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2004年3月12日,云南省丽江市玉龙雪山南坡发生了较大规模的冰-岩碎屑流型高速远程滑坡。位于斜坡顶部（高程为4 337~5 350 m）的岩体和冰川块体沿着高陡岩壁向下滑动,在峡谷地形控制下于干河坝内形成体积约11.2×10 6 m 3的滑坡堆积体。本文通过遥感影像分析和现场调查,对干河坝冰-岩碎屑流的地貌与堆积特征进行了详细研究,初步阐释了干河坝冰-岩碎屑流发生的成因机制和运动过程。研究结果表明,节理裂隙发育、源区冻融作用加剧和历史地震效应是此次地震的诱发因素。地形的坡度变化特征、滑体表面“乘船石”结构及内部岩屑的定向排列表明滑坡的运动过程可分为碰撞破碎阶段和扩散堆积阶段。滑坡堆积区广泛分布的“冰川乳坑”和冰水沉积物暗示堆积体底部松散沉积物减阻或是干河坝冰-岩碎屑流具有远程效应的有利因素。深入理解干河坝冰-岩碎屑流的地貌特征及运动学过程,对揭示高速远程滑坡的超强运动机理具有重要的理论意义,同时对我国西部高寒山区大型滑坡灾害的预测预警亦具有现实意义。 相似文献
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冰-岩碎屑流是高寒山区陡峭山体斜坡区冰崩、岩崩或滑坡解体后形成的冰屑、岩块和土颗粒混合体高速流动现象.由于裹挟了冰屑,冰-岩碎屑流具有超强的运动性,屡屡引发震惊世人的灾难性事件,是全球气候变暖大背景下地质灾害研究的热点与前沿问题.通过对近40余年来的研究进展进行梳理和评述,指出了冰-岩碎屑流的概念由来和主流定义方法,阐述了其成因机制的气候敏感性,结合典型实例论述了区域发育特征,重点分析了运动特征、减阻机理和冰屑影响机制.冰-岩碎屑流的超强运动性被认为与低摩擦冰减阻机理、摩擦热融减阻机理、侧限约束减阻机理密切相关.冰屑作为材料组分和融水来源,能够降低界面摩擦、改变冰-水-岩相互作用,进而形成复杂的热-水-力耦合作用.今后应加强研究冰-岩碎屑流事件的成因机制和时空分布规律、运动特性和冰屑影响机制、过程演化观测与预警评估技术,以期揭示冰-岩碎屑流运动机理,为冰-岩碎屑流及链生灾害的科学减灾提供有力支撑. 相似文献
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滑坡-碎屑流由于高速、远程的特点常常引发灾难性事故,其复杂的运动机制导致预测致灾范围非常困难。通过开展室内模型试验,研究了碎屑粒径、滑床糙率和挑坎对运动特性的影响。试验结果发现,滑坡碎屑运动距离受控于前端碎屑,且随着碎屑的粒径增大而增加,增加滑床糙率、挑坎均可使碎屑的运动距离减小。在前人研究成果的基础上结合碎屑材料的力学特性探讨了滑坡-碎屑流出现流态化的原因和高速远程机制,即高速运动中颗粒间的作用力远小于完整岩体,因此颗粒间的“黏聚力”不能维持滑坡体的整体性,同时致使滑坡体与滑床接触的过程中传递至滑坡体内部的摩阻力减少,从而导致碎屑滑坡的远程结果。 相似文献
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滑坡-碎屑流是一种沿着斜坡表面作远程运动的岩石碎屑流动体。碎屑流体在远程运动过程中会出现粒径分选,并在堆积体中呈现出一定的层序特征。本文通过开展碎屑流滑槽试验,观测了碎屑流运动过程中的粒径分选过程,并重点研究了碎屑流堆积体的垂向和滑移方向层序,采用分层和分段筛分法,对不同粒径的颗粒含量进行了分析,揭示出碎屑流堆积体内部不仅在垂向上具有反粒序结构,还在滑移方向上具有双峰分布形态。这两种堆积特征在6.24茂县新磨村滑坡和8.28纳雍普洒村崩塌堆积体的块石分布规律中得到验证,它们是滑坡-碎屑流体运动过程中块石之间相互作用的宏观反映,是分析碎屑流远程运动机制的重要现场证据。通过室内滑槽试验和实例分析,得到以下结论:碎屑流运动过程中产生的弥散压力和振动筛分是导致碎屑流堆积体中形成垂向反粒序以及滑移方向双峰堆积形态的重要原因。其中振筛作用的动力来源为碎屑流滑移区的不规则起伏引起的碎屑体振荡,以及由粒径差异造成的动量不均衡碰撞。 相似文献
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2013年7月10日上午10时,四川都江堰市中兴镇三溪村受极端暴雨影响发生高位山体滑坡灾害,滑坡-碎屑堆积体方量超过150104m3,其中1#滑坡-碎屑堆积体长度1.26km,造成三溪村一组重大人员伤亡。笔者在野外实地调查和室内研究分析的基础上,总结了都江堰三溪村滑坡的基本特征,研究了其启动运动机制和滑动速度,主要认识如下:（1）该滑坡为一处高位山体滑坡,后缘白垩系砂砾岩地层高速滑动后剧烈撞击-铲刮-偏转后铲动坡体上的松散堆积层而形成高位山体滑坡-碎屑流灾害。（2）根据滑坡的运动及堆积特征,将1#滑坡划分为砂砾岩滑动区、碰撞铲刮区和碎屑流堆积覆盖区3部分。（3）7月8日8时至10日8时,中兴镇三溪村的持续强降雨天气过程（都江堰市3d的降雨量相当于该地区年降雨总量的44.1%）,直接触发了滑坡的发生。（4）三溪村滑坡的发生受2008年汶川地震、特殊的岩土体性质、地形地貌条件以及极端暴雨事件的综合影响,地震、地形为其发育提供了基础条件,极端暴雨事件为其直接诱发因素。（5）建议加强高位山体滑坡的研究,尤其是远程滑坡-碎屑流的早期识别和预警。 相似文献
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滑坡?碎屑流的远程运动距离是碎屑流体所能够达到的最大堆积距离,是灾害预警和评估的重要指标。通过总结已有碎屑流运动距离研究成果,从岩体势能入手开展研究,并结合量纲分析,首先建立了运动距离与势能之间的基本方程。其后,采用4种颗粒材料开展岩质碎屑流滑槽试验,研究碎屑体体积V、滑移区坡度?、碎屑粒径d以及最大垂直运动距离H等对碎屑流运动距离L的影响,通过逐步拟合回归,建立了基于势能的岩质滑坡?碎屑流最大水平运动距离的计算公式。最后,采用汶川地震触发的38个岩质碎屑流以及17个其他典型岩质滑坡碎屑流数据对计算公式进行了验证,结果表明,考虑该运动距离计算公式具有较好的可靠性,能够为山区滑坡?碎屑流灾害预警工作提供理论指导。 相似文献
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为研究易贡滑坡-堰塞坝溃坝链生灾害的动力学特征,基于遥感影像数据建立三维数值模型,运用DAN3D和FLOW3D对易贡滑坡-碎屑流-堰塞坝溃坝全过程进行模拟研究。运用DAN3D模拟滑坡-碎屑流过程,得到滑坡碎屑堆积分布特征及速度变化规律,滑坡持续时间300 s,平均速度35 m/s。基于DAN3D获得的滑坡碎屑堆积分布建立等比例堰塞坝模型,运用FLOW3D模拟溃坝后洪水演进过程,得到洪水演进过程水流特征变化规律,通麦大桥处洪峰流量130 000 m3/s与实测值接近。对易贡滑坡灾害链全过程的模拟和动态特征分析可为高山峡谷区类似的滑坡-堰塞坝溃坝链生灾害风险评价提供参考。 相似文献
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个体滑坡遥感调查是“数字滑坡”技术的一部分，其需要有更高地面分辨率的图像并与中等分辨率图像相结合，需精确的空间定位及与GIS技术相结合，以易贡滑坡及天台乡滑坡遥感调查为例说明其应用。采用RS＋GIS技术对易贡滑坡形态结构进行的最新研究证明高速滑体是飞行越过峡谷并在沟口碰撞解体后转变为碎屑流的，首次揭示了高速碎屑流的堆积结构，并由滑前块体及碎屑流堆积体计算证明了两者的转换关系。在天台乡滑坡遥感调查中提出了“滑坡特征点”法。由滑坡特征点的分析确定了滑坡边界及影响范围；计算了滑坡各部分的滑动距离、滑动方向和滑坡速度，滑坡规模。分析研究认为在2004年9月5日滑坡前，天台乡义和村总体上为一稳定斜坡，2003年开挖的新公路是该滑坡的潜在诱发因素。2004年9月3—5日的连续强降雨直接触发滑坡发生。 相似文献
9.
1994年乌江重庆武隆段左侧岸坡鸡冠岭发生大型岩质崩滑,崩塌体碰撞解体后沿沟谷形成碎屑流,碎屑流体高速入江激起涌浪,最终形成堰塞湖,造成重大人员伤亡和经济损失。本文在滑坡现场工程地质调查的基础上,阐述了鸡冠岭崩滑-碎屑流的基本特征,对鸡冠岭崩滑-碎屑流运动过程中碰撞和铲刮等现象进行了分析,并基于DAN3D动力分析软件反演了鸡冠岭崩滑-碎屑流运动全过程,得到了崩滑-碎屑流速度分布规律和堆积体分布特征,模拟结果与滑坡的基本特征与堆积体分布特征基本吻合。鸡冠岭的研究成果较少,本文从数值模拟的角度剖析了鸡冠岭崩滑-碎屑流的动力特性,完善了鸡冠岭崩滑的研究。本文的研究结果为崩滑动力特性及滑坡涌浪效应研究提供了依据。 相似文献
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《沉积地质学》61卷1—2期1989年1月一、澳大利亚维多利亚州中部晚古生代沉积岩的冰下沉积特征澳大利亚东南部维多利亚州中部Bacchus Marsh组的一个晚古生代混积岩剖面,其中含有: (1)长轴倒转的冰川擦痕漂砾; (2)缺乏水分选证据的砾石层; (3)薄的砂岩席状体和透镜体; (4)由密集的阶状断裂切割的板状和扭曲状砂岩体; (5)薄板状韵律层状粉砂岩和粘土岩。擦痕漂砾表明混积岩由运动着的湿底冰川冰下的冰碛层所堆积;砂岩席状体和透镜体表明冰下水压急剧增加;而变形砂岩体则表明某些新沉积的混积物的流动是上覆冰传递的剪切力的结果。砾石层可能为一种运动着的碎屑地毯,其形成于控制冰川大小的障碍壁附近,这些碎屑在沉积期间来自一层当时已停止活动的近底岩屑。这些特点说明了可能引起冰 相似文献
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The 2000 Yigong landslide was one of the most catastrophic landslides worldwide, resulting in huge casualties and property losses. The dynamic process of the Yigong landslide was very complicated, especially for the initiation and entrainment mechanism during the landslide movement process. The topography, geological condition, traces left by the landslide, and distribution characteristics of the landslide deposits were determined by field investigations, combined with several years of monitoring the temperature and rainfall data in this region. The initiation mechanism of the Yigong landslide is presented. The main reasons for the landslide initiation are as follows: the strength reduction of rock masses (especially for the weak structural surface), the impact from years of freeze-thaw cycles, the superposition of glacier melting and heavy rainfall on the slope, and a slope that was almost at the limit state before the landslide. Laboratory tests and physical modeling experiments were carried out to study the entrainment process of this landslide. Combined with the topographic survey data and theoretical analyses, the entrainment mechanism during the movement process of the Yigong landslide is presented. The old landslide deposits on the lower slope collided with and were scraped by the high-speed debris avalanche, which resulted in the volume amplification of the landslide. The existence of water plays a key role during the landslide initiation and movement processes. 相似文献
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The Chada rock avalanche is a prehistoric high-elevation giant rock landslide located in the Boshula Mountains, Lhorong County, Southeast Tibet. It is composed of conglomerates with a volume of 6.62?×?106 m3 and has a height difference of 1450 m and a transport distance of 3155 m. The accumulational landform shows characteristics indicating rock avalanches. With a unique red conglomerate as the marker of landslide movement, we combined the results of geological surveys, aerial surveys, and engineering geological drilling to determine the entrainment and geomorphic features of the rock avalanche. The rock avalanche was divided into the main scarp, entrainment zone (residual deposit, mixed deposit, and impact fragmentation areas), transport zone (compressed, local landslide, and longitudinal ridge areas), and deposit zone. The sequence of deposits in the valley indicates that the rock avalanche formed before the first-stage terrace and after the second-stage terrace. Combined with 3D numerical simulation, four movement stages were obtained: (1) the rock mass was broken and disintegrated due to progressive failure, initiating high-speed sliding; (2) the sliding mass scraped the thick previous slope material and formed oblique ridges by forward extrusion and lateral friction; (3) the 4.95?×?106 m3 sliding mass was compressed and decelerated to form bending ridges, and the 1.67?×?106 m3 sliding mass continued to move through the channel; and (4) the sliding mass extended to form longitudinal ridges in the channel and hummocks in the valley. The rock avalanche accelerated three times and decelerated three times during its motion. 相似文献
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高速流动性滑坡运动距离远,破坏性强。这类滑坡在运动过程中常裹挟大量的松散物质,导致滑坡的体积和致灾范围增大,该现象被称为基底侵蚀效应。以往的研究指出基底侵蚀效应对这类滑坡的运动性有显著的影响,但却很少有研究考虑其对滑体性质的影响,以及如何对其进行量化。因此,本文基于动量守恒原理建立了考虑基底侵蚀效应的滑坡运动模型,利用有限差分法求解,并依据滑坡的侵蚀深度来计算侵蚀导致的滑坡性质变化。利用改进的模型对陕西泾河南岸的西庙店滑坡进行模拟分析。结果表明,滑坡运动可分为启动加速阶段（0~5 s）和运动减速阶段（5~14 s）。在启动加速阶段,基底侵蚀程度低,对滑体运动的影响较弱。而在运动减速阶段,基底侵蚀效应降低了滑带土强度,对该滑坡的运动产生了明显的促进作用,致使其发生远程运动。此外,对比考虑和不考虑基底侵蚀两种工况的模拟结果还发现,考虑这种影响时,模拟所得的运动范围及地形与实测吻合良好,而未考虑时模拟所得运动范围明显偏小。因此,本文的模型可对这类滑坡的运动过程进行更为有效的模拟。 相似文献
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Granular mass flows (e.g., debris flows/avalanches) in landslide-prone areas are of great concern because they often cause catastrophic disasters as a result of their long run-out distances and large impact forces. To investigate the factors influencing granular mass flow mobility, experimental tests were conducted in a flume model. Granular materials consisting of homogeneous sand and non-homogeneous sandy soil were used for studying particle size effects. Run-out tests with variable flow masses, water contents, and sloping channel confinement parameters were conducted as well. The results indicated that granular mass flow mobility was significantly influenced by the initial water content; a critical water content corresponding to the smallest flow mobility exists for different granular materials. An increase in the total flow mass generally induced a reduction in the travel angle (an increase in flow mobility). Consistent with field observations, the travel angles for different granular materials decreased roughly in proportion to the logarithm of mass. The flume model tests illustrate that the measured travel angles increase as the proportion of fine particles increases. Interestingly, natural terrain possesses critical confinement characteristics for different granular mass flows. 相似文献
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2017年6月24日茂县叠溪镇新磨村发生体积近800×104 m3的灾难性特大型滑坡-碎屑流灾害。通过现场调查、遥感解译和资料分析,本文对灾害发育的地质环境条件,崩滑危岩体及运移堆积特征,降雨及地震对崩滑的触发作用等进行了研究,探讨了影响碎屑流运动性的主要效应及其致灾机理,并评价了类似灾害的监测预警新方法。研究认为:（1）新磨村位于1933年叠溪M S7.5地震前已经存在的大型老滑坡堆积体上,多次历史强震和历年降雨循环使滑源区砂板岩坡体表层卸荷带失稳剥离,内部岩体完整性和强度进一步损伤劣化,滑源区在2003年之前已经发育了多条宽大裂缝,并存在显著滑前变形前兆,新磨滑坡本质上是一次后地震机制的灾难性高速岩质滑坡-碎屑流。（2）新磨基岩顺层滑坡体积约150×104 m3,但有约600×104 m3沟道老崩坡积体被刮铲、裹携。滑坡体高位撞击使老堆积体内“土拱效应”快速丧失并获得加速,“刮铲-裹携效应”促进了滑坡-碎屑流的流动性和扩散性,但大规模的裹携也限制了碎屑流运移得更远。这种冲击加载-刮铲裹携的破坏机制与1986年新滩滑坡、2000年易贡滑坡和2004年贵州纳雍左营滑坡等类似。（3）滑坡-碎屑流产生的地震信号分析可再现整个滑坡、冲击、运移、停积等全过程,震前InSAR形变资料分析则揭示了显著的变形前兆,两者结合应是未来这类超视距崩滑-碎屑流灾害早期识别、评价和预警的新方法。（4）鉴于滑后新磨流域仍然存在大量新老裂缝及其切割而成的危险块体,建议立即开展详细的灾害调查、风险评价和监测预警工作,避免类似灾害重复发生。 相似文献
16.
Fast-moving landslides are one of the most significant dangers deriving from slope instabilities. Landslides involving large volumes can develop in rock or debris avalanches with extreme mobility and enormous destructiveness. Nevertheless, a relevant number of casualties and damages derive from small, fast-moving landslides with flow-like behaviour. The Las Colinas landslide occurred at Santa Tecla (El Salvador, Central America) during a strong earthquake. It slid off the northern flank of the Bálsamo ridge, and resulted in almost 500 casualties and can be considered one of the most destructive landslides ever known. Earthquake shaking was amplified by the rock mass and the steep ridge topography. We collected original geological, geomorphological and geophysical data in the Cordillera del Bálsamo area. The involved materials, ranging from lapilli to tuff layers of different strength, have been mapped and characterized. Slope stability analyses have been performed both under static and dynamic conditions through limit equilibrium and finite element methods. Hazard zonation for this type of landslides requires the forecast of the movement velocity and final deposition area. We used a fully two-dimensional FEM model to simulate landslide spreading downslope. The developed code allows the use of different constitutive models and yield rules with the possibility to model and study internal deformation of the landslide mass, as well material entrainment and deposition. 相似文献
17.
岩石高速远程崩滑是一种特殊的、危害性很大的地质灾害,崩滑后期形成的高速岩石碎屑流具有很高的运移能力,破坏力极强。以岩石碎屑流为研究对象,重点模拟岩石碎屑流形成后,碎屑流的运移堆积过程和最大运移堆积距离。利用二维颗粒离散元数值模拟方法,建立碎屑流二维运动堆积模型,分析了岩石碎屑流初始高度、体积、加速斜面坡度、堆积底面摩擦系数以及堆积底面地表起伏程度对于岩石碎屑流最大运移堆积距离的影响。实验结果显示:岩石碎屑流运移堆积过程体现出了碎屑流物质的离散性和流动性; 碎屑流最大堆积距离随高度、体积、斜面坡度增大而增大; 随堆积底面摩擦系数、堆积底面地表起伏程度增大而减小。 相似文献
18.
A rock avalanche is a geological event that is always sudden, rapid and with a long run-out, and can result in large loss of lives and property. The Wenjiagou rock avalanche was a high-speed rock landslide caused by a strong earthquake, in Mianzhu, Sichuan Province, southwest China. In this study, we reproduce the movement and deposition processes of the sliding mass by numerical simulation. We analyze the effects of the friction coefficient of each slip surface and the strength of the parallel bonds and contact stiffness between particles on the dynamic process and deposit features using three-dimensional particle flow code (PFC3D). The simulation results agree with the field measurements when the friction coefficient is 0.2, parallel bond strength is 2 MPa, and contact stiffness is 2?×?10 8 kN/m. The landslide lasted about 115 s from the initial movement to the final deposition at the exit of the valley. The maximum velocity of the sliding mass was 114 m/s. 相似文献
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