动带大型撞击的结果可能难以与完全由内因触发的事件相区别，因为①由撞击反应的地幔绝热熔融形成的、热传导能够广泛的再结晶和有关的变形覆盖初始冲击变质效应；②隆起地区的剥蚀、埋没和俯冲可能使初始撞击效应广泛消失。因此最终的，包括滑塌堆积、混杂堆积、浊积沉积、微波陨石（ｍｉｃｒｏｔｅｘｔｉｔｅ）及微晶柱（ｍｉｃｒｏｃｒｙｓｔｉｔｅ）（气化小行星和标准物质的球粒冷凝液）与地球化学异常一起提供了揭示前寒武纪撞击史的钥匙。主要撞击事件撞击期的论据可从保存的撞击标志、岩墙群、火山岩序列及碱性侵入岩的同位素年龄值分布直方图的热峰值的比较中获取。文章对前寒武纪地壳记录中这些事件标志的确认有两个前途：①用西澳具有保存良好的太古宇至新元古界（２１５～１Ｇａ）的约２０００ｋｍ２的Ｐｉｌｂａｒａ克拉通地区为例进行区域研? 相似文献
19.
The influence of Cenozoic tectonics on the groundwater-production capacity of fractured zones: a case study in Sao Paulo, Brazil 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A new procedure is developed to correlate structural lineaments recognised through air-photo interpretation with subsurface
fracture features that are associated with zones of high groundwater production in fractured-rock environments. The analysis
approach is referred to as the homogeneous tectonic domain (HTD) method and involves correlating the lineament features of
a given area with the orientation of the primary stress fields and fracture structures associated with the recent tectonic
history that affected the region of study. The main premise of the method is that the most recent tectonic events in a given
area have had the most significant influence on the nature of the existing fracture network and subsequently on the regional
groundwater flow characteristics.
A study site was selected within the state of S?o Paulo, Brazil, where a complex tectonic history dating back to Precambrian
time has generated significant fracture porosity in the bedrock environment. The bedrock is heavily used in this area as a
domestic and industrial aquifer. The most recent tectonic activity is associated with five distinct Cenozoic events that generated
fracture features through both shear and extension stress fields. Due to the mode of formation, fracture zones generated by
extension tend to have the largest effective apertures and are the most conductive to groundwater. By applying the HTD method
in a series of test areas where specific Cenozoic events were dominant, fracture trends generated by shear and extension mechanisms
could be identified. Water-well production capacity was correlated with proximity to extension-type structures in most cases.
Other factors, such as the type of rock the well was completed in, had a much weaker influence on well capacity.
Through this application, the HTD approach is shown to provide a methodology for delineating fractured areas within rock environments
that have high potential for groundwater-resource development by combining classical lineament analysis with a clear understanding
of the tectonic history of a given area.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
20.
The study area, just to the west of the Verrill Canyon on the Scotian Slope, eastern Canada, exhibits both large and small scale sediment mass movement features. Study of high resolution seismic reflection and sidescan sonar data shows that a large portion (approximately 70%) of the near surface sediment (<20 m) in the area has undergone erosion, rotational slumping and internal deformation. Remoulded sediment observed in physical properties profiles of piston cores and sediment deformation structures are further evidence of slumping. Small scale mass flow events are recorded by abundant turbidites and debris flow deposits noted in piston cores. Sediment physical properties are highly dependent on sediment type (lithofacies). Frequent facies changes, both temporally and spatially, make correlation between cores difficult. Although the small scale mass movement events correlate with glacial recession on the continental shelf and lower relative sea levels, the triggering mechanisms for the large scale events are less obvious. Slope stability analyses indicate that, at present, the seabed is stable. The most plausible explanation for large scale slope failures in this region are ground accelerations related to earthquake shock. Our analyses demonstrate that it is unlikely that large magnitude, distant earthquakes, such as those previously proposed in the Laurentian Slope Seismic Zone (LSP) model, could initiate failure of sediment in the study region. Our data support the interpretation that more frequent, lower magnitude earthquakes, closer to the study region, as previously proposed in the Eastern Slope Experimental Source Zone (ESX) model, are the likely causes of large scale slope failures. Furthermore, excess pore pressures resulting from shallow gas and/or high sedimentation rates during deglaciation contribute to slope failure. 相似文献