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1.
The central Damaran (Pan-African) Orogenic Belt in western Namibia is dominated by elongated granite-gneiss domes, surrounded by Neoproterozoic Damaran cover as periclinal synclinoria, mainly composed of amphibolite-facies metasedimentary rocks. The domes consist of remnants of pre-Damaran gneissic basement and/or Damaran granitoids. There is a high strain zone along the margin between the granite-gneiss domes and the Damaran cover, interpreted in terms of a late extensional mid-crustal detachment, following oblique north-south collision of the Kalahari and Congo Cratons (ca 550 Ma). The present paper focusses on two granite-gneiss domes (Khan and Ida) in western-central Namibia, where a previously unrecognised generation of early post-collisional Damaran granitoids (ca 530 Ma old), have invaded the pre-Damaran basement and cross-cut the detachment zone. These granitoids are classified as syeno-monzogranites with peraluminous high-K calc-alkaline compositions and I/S-type signatures. Geochemical data suggest that the syeno-monzogranites were derived from a lower crustal source, tentatively ascribed to the pre-Damaran gneissic basement. The granitoids also show evidence for magma contamination through partial assimilation with dark, amphibolitic cover rocks. As a result of this hybridisation of the syeno-monzogranites, granitoids with more dioritic compositions were developed. The syeno-monzogranites were then cross-cut by Damaran pegmatitic leucogranites (ca 510 Ma). Further evidence of episodic post-collisional magmatic activity is provided by late-stage mineralisation, and by a ca 465 Ma (40Ar-39Ar) thermal overprint in the cover rocks. It is proposed that the post-collisional magmatic activity emanated from the endogenic part of a mid-crustal Damaran granitic batholith, whose cupola-like emplacement in dome structures coincided with regional uplift, and subsequent cooling before ca 465 Ma.  相似文献   

2.
Wadi Hammuda is dominated by a variety of low grade regionally metamorphosed volcaniclastic metasediments pertaining to two different geotectonic settings and intruded by arc and late collision granitic rocks. Thus, the volcaniclastic metasediments which form extensive outcrops are considered as a member of island arc assemblages. This paper deals with the petrography, geochemistry, and tectonic setting of the island arc volcaniclastic metasediment rock units. The volcaniclastic metasediments consist of interbedded metagreywackes, metasiltstones, metamudstones, and schists as well as metapyroclastics. They are well foliated, crenulated and tightly folded, metamorphosed, and intruded by granitic rocks. Geochemical data support the petrographic classification and reveal that these volcaniclastic metasediments are generally low-K, essentially tholeiitic in character, with the exception of some metasediments and metapyroclastics which exhibits calc-alkaline and tholeiitic affinities and represent the first stage of island arc volcanism. The overthrusted oceanic lithosphere blocks with fragments of the fore arc and/or back-arc marginal basins volcaniclastic metasediments were incorporated among the island arc volcanics which supported by tectonically relationship between the different rock units in the study area. Contemporaneous with this deformation event, Wadi Hammuda was subjected to low grade regional metamorphism and the rocks document an early phase of shearing and/or foliation. Occasionally minor folds were developed particularly in the metasediments and schists. The subsequent emplacement of the syn-tectonic granites (tonalites and granodiorites) resulted in minor local thrusts. During the regional thrusting event which preceded the emplacement of the late-tectonic granites (alkali feldspar granites) and affected the whole region, low grade successions cover the study area similar to the Meatiq volcaniclastic metasediments.  相似文献   

3.
In the eastern part of the Strandja Massif constituting the east end of the Rhodope Massif, the amphibolite facies basement rocks intruded by Permian metagranites are juxtaposed against the greenschist facies cover metasediments of Triassic-Middle Jurassic protolith age. The distinct metamorphic break between the basement and cover rocks requires a missing metamorphic section. The boundary between the two groups of rocks is a ductile to brittle extensional shear zone with kinematic indicators exhibiting a top to the E/NE shear sense. Footwall rocks are cut by weakly metamorphosed and foliated granite bodies which are clearly distinguished from the Permian metagranites by their degree of deformation, cross-cutting relations and syn-tectonic/kinematic character. Also, hangingwall rocks were intruded by unmetamorphosed and weakly foliated leucogranites. 40Ar/39Ar data indicate that the ductile deformation from 156.5 to 143.2 Ma (Middle Oxfordian-Earliest Berriasian) developed during the syn-tectonic plutonism in the footwall. Deformation, and gradual/slower cooling-exhumation survived until to 123 Ma (Barremian). The mylonitic and brittle deformation in the detachment zone developed during Oxfordian-Earliest Berriasian time (155.7–142.6 Ma) and Early Valanginian-Aptian time (136–118.7 Ma), respectively. Our new field mapping and first 40Ar/39Ar ages demonstrate the existence of an extensional core complex of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous age not previously described in the Rhodope/Strandja massifs.  相似文献   

4.
藏南定结淡色花岗岩--基底隆升降压熔融成因的地质证据   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
西藏南部定结地区高喜马拉雅结晶基底中淡色花岗岩体紧靠藏南拆离断层内部产出．野外地质和岩相学特征显示其为S型、分两期侵入的淡色花岗岩体——早期的黑云母淡色花岗岩和晚期的白云母淡色花岗岩。基底副变质岩中广泛分布淡色花岗岩脉体．在基底副变质岩中的淡色花岗岩脉体中发现紫苏辉石暗色麻粒岩残留体，这表明本区高喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩源岩为基底副变质岩，且基底副变质岩是在基底快速隆升降压的条件下发生缺水熔融生成的淡色花岗岩岩浆。  相似文献   

5.
The Matsitama schist belt in northeastern Botswana comprises an area of metasediments, notably quartzites, limestones, shales and amphibolites that are bounded by granites and gneisses. The belt lies southwest of the Rhodesian cration and north of the Limpopo mobile belt.Stratigraphic, structural and lead isotopic evidence indicates that the Matsitama metasediments are equivalent to the Shashi metasediments in the Limpopo belt. There is strong evidence that the Matsitama and Shashi metasediments stratigraphically underlie volcanic rocks of the Tati belt which have been correlated with Archaean schist belts of about 2700 Ma of Rhodesia. Therefore, the Matsitama and Shashi rocks are at least as old as the schist belts of the Rhodesian craton and may represent a shallow-water facies that occurs only in the Limpopo area.There is no structural evidence that the Matsitama and Shashi metasediments were deposited unconformably on basement rocks, although the presence of gneiss, amphibolite and ironstone pebbles in a Matsitama conglomerate, as well as the presence of orthoquartzites, shows the existence of a basement source region. However, the surrounding granites intrude the Matsitama and Shashi metasediments and all underwent several deformation phases.The structural history of the Matsitama rocks can be described in terms of five phases of deformation. The main cleavage-producing deformation phase, F2, folded the rocks into a major synform and intensely deformed them. Before this, however, the rocks had been folded and thrust so that part of the succession shows downward-facing F2 structures and there are possibly repetitions of the stratigraphy due to imbrication. Structures of the F3 and F4 phases fold the main cleavage but locally are sufficiently intense to modify the shape of the finite strain ellipsoid. There is a major ductile shear zone of F4 age, south of which F4 folds are tight, while to the north, F4 deformation is negligible. All of these structures can be correlated with deformation phases in the Tati schist belt to the east and in the northern part of the Limpopo mobile belt.Lead isotope evidence suggests that mineralization in the Matsitama metasediments occurred at least 2200 Ma ago, and that leads from Dihudi/Thakadu and Messina, in the centre of the Limpopo belt, underwent a two-stage history of events at 2600–2700 Ma and 2000–2100 Ma ago, agreeing with other geochronological evidence. The leads from Matsitama and Messina are isotopically distinct from leads from the Rhodesian schist belts, which show evidence of transfer to the crust some 3500 Ma ago. The absence of this 3500 Ma-old lead from the Matsitama and Messina environments may indicate different crustal conditions and possibly the absence of the Rhodesian-type early basement.  相似文献   

6.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(10):1121-1149
Peraluminous intrusives of the Akum-Bamenda Massif, Pan-African Belt, Central Cameroon, were synkinematically emplaced in a Pan-African sinistral strike-slip shear zone. The rock sequences consist of medium-grained leucogranites, fine-grained leucogranites, and orthogneisses of biotite granite composition; in aggregate, they cover a range from about 65 to 74 wt.% SiO2, defining a continuous chemical evolutionary trend and displaying characteristics of the high-K and medium calc-alkaline series. Leucogranites are strongly peraluminous (A/CNK > 1.1) and plot in the field of S-type granites, whereas orthogneisses are metaluminous and plot in the field of I-type granitoids. Major and trace element compositions and the Rb/Sr isotopes of the leucogranites indicate crustal derivation by remelting of a composite metapelite?+?metagreywacke protolith similar to the metasedimentary rocks of the central domain of the Cameroon Pan-African North-Equatorial fold belt.  相似文献   

7.
Neoproterozoic carbonatites and related igneous rocks, including A-type granites in the Tatarka-Ishimba suture zone of the Yenisey Ridge are confined to a horst-anticlinal structure that was formed in a transpression setting during the oblique collision between the Central Angara terrane and the Siberian craton. The carbonatites, associating mafic (including alkaline) dikes as well as the Srednetatarka nepheline syenites are the oldest igneous formations of the Tatarka active continental margin complex. Geochronological data indicate that magmatic evolution continued in the studied anticline for nearly 100 m.y. On the earliest stage carbonatites were formed and on the last stage — the emplacement of mantle-crustal A-type Tatarka granites took place. According to new U/Pb zircon studies, the earliest rocks in the Tatarka pluton are A-type leucogranites aged 646 ± 8 Ma. The younger 40Ar/39Ar ages of carbonatites obtained for phlogopites (647 ± 7 and 629 ± 6 Ma) are related to the last tectonic events in the studied region of the Tatarka-Ishimba suture zone, which are coeval with the formation of the A-type granitoids (646–629 Ma).  相似文献   

8.
The Thomson Orogen forms the northwestern segment of the Tasman Orogenic Zone. It was a tectonically active area with several episodes of deposition, deformation and plutonism from Cambrian to Carboniferous time.Only the northeastern part of the orogen is exposed; the remainder is covered by gently folded Permian and Mesozoic sediments of the Galilee, Cooper and Great Artesian Basins. Information on the concealed Thomson Orogen is available from geophysical surveys and petroleum exploration wells which have penetrated the Permian and Mesozoic cover.The boundaries of the Thomson Orogen with other tectonic units are concealed, but discordant trends suggest that they are abrupt. To the west, the orogen is bordered by Proterozoic structural blocks which form basement west of the northeast-trending Diamantina River Lineament. The most appropriate boundary with the Lachlan and Kanmantoo Orogens to the south is an arcuate line marking a distinct change in the direction of gravity trends. The north-northwest orientation of the northern part of the New England Orogen to the east cuts strongly across the dominant northeast trend of the Thomson Orogen.The Thomson Orogen developed as a tectonic entity in latest Proterozoic or Early Cambrian time when the former northern extension of the Adelaide Orogen * was truncated along the Muloorinna Ridge. Early Palaeozoic deposition was dominated by finegrained, quartz-rich clastic sediments. Cambrian carbonates accumulated in the southwest and a Cambro-Ordovician island arc was active in the north. Along the western margin of the orogen, sediments were probably laid down on downfaulted blocks of deformed Proterozoic rocks, with oceanic crust further to the east.A mid- to Late Ordovician orogeny which affected the whole of the Thomson Orogen marked the climax of its precratonic (orogenic) stage. The northeast structural trend of the orogen (parallel to its western boundary with the Precambrian craton) was imposed at this time and has controlled the orientation of later folding and faulting. Up to three generations of folding have been recognized and fine-grained metasediments exhibit a prominent slaty cleavage. Metamorphism was to the greenschist and amphibolite facies, the highest grade rocks being associated with synorogenic granodiorite batholiths in the north. Following deposition of Late Ordovician marine sediments at the eastern margin, emplacement of post-tectonic Late Silurian or Early Devonian batholiths ended the precratonic history of the Thomson Orogen.The subsequent transitional tectonic regime was characterized by deposition of Devonian to Early Carboniferous shallow marine and continental sediments including widespread red-beds and andesitic volcanics. The maximum marine transgression occurred in the early Middle Devonian. Localized folding affected the easternmost part of the Thomson Orogen at the end of Middle Devonian time and was followed by intrusion of Devono-Carboniferous granitic plutons. However, the terminal orogeny which deformed all Devonian to Early Carboniferous rocks of the orogen was of mid-Carboniferous age. It produced northeast-trending open folds and normal and high-angle reverse faults which are considered to reflect basement structures. The cratonization of the Thomson Orogen was completed with the emplacement of Late Carboniferous granites and the eruption of comagmatic volcanics in the northeast, permian and Mesozoic sediments accumulated in broad, relatively shallow down warps which covered most of the former orogen.  相似文献   

9.
Zircon U–Pb SHRIMP, petrographical and geochemical data lead to the first characterization of the Tonian plutonism (Salto da Divisa Granite Suite), ascribed to the continental rift stage of the precursor basin of the Araçuaí Orogen (Eastern Brazil). The suite includes batholitic plutons and comprises mainly fluorite-bearing, dominantly mesoperthitic hornblende–biotite leucogranites. The presence of mafic (tholeiitic) gabbroic enclaves and syn-plutonic dykes confers to the suite a bimodal character. The plutons were locally deformed and foliated under amphibolite facies conditions, in response to the Neoproterozoic collage of the Araçuaí Orogen against the São Francisco Cratonic margin. However, undeformed magmatic facies are well preserved at inner portions of the plutons. The granitoids are metaluminous, with high SiO2 and HFSE: Nb, Zr, Y, Ta and REE (except Eu); low CaO, Al2O3, Sc, Ba, Sr; high FeOt/MgO ratios, characterizing a chemical signature akin to the subalkaline, A-2 type granites. U–Pb SHRIMP data obtained on zircons from the main pluton yielded a magmatic crystallization age of 875 ± 9 Ma. Some inherited xenocrysts revealed ages of ca. 2080 Ma, corresponding to ages of the host rocks, a Paleoproterozoic basement. Nd isotopic evolution studies confirm the Paleoproterozoic influence on magma genesis with a TDM model age of ca. 1.6 Ga and εNd of − 5.58 at 880 Ma. The African counterpart, the West Congo Belt, encompasses thick rift-related alkaline volcanic-sedimentary basin (Zadinian and Mayumbian groups, and associated anorogenic granites), dated in the interval of ca. 1000–900 Ma. The age differences between the Salto da Divisa Suite intrusion and the anorogenic magmatic episode at the West Congo Belt suggests a westward migration (i.e. to the Brazilian side) of the thermal axis of the rift, ca. 30 Ma after the ending of the extensional process in Africa.  相似文献   

10.
The mean (87Sr/86Sr) and mean (87Rb/86Sr) ratios of the intrusive granites from the North and South of the Orogen's Central Zone plot on straight lines. These are interpreted as areal isochrons indicating the time of last Sr isotope homogenization 526 and 571 Ma ago in the respective source rocks.Initial (87Sr/86Sr) and mean (87Rb/86Sr) ratios of approximately coeval granites of the main magmatic pulses in the North (470 Ma) and in the South (520 Ma) line up along isochrons suggesting that in both cases 60 Ma passed after the homogenization in the protolith before large scale intrusions took place.The data require that the intrusions have preserved the Rb/Sr ratios of their source rocks permitting only very little assimilation or fractionation.The source rocks in the North and South had rather unradiogenic Sr 526 and 571 Ma ago, respectively. At Ri0.7066 all presently known Damaran metasediments and metavolcanics as well as the basement must be excluded as the protoliths. A hypothetical source with a large proportion of low (87Sr/86Sr) volcanic material is required. In the center, on the other hand, the Sr isotope ratios are more radiogenic and derivation from common Damaran metasediments is a distinct possibility.The total rock 18O values show an unusual spread from 7.1 to 15.2, the majority being very heavy. This excludes granulites and requires sediments or heavily altered volcanics as source rocks. A plot of 18O vs. initial Sr isotope ratios of the granites from the center which could have been derived from Damaran metasediments has a very clear negative slope. No trend is visible for the southern granites. Of the northern granites the older group shows a negative, the younger group a positive correlation. This is interpreted as indicating mainly altered volcanics (perhaps spilites) for the older and a mixture of volcanogenic and metasedimentary rocks as the source for the younger group. The high 18O values show that the granites are crustal remelts.  相似文献   

11.
拿日雍措穹窿(错那洞穹窿)位于北喜马拉雅穹窿的东部,穹隆内花岗岩种类较多,有淡色花岗岩、含石榴子石淡色花岗岩、片理化淡色花岗岩、含石榴子石和含绿柱石伟晶岩.这些花岗岩为经历了斜长石、锆石、独居石、磷灰石、富Ti矿物等分离结晶作用而形成的高度演化花岗岩,相对于维氏世界花岗岩平均值,富集Bi、Cs、Li、Sn、Be、Pb、B、W、Ta等稀有金属成矿元素,略贫Nb元素.同时,围岩也相对富集稀有金属元素.全岩地球化学分析表明,引起拿日雍措穹隆淡色花岗岩富集稀有金属成矿元素的因素是分离结晶作用和热液交代作用.高度演化淡色花岗岩在喜马拉雅造山带广泛分布,铌铁矿、钽铁矿、锡石和绿柱石等稀有金属矿物已在多处露头被识别,暗示了喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩是未来稀有金属矿产勘探的重要靶区.  相似文献   

12.
Mapping of the dome structures in the central zone of the Damaran orogen, Namibia, has shown a profound ductile shear zone, the Khan river detachment, separating the 1000 Ma granitic basement gneiss from the 550 Ma metamorphosed Damaran metasedimentary cover. This shear zone is a regional scale mid-crustal detachment up to two kilometres thick, with an unknown displacement. Extension lineations are oriented NE-SW along the length of the orogen and parallel to the axes of tight, contemporaneous, periclinal synclinoria in the Damaran cover and parallel to the long axes of the more open, elongate dome structures in the basement gneisses. Various kinematic indicators show that the hanging wall above the detachment has moved towards the south-west under extensional conditions. The domes are thought to be the result of combined crustal NW-SE compression and SW-NE extension when the cover escaped and flowed towards the south-west during the oblique collision of the Kalahari and Congo cratons. Evidence from the margins and the interior of the Damaran orogen, where the basement was thrust onto the cratonic platforms, suggests that the collision was sinistrally transpressive. The structural elements identified so far could be compared to the North American metamorphic core complex model.  相似文献   

13.
The paper deals with geological and geochemical studies of granitoids of the Olenek complex in the Olenek uplift of the basement of the northern Siberian craton. The age of these granitoids was earlier estimated at 2036 ± 11 Ma. The granitoids of the Olenek complex correspond in composition to high-alumina quartz diorites, granites, and leucogranites of the normal petrochemical series. According to geochemical and mineralogical characteristics, the quartz diorites can be assigned to granites of the transitional I-S type, and the granites and leucogranites, to S-type granites. The 8Nd(T values in the granites of the Olenek complex vary from -0.2 to + 1.4, and the Nd model age is 2.4-2.5 Ga. The quartz diorite is characterized by 8Nd(T) = + 3.0 and a Nd model age T(DM) = 2.2 Ga. The geochemical characteristics of the granites and leucogranites indicate their formation through the melting of a source of graywacke composition, whereas the quartz diorites resulted, most likely, from the mixing of granitic and basaltic melts. The fact that the granitoids of the Olenek complex intruded the folded rocks of the Eekit Formation but stay virtually undeformed massive bodies suggests that they formed at the postdeformation stage of the regional evolution after the completion of the Paleoproterozoic orogenic events. The intrusion of granitoids marks the completion of the formation of the Early Proterozoic Eekit fold belt on the western (in the recent coordinates) margin of the Birekta terrane of the Olenek superterraine and the final formation of the superterrane structure. At the next stage of magmatism (1.98-1.96 Ga), best pronounced in the uplifts of the basement of the northern Siberian craton, all terranes forming the Anabar and Olenek superterranes assembled into a single structure.  相似文献   

14.
Partial melting in the middle to lower crustal level produces melts of granitic composition during orogeny. Thrusts play a vital role in their exhumation after consolidation of these granitic melts. In this paper we focus on one such granite along the eastern margin of the Delhi Fold Belt (DFB) rocks near Srinagar, Rajasthan, India. This is the first report of granite within the area and holds a key stratigraphic position in the entire rock package. The said granite is found to be intrusive to the DFB metasediments as well as their basement popularly known as the Banded Gneissic Complex (BGC). We disentangle the deformation fabrics seen within the granite and associated DFB metasediments, suggesting that subsequent to emplacement and consolidation, the granite has co-folded along with the country rocks. Three deformational events could be identified within the DFB metasediments namely, D1D, D2D and D3D. The peak metamorphism was achieved in the D1D event. The granite magma is generated and emplaced late syn-kinematic to D1D and thereafter is deformed by D2D and D3D producing D1G and D2G structural fabrics. These compressive deformations resulted in the collapse of the basin; the combined package of DFB rocks and the granite was thrusted eastwards over the basement rocks. The tectonic transport direction during thrusting is suggested eastwards from our structural analysis. Transverse faults developed perpendicular to the length of the granite have led to partitioning of the strain thereby showing a heterogeneity in the development of fabric within it.  相似文献   

15.
In order to constrain the temporal relationship between granite (sensu lato) emplacement and metamorphism, isotope work was carried out on the minerals zircon and apatite (U-Pb), garnet (Pb-Pb) and hornblende (Ar-Ar) from wall rock samples in the Shamva area in Zimbabwe. The area, encompassing parts of the Chinamora and Murehwa batholiths and a wedge-shaped greenstone belt segment in between, is commonly quoted in the literature as an example illustrating pluton emplacement processes and deformational models for the Archean. New U-Pb dating of apatite from a boudinaged pegmatite within mafic schists in the batholith-greenstone contact zone has yielded an age of 2619 +28/-24 Ma. This age is interpreted as the best estimation of the intrusion age of this unit, depending on the assumed closure temperature, and provides an upper age limit for the syntectonic emplacement of the now gneissic granites. Pb-Pb dating of late kinematic garnets in cordierite-bearing rocks within the greenstone belt wall rocks gives an age of 2623NJ Ma. Together, this timing of relatively late, syntectonic plutonism and metamorphic mineral growth at ca. 2.62 Ga compares well with existing zircon crystallization ages for felsic volcanics (2645dž Ma, 2643NJ Ma) and post-tectonic porphyritic monzogranites (2601ᆢ Ma). Ar-Ar hornblende ages for mafic schists from different areas within the greenstone belt wall rocks range between 2621 and 2498 Ma and have been interpreted to indicate mixing between metamorphic ages and cooling ages. The data support a geological model whereby volcanism and sedimentation are associated with an early phase of regional deformation at ca. 2.64 Ga, which may have started earlier and lasted longer, and evolves into the voluminous emplacement of granites (now gneissic granites) in the batholiths at approximately 2.62 Ga. Emplacement of post-tectonic tabular monzogranites takes place at ca. 2.60 Ga.  相似文献   

16.
The structural study of the Saint-Laurent – La Jonquera pluton (Eastern Pyrenees), a Variscan composite laccolithic intrusion emplaced in metasedimentary and gneissic rocks of the Roc de Frausa dome, by means of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) technique has allowed the determination of the nature and orientation of its magmatic fabrics. The magmatic foliation has a predominant NE–SW strike and the mean lineation is also NE–SW trending with a shallow plunge. A strain gradient is measured so that the tonalites to granodiorites that form the basal parts of the pluton, and are intruded into amphibolite-facies metamorphic rocks, recorded the highest anisotropies, whereas the monzogranites and leucogranites, emplaced into upper crustal, low-grade metamorphic rocks, are weakly deformed. These results point to the synkinematic sequential emplacement of multiple granitoid sheets, from less to more differentiated magmatic stages, during the Late Carboniferous D2 event characterized by an E–W-trending dextral transpression. The magmatic foliation appears locally disturbed by the effects of two tectonic events. The first of them (D3) produced mylonitization of granitoids along NW–SE retrograding shear zones and open folds in the host Ediacaran metasediments of the Roc de Frausa massif, likely during late Variscan times. Interference between D2 and D3 structures was responsible for the dome geometry of the whole Roc de Frausa massif. The second and last perturbation consisted of local southward tilting of the granitoids coupled to the Mesozoic–Cenozoic cover during the Alpine.  相似文献   

17.
Tourmaline rocks of previously unclear genesis and spatially associated with W- (Cu)-bearing calc-silicate rocks occur in Palaeoproterozoic supracrustal and felsic intrusive rocks in the Bonya Hills in the eastern Arunta Inlier, central Australia. Tourmalinisation of metapelitic host rocks postdates the peak of regional low-pressure metamorphism (M1/D1, ~500 °C, ~0.2 GPa), and occurred synkinematically between the two main deformation events D1 and D2, coeval with emplacement of Late Strangways (~1.73 Ga) tourmaline-bearing leucogranites and pegmatites. Tourmaline is classified as schorl to dravite in tourmaline–quartz rocks and surrounding tourmaline-rich alteration zones, and as Fe-rich schorl to foitite in the leucogranites. Boron metasomatism resulted in systematic depletion of K, Li, Rb, Cs, Mn and enrichment of B, and in some samples of Na and Ca, in the tourmaline rocks compared to unaltered metasedimentary host rocks. Whole-rock REE concentrations and patterns of unaltered schist, tourmalinised schist and tourmaline–quartz veins—the latter were the zones of influx of the boron-rich hydrothermal fluid—are comparable to those of post-Archaean shales. Thus, the whole-rock REE patterns of these rocks are mostly controlled by the metapelitic precursor. In contrast, REE concentrations of leucogranitic rocks are low (10 times chondritic), and their flat REE patterns with pronounced negative Eu anomalies are typical for fractionated granitic melts coexisting with a fluid phase. REE patterns for tourmalines separated from metapelite-hosted tourmaline–quartz veins and tourmaline-bearing granites are very different from one another but each tourmaline pattern mirrors the REE distribution of its immediate host rock. Tourmalines occurring in tourmaline–quartz veins within tourmalinised metasediments have LREE-enriched (LaN/YbN=6.3–55), shale-like patterns with higher REE (54–108 ppm). In contrast, those formed in evolved leucogranites exhibit flat REE patterns (LaN/YbN=1.0–5.6) with pronounced negative Eu anomalies and are lower in REE (5.6–30 ppm). We therefore conclude that REE concentrations and patterns of tourmaline from the different tourmaline rocks studied are controlled by the host rock and not by the hydrothermal fluid causing boron metasomatism. From the similarity of the REE pattern of separated tourmaline with the host rock, we further conclude that incorporation of REEs in tourmaline is not intrinsically controlled (i.e. by crystal chemical factors). Tourmaline does not preferentially fractionate specific REEs or groups of REEs during crystallisation from evolved boron- and fluid-rich granitic melts or during alteration of clastic metasediments by boron-rich magmatic-hydrothermal fluids.Editorial responsibility: J. Hoefs  相似文献   

18.
《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(5):363-374
Granitoid rocks of the southern Menderes Massif, SW Turkey include widespread possibly Ediacaran high-grade granitic orthogneisses and younger (Tertiary) sheets, sills and/or dikes of variably deformed tourmaline-bearing leucogranites. The latter are confined to the immediate footwall of the regional-scale ductile southern Menderes shear zone. Although both sets of granitoid rocks are essentially calc-alkaline and peraluminous, the syn- to post-collisional tourmaline-bearing leucogranites are chemically distinguishable from both the granitoid orthogneisses and from two sets of mostly sodic siliceous dyke rocks. The leucogranites were generated by partial melting induced by shear heating during the waning stages of the Eocene main Menderes metamorphism and associated top-to-the-NNE thrusting along the southern Menderes ductile shear zone, which transported schists northwards over the granitoid orthogneisses of the core Menderes complex. Upward migration and emplacement of leucogranitic melt weakened formerly sheared rocks, so that when thrust-related deformation ceased it facilitated rapid crustal extension along the shear zone. The emplacement of leucogranites, in turn, promoted the reactivation of the southern Menderes shear zone as a top-to-the-SSW extensional feature. Continued extensional deformation affected the leucogranites which became parallel to the shear-zone foliation; local S-C fabrics were also generated. The additional occurrence of less or almost undeformed leucogranites suggests that the latest stages of extension might have induced adiabatic decompressional melting. Hence the leucogranite melt generation and emplacement in the southern Menderes Massif occurred in pulses. Both compressional and extensional processes played key roles in melt generation, emplacement, deformation and exhumation of the massif.

A clear distinction may also be made between the composition of granite-hosted tourmalines and those from metasedimentary schists. Tourmalines from a pebble of uncertain provenance in the Gökçay metaconglomerate plotted with schist-hosted tourmalines, suggesting that it was unlikely to be derived from granitoid gneiss. This crucial piece of evidence suggests that the presence of a major (Pan-African) unconformity at the so-called “core (orthogneiss)-cover (schist)” boundary in the southern Menderes Massif is unnecessary.  相似文献   

19.
The Ysyk-Köl Basin filled with Lower Jurassic–Quaternary sedimentary rocks is the largest intermontane negative structural unit of the northern Tien Shan. The basement of this basin is composed of Precambrian–Paleozoic rocks, largely of Ordovician and Silurian granitoids exposed in mountain ranges of the basin framework and as separate anticlinal domes situated in areas occupied by the Mesozoic–Cenozoic sedimentary cover. The postmagmatic tectonic internalstructure of the Chonkurchak (Chunkurchak), Kyzyl-Choku, Kyzyl-Bulak, and Prishib massifs emplaced in the basement, as well as their relationships to the sedimentary cover, are described in the paper. The study was carried out using the morphostructural method, detailed geological mapping, structural kinematic analysis, and petrographic examination of rocks. The internalstructure of Paleozoic granites in the basement and indications of their 3D tectonic flow are characterized. It is shown that granites underwent 3D deformation after their emplacement in the consolidated crust, and this process had a substantial influence on tectonic processes at the plate and orogenic stages of regional evolution.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

The upper Cambrian Yancannia Formation is a small and isolated basement exposure situated in the southern Thomson Orogen, northwestern New South Wales. Understanding the geology of the Yancannia Formation is important, as it offers a rare glimpse of the composition and structure of the mostly covered basement rocks of the southern Thomson Orogen. It consists of deformed fine-grained, lithic-rich, turbiditic metasediments, suggesting deposition in a proximal, low-energy deep-marine environment. A 497 ± 13 Ma U–Pb detrital zircon date provides its maximum depositional age, the same as previously published for a tuff horizon in a correlative unit. Analysis of sedimentological, geochronological and geophysical data confirms the Yancannia Formation belongs to the Warratta Group. The Warratta Group exhibits many similarities to the Teltawongee Group in the adjacent Delamerian Orogen, including similar provenance, sedimentology and deep-water turbiditic depositional environment. Additionally, there is no sedimentological evidence for deposition of the Warratta Group following the ca 500 Ma Delamerian Orogeny, which suggests that the Warratta Group is syn-Delamerian. However, no geochronological or structural evidence for Delamerian orogenesis was observed in the Warratta Group, suggesting that the group was either unaffected by Delamerian orogenesis, or that no conclusive record remains. The provenance signature of the Warratta Group also bears strong similarities with the upper Cambrian Stawell Zone Saint Arnaud Group in the western Lachlan Orogen. Units east of Yancannia have similar provenance signatures to the Lower Ordovician Girilambone Group of the Lachlan Orogen, suggesting equivalents exist in the southern Thomson Orogen. These are likely to be the Thomson beds, deposited in a deep-marine setting outboard of the Delamerian continental margin. Structural analysis from a ～10 km, semi-continuous, across-strike section indicates a major, kilometre-scale, upright, shallow northwest-trending, doubly plunging anticline dominates the Yancannia region. This D1 structure was associated with tight-to-isoclinal folding, penetrative cleavage and abundant quartz veining of probable Benambran age. Later dextral transpressional deformation (D2) produced a sporadic, weak cleavage and dextral faulting, possibly of Bindian age. Major south-directed thrusting (D3) on the adjacent Olepoloko Fault occurred in the early Carboniferous and appears to pre-date a later deformation event (D4), which was associated with kink folding.  相似文献   

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