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16ka以来青海湖湖相自生碳酸盐沉积记录的古气候 总被引：33，自引：1，他引：32
研究了青海湖沉积物碳酸盐的组成、来源及其同湖水物理化学性质的关系,建立了文石饱和指数同温度和湖水Mg/Ca比值（可指示盐度）的关系,利用碳酸盐的组成探讨了青海湖16ka B.P.以来的古气候环境演化过程。结果表明,青海湖沉积碳酸盐大都是自生的,16ka B.P.以来沉积碳酸盐以文石为主。文石的高含量时段同暖湿气候相对应,低含量则同冷干气候相对应。15.2ka B.P.为末次冰期盛冰阶进入晚冰期的界限,晚冰期气候的冷暖波动频繁,幅度较小,13.4-13ka B.P.,11.6-12ka B.P.和11-10.4ka B.P.之间的冷颤动分别相当于老仙女木、中仙女木和新仙女木事件,12－13ka B.P.和11.6-11ka B.P.之间的暖期则分别对应于博令和阿勒罗得暖期。全新世初期（10.4-10ka B.P.)白云石含量的突然增高和文石的消失,可能同淡水快速补给前期盐度较高的湖水有关,反映了全新世开始时气温和降水的增加具有突变性的特点。全新世大暖期的鼎盛期,即6.7ka B.P.左右时湖水的盐度较低。6.7-4ka B.P.为气候转型过程中的冷暖和干湿的快速波动期。4ka B.P.以后碳酸盐含量急剧降低,气候逐步向冷干化方向发展。 相似文献
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长江中游和尚洞石笋的高分辨率同位素、微量元素记录及古气候研究 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9
通过对长江中游和尚洞HS-2号石笋的沉积特征及C、O同位素Mg、Sr微量元素相结合分析,利用U系法定年,获取了长江中游19.0ka～6.9ka的古气候、古环境信息(平均分辨率为17a,局部分辨率达到7a).得出如下结论(1)19.0～16.6ka, C、O同位素偏轻,气候冷湿;(2)16.6～11.1ka, C、O同位素偏重, 气温上升,降水偏少;(3)11.1～10.3ka 干热时期中的突然回冷事件对应于新仙女木事件(Younger Dryas Event);(4)10.3～6.9 ka B.P δ18O及δ13C值逐渐变轻,而Mg/Sr比继续增大,表现为气温上升,降雨量较大.反映了历史时期湿冷、干热、湿暖交替变化的气候趋势,得出了长江中游千年级和百年级的一些气候变化趋势,特别是发现了新仙女木事件在长江中游洞穴石笋中完整的记录,说明新仙女木事件是全球性气候突变与环境灾变事件 相似文献
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玛旁雍错位于青藏高原西南部,是研究印度季风演化的理想地区之一。利用活塞采样器在玛旁雍错75 m水深处获取了一根4.69 m长岩芯,利用^210Pb和AMS^14C测年确定了岩芯的年代,根据元素含量(XRF扫描)、总有机碳(TOC)、总无机碳(TIC)和总氮(TN)等代用指标,重建了该地区14 cal.ka B.P.以来气候环境变化。结果显示,冰消期(14~12 cal.ka B.P.),TOC和TIC含量变化显示了湖区环境整体上较为暖湿;12.0~11.4 cal.ka B.P.,径流明显减弱,可能是新仙女木事件的反映;早中全新世(11.4~3.4 cal.ka B.P.),湖区环境整体上以暖湿为主,气候有所波动,出现了两次冷事件(10.2~9.8 cal.ka B.P.和8.2 cal.ka B.P.左右),7.4~6.6 cal.ka B.P.,出现了一个暖时期;晚全新世(3.4~0 cal.ka B.P.),湖区环境整体上趋向于干旱化,并伴有两次相对湿润时期(2.6~2.0 cal.ka B.P.和1.4~1.0 cal.ka B.P.)。玛旁雍错环境变化表明,晚冰期以来(14.0~3.4 cal.ka B.P.),受到太阳辐射的影响,印度季风带来的降水以及冰川融水较多,湖区环境较为湿润,整体上有利于内源生物的生存;晚全新世(3.4~0 cal.ka B.P.),北半球夏季太阳辐射量减少,印度季风减弱,径流减弱,湖区环境朝干旱化方向发展。 相似文献
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祁连山北缘-河西走廊西段地处青藏高原东北缘,是我国新构造活动最强烈的地区之一。通过野外对研究区主要活动断裂的调查研究、结合年代学测试和综合分析,认为祁连山北缘-河西走廊西段地区的旱峡-大黄沟断裂、玉门断裂、新民堡断裂和阴洼山断裂都是晚更新世至全新世活动断裂。旱峡-大黄沟断裂形成于中新世晚期,一直活动至今;玉门断裂形成于上新世早期,在距今76 ka左右和32 ka左右发生过2次强烈的新构造活动(古地震),也是2002年玉门地震的发震断裂;阴洼山断裂形成于上新世晚期(30 Ma左右),在距今199～210 ka、86～100 ka、41～50 ka发生过3次强烈的新构造活动,也可能是1785年惠民堡(现新民堡)地震的发震断裂;但是位于近盆地中心的新民堡断裂形成时代明显晚的多,起始于中更新世晚期(017 Ma左右),在距今283 ka、44 ka和12 ka左右发生过强烈的3次新构造活动。在运动形式上,上述4条断裂均为自南南西向北北东的逆冲推覆。在变形性质上,新民堡断裂以非地震性的蠕滑为主,其他3条断裂主要为地震性的粘滑变形。在祁连山北缘-河西走廊西段的北北东剖面上,逆冲推覆断裂表现为前展 后展复合发育模式,即形成时代最新的是位于酒西盆地中心的新民堡断裂,在酒西盆地中心以南部分的剖面中断裂发育为前展式,由祁连山腹地向河西走廊盆地中心断裂形成时代越来越新,而酒西盆地中心以北部分的剖面中断裂发育为后展式,即从盆地中心到盆地北缘断裂形成时代越来越老。 相似文献
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全新世冷事件期间的气候格局及其成因是过去气候变化研究的热点问题.利用基于通用气候系统模式开展的TraCE-21ka气候模拟试验资料,在定义和提取典型冷事件的基础上,分析了全强迫试验模拟的全新世北半球多次冷事件的规模及冷事件发生时温度与降水的空间特征,并结合全强迫试验中使用的4个外强迫序列(淡水注入、轨道强迫、大气温室气体、大陆冰盖)及其对应的单因子敏感性试验,初步探讨了部分典型冷事件的成因.结果表明: TraCE-21ka模拟的冷事件年份与重建/集成序列的冷事件年份对应较好,模式较好地模拟出了全新世北半球的冷事件;全新世期间,北半球共发生了 10 次典型冷事件( 9. 7 ka B. P.、 8. 3 ka B. P.、 7. 3 ka B. P.、6. 2 ka B. P.、 5. 2 ka B. P.、 4. 2 ka B. P.、 3. 4 ka B. P.、 2. 1 ka B. P.、 1. 0 ka B. P.和 0. 2 ka B. P.);每次冷事件发生时,北半球大范围降温和变干,温度变化呈现明显的纬度地带性差异,中高纬地区降温最显著,低纬10°N附近降水减少最显著;在 8. 3 ka B. P.、 7. 3 ka B. P.、 6. 2 ka B. P.、 5. 2 ka B. P.、 4. 2 ka B. P.、 3. 4 ka B. P.、 2. 1 ka B. P.和1. 0 ka B. P.共8次冷事件中,北半球温度和降水的空间变化较为相似,北大西洋经圈翻转流( Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation,简称 AMOC)变弱导致了冷事件,格陵兰岛南部的北大西洋海域降温和变干尤为显著;9. 7 ka B. P.和3. 4 ka B. P.的冷事件可能与轨道强迫有关,淡水注入造成了8. 3 ka B. P.和7. 3 ka B. P.的冷事件, 0. 2 ka B. P.冷事件可能与大气温室气体波动有关.地球系统内部变率对于冷事件的发生可能也有一定影响. 相似文献
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为进一步探究定南大湖湖沼晚冰期以来的水文特征及气候变化,对研究区K02钻孔的粒度特征进行了详细的分析,采用粒级-标准偏差法和主成分分析法对348个沉积样品提取了对环境变化比较敏感的三个粒级组分:0.6~7.1 μm（组分1）,20~44.8 μm（组分2）和89.3~447.7 μm（组分3）。结合湖泊沉积物粒度一般分布规律,并根据敏感组分2和14C测年数据探讨了该区域近16 ka B.P.以来的气候变化。结果表明在过去的16 000年里,大湖地区的水文及气候变化可以分为4个阶段:1）在16.0~11.5 ka B.P.期间,气候总体偏冷干,敏感组分含量增降比较明显,能较好的对应老、中、新仙女木事件和B/A暖期;2）11.5~6.0 ka B.P.期间,大湖地区进入了湿润的全新世适宜期,敏感组分总体含量偏低;3）6.0~3.8 ka B.P.期间,敏感粒度组分含量迅速升高且波动较大,大湖湖沼地区进入一个相对干冷的时期;4）3.8 ka B.P.至今为第四阶段,敏感粒度组分含量总体偏低,考虑到人为干扰因素,暂不做详细讨论。通过对大湖地区水文状况的研究发现,大湖湖沼地区自晚冰期以来气候变化很不稳定。与格陵兰GISP 2冰芯、董哥洞D4石笋及其K02钻孔其他指标的记录对比可以发现,敏感组分2对仙女木、9.5 ka、8.2 ka等冷事件的记录更加明显,也说明了大湖地区的气候变化具有全球性,这种气候变化可能与太阳活动有关。 相似文献
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千伏村剖面是一沉积延续时间跨越末次冰期时期的湖相沉积剖面。论文利用S_1/L_1、L_1/S_0界线年龄及OSL测年数据建立了剖面的深度-年龄坐标系。根据早期形成的分别与气下黄土和古土壤层发育时代对应的、指示不同气候条件下的湖相沉积层特征差异,论文遴选出小于4μm粘土组分含量、中值粒径(Md)、沉积物磁化率、有机质含量、Rb/Sr比值等参数作为区域气候指代参数。剖面系列气候指代参数的变化曲线显示,区域末次冰期期间出现了10个干冷期,发生时间分别在16.9ka B.P.,22.7ka B.P.,24.9ka B.P.,27.1ka B.P.,31.7ka B.P.,41.5ka B.P.,52.8ka B.P.,56.2ka B.P.,61.6ka B.P.和67.5ka B.P.;其中16.9ka B.P.,22.7ka B.P.,27.1ka B.P.,41.5ka B.P.,52.8ka B.P.和67.5ka B.P.可与北大西洋地区的HI~H6干冷期事件对应。剖面系列气候指代参数变化曲线也记录了区域18个暖湿事件,且这些事件可与北大西洋地区的D/O循环间冰阶事件对应。研究结果显示东亚地区末次冰期期间的气候高频波动可能与北大西洋地区存在某种联系。 相似文献
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麻城剖面位于江汉平原东北缘山地丘陵与平原过渡带半封闭的宽浅碟形洼地,是江汉平原北缘末次冰消期代表性沉积剖面。沉积环境主要由山麓坡洪积相和沼泽相组成,形成年代为距今18.00~8.60 ka。麻城剖面粒度组成主要以粉砂为主,达60.73%,其中,粗粉砂达40.83%。剖面粒度变化可划分为7个变化阶段。结合剖面的岩性与沉积环境特征等综合分析,发现末次冰消期气候环境经历了四个气候期:第一气候期17.90~17.02 ka B.P.,为冰盛期之后气候开始回暖升温期。此时降水相对较多,地表径流强度中等偏强。第二个时期17.02~12.02 ka B.P.,为快速升温期。总体暖湿多雨,是末次冰消期最显著暖湿期,在江汉平原北缘坡麓地带的洼地广泛发育了沼泽。粒度变化进一步表明气候存在波动,早、晚期降雨强度大,时有强降水发生,地表径流稳定性差;中期（14.47~12.64 ka B.P.）降水明显减少,但雨量相对均匀,地表径流变幅小,此与长江中下游地区石笋记录的冰消期气候特征是一致的。第三气候期12.02~10.80 ka B.P.,该期是新仙女木事件之后的快速升温期,平均粒径和分选系数为剖面最大。表明当时降雨量大,气候稳定性较差,强降雨时有发生。第四气候期10.80~8.60 ka B.P.,气候总体为偏温湿环境。地表径流较第三气候期明显降低,早期降水偏多,后期温湿程度降低,地表径流变小。剖面中有两个明显的气候事件记录,一是新仙女木事件,表现为第④层与第⑤层之间的短暂沉积间断和沼泽环境的结束;二是9.8~9.2 ka B.P.干旱期,为厚约15 cm的黄土状土的沉积。研究表明,长江和汉江洪泛影响不到的江汉平原边缘洼地沉积可能是记录本地区气候特征的良好载体。 相似文献
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在末次冰消期总体持续增温的过程中,全球气候经历了一系列以"快速增温/降温"为主要特征的千-数十年尺度的突变事件.由于这些气候突变事件具有明显的高频特性,需要在全球范围不同地区开展更多高分辨率的古气候研究,用于进行突变事件的对比和机制的探讨.本研究对比滇西南腾冲青海湖、滇西北泸沽湖和高山湖泊天才湖约2万以来的孢粉、炭屑记录,揭示了中国滇西地区末次冰消期的植被演替与气候变化历史,探讨了末次冰消期存在的气候突变事件.结果表明,滇西地区末次冰消期开始转暖发生在约19 ka(1 ka=1000 cal. a B. P.);冰消期开始以后,滇西地区气候普遍依次在 17. 5±0. 5~15. 2±0. 1 ka期间、 15. 2±0. 1~14. 3±0. 1 ka期间、 14. 3± 0. 1~12. 9±0. 1 ka期间和12. 9±0. 1~11. 7±0. 2 ka期间存在冷干-逐渐变暖变湿-明显更暖湿-温度湿度略有下降等这几个突变事件,它们在时间上分别对应于H1冷事件、波令前增暖期、 B/A暖期和YD冷事件;滇西地区比较一致地在 11. 7±0. 2 ka进入全新世.除此之外,滇西北地区在约17. 7~17. 0 ka期间可能还存在一次短暂的较明显的暖湿期.对末次冰消期气候变化机制的探讨认为,末次冰消期开始转暖及以后逐渐增温的趋势主要受夏季太阳辐射量从约20 ka逐渐增加,到11 ka左右达到峰值的控制;而末次冰消期发生的气候突变事件如H1冷事件、波令前增暖期、 B/A暖期和YD冷事件主要是受大西洋温盐环流的影响,同时温室气体浓度的变化也起了重要的调制作用. 相似文献
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广西柳州白莲洞遗址的铀系年龄 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
因涵盖新—旧石器过渡、出土人类化石及别具一格的石制品 ,广西柳州白莲洞遗址对古人类和石器文化的研究具有重要意义。新生碳酸盐岩铀系测年的结果表明 :该遗址新—旧石器间的过渡期不超过 3ka± ,短于基于钙板 1 4 C测年得出的 6 ka± ;西 6层钙板和石笋的 2 3 0 Th年龄为 16 0 ka± ,西 7层人牙化石的年代应大于此值 ;“白莲洞式”石片打制法呈清晰的演化脉络 ,时间跨度至少为 15 0 ka。邻近的柳江人地点和土博前洞铀系测年结果与本文一致。这些地点年代位置的大幅度前移 ,是我国晚更新世人类遗址已有年代框架被总体压缩的例证。具现代解剖特征的智人在中国出现的年代很可能比原认为的早得多 相似文献
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The Early Miocene Bílina Palaeodelta consists of fluvio‐deltaic and lacustrine clastics deposited along the south‐eastern margin of the extensional Most Basin, part of the Eger Graben in north Bohemia (Czech Republic). The Bílina succession shows evidence of repeated advances of an axial deltaic system across a thick accumulation of organic material and clay in the hangingwall of an active fault. Exposures up to ca 4·5 km long in the Bílina open‐cast mine help bridge the gap between seismic scale and typical outcrop scale of observation and thus allow the relationships between small‐scale and basin‐scale stratal geometries to be evaluated. The Bílina Palaeodelta deposits include sand‐dominated, fluvial channel fills and heterolithic sheets interpreted as delta plain strata, sand‐dominated mouth‐bar wedges and heterolithic sheets of prodeltaic deposits, passing distally into lacustrine clays. The depositional environment is interpreted as a fluvial‐dominated, mixed‐load, lacustrine delta with a high degree of grain‐size segregation at the feeder‐channel mouths. On the largest temporal and spatial scales, variable tectonic subsidence controlled the overall advance and retreat of the delta system. The medium‐term transgressive‐regressive history was probably driven by episodes of increased subsidence rate. However, at this temporal scale, the architecture of the deltaic sequences (deltaic lobes and correlative lacustrine deposits) was strongly affected by: (i) compaction of underlying peat and clay which drove lateral offset stacking of medium‐term sequences; and (ii) growth of a fault‐propagation fold close to the active Bílina Fault. At the smallest scale, the geometries of individual mouth bars and groups of mouth bars (short‐term sequences) reflect the interaction among sediment loading, compaction and growth faulting that produced high‐frequency relative lake‐level fluctuations and created local accommodation at the delta front. 相似文献
14.
The Ulster White Limestone Formation is an unusual chalk because it underwent a period of post-depositional emergence and erosion, followed by burial under 1·5–2·0 km of Tertiary basalts. A high degree of pressure solution and cementation produced a well-lithified limestone with low porosities (2·3–10·4%). The Ulster White Limestone shows no evidence of thermally induced textural alteration, except for thin (<0·5 m) pseudospar contact recrystallization zones adjoining basalt dykes. Whole-rock δ18O values of samples not associated with basalt dykes range from - 3·26%o to - 6·50%o (PDB). The δ18O values of macropore cements range from - 4·96%o to - 11·52%o (mean=-8·27%o). Modelling of the diagenesis of the Ulster White Limestone using trace element concentrations and carbon, oxygen and strontium isotopic ratios of whole rock and cement samples suggests a low water-rock ratio and either marine or mixed marine-meteoric pore water environment during the main episode of recrystallization. The maximum possible burial temperature was modelled to be ? 105°C. The diagenetic history of the Ulster White Limestone is similar to that of North Sea chalks that are at comparable burial depths as the Ulster White Limestone after basalt deposition. The geochemical data show no indication of hydrothermal alteration associated with the overlying basalts. The degree of alteration of fine-grained limestones composed predominantly of low-magnesium calcite, such as the Cretaceous/Tertiary chalks, appears to be controlled largely by the burial (effective stress) history of the limestone. 相似文献
15.
Palaeoproterozoic magnesite: lithological and isotopic evidence for playa/sabkha environments 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Victor A. Melezhik Anthony E. Fallick Pavel V. Medvedev & Vladimir V. Makarikhin 《Sedimentology》2001,48(2):379-397
Magnesite forms a series of 1‐ to 15‐m‐thick beds within the ≈2·0 Ga (Palaeoproterozoic) Tulomozerskaya Formation, NW Fennoscandian Shield, Russia. Drillcore material together with natural exposures reveal that the 680‐m‐thick formation is composed of a stromatolite–dolomite–‘red bed’ sequence formed in a complex combination of shallow‐marine and non‐marine, evaporitic environments. Dolomite‐collapse breccia, stromatolitic and micritic dolostones and sparry allochemical dolostones are the principal rocks hosting the magnesite beds. All dolomite lithologies are marked by δ13C values from +7·1‰ to +11·6‰ (V‐PDB) and δ18O ranging from 17·4‰ to 26·3‰ (V‐SMOW). Magnesite occurs in different forms: finely laminated micritic; stromatolitic magnesite; and structureless micritic, crystalline and coarsely crystalline magnesite. All varieties exhibit anomalously high δ13C values ranging from +9·0‰ to +11·6‰ and δ18O values of 20·0–25·7‰. Laminated and structureless micritic magnesite forms as a secondary phase replacing dolomite during early diagenesis, and replaced dolomite before the major phase of burial. Crystalline and coarsely crystalline magnesite replacing micritic magnesite formed late in the diagenetic/metamorphic history. Magnesite apparently precipitated from sea water‐derived brine, diluted by meteoric fluids. Magnesitization was accomplished under evaporitic conditions (sabkha to playa lake environment) proposed to be similar to the Coorong or Lake Walyungup coastal playa magnesite. Magnesite and host dolostones formed in evaporative and partly restricted environments; consequently, extremely high δ13C values reflect a combined contribution from both global and local carbon reservoirs. A 13C‐rich global carbon reservoir (δ13C at around +5‰) is related to the perturbation of the carbon cycle at 2·0 Ga, whereas the local enhancement in 13C (up to +12‰) is associated with evaporative and restricted environments with high bioproductivity. 相似文献
16.
JANE K. HART 《Sedimentology》2006,53(1):125-146
The subglacial processes at Briksdalsbreen, Norway, are examined by a combination of sedimentology, thin section and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of till samples from an exposed subglacial surface and from beneath the glacier. Studies of a fluted surface indicate that subglacial deformation is occurring on a field scale with flutes forming behind most clasts 0·6 m high. At the thin section scale (0·014–2·0 mm) it is seen that deformation is by rotation and attenuation and is dependent on till texture. At the SEM scale (0·1–0·4 mm) it is seen that erosion is controlled by abrasion and percussion which produces distinct grain ‘styles’ as part of an erosional continuum. Overall it is shown that rotation and attenuation is a dominant process at all scales and that the clast interactions associated with different scale perturbations within the shear zone control erosion and deposition, as well as landform and fabric production. 相似文献
17.
Two calcite cements, filling karst cavities and replacing Lower Carboniferous limestones at the Variscan Front Thrust, were precipitated after mid-Jurassic Cimmerian uplift and subsequent erosion but before late Cretaceous strike-slip movement. The first calcite (stage A) is nonferroan and crystals are coated by hematite and/or goethite. These minerals also occur as inclusions along growth zones. The calcite lattice contains < 0·07 mol.% Fe, but Mn concentrations can be as high as 0·72 mol.% in bright yellow luminescent zones. Primary, originally one-phase, all-liquid, aqueous inclusions have a final melting temperature between ?0·2° and +0·2 °C, indicating a meteoric origin of the ambient water. The δ13C and δ18O values of the calcites are between ?7·3‰ and ?6·3‰, ?7·8‰ and ?5·5‰ on the Vienna PeeDee Belemnite (VPDB) scale, respectively. The second calcite (stage B) consists of ferroan (0·13–0·84 mol.% Fe) blocky crystals with Mn concentrations between 0·34 and 0·87 mol.%. Primary, single-phase aqueous fluid inclusions indicate precipitation from a meteoric fluid below 50 °C . The δ13C values of stage B calcites vary between ?7·3‰ and ?2·1‰ VPDB and the δ18O values between ?7·9‰ and ?7·2‰ VPDB. A precipitation temperature below 50 °C for the stage A calcites and the presence of iron oxide/hydroxide inclusions in the crystals indicate near-surface precipitation conditions. Within this setting, the geochemistry of the nonferroan stage A calcites reflects precipitation under oxic to suboxic conditions. The ferroan stage B calcites precipitated in a reducing environment. The evolution from the stage A to stage B calcites and the associated geochemical changes are interpreted to be related to the change from semiarid to humid conditions in western Europe during late Jurassic–Cretaceous times. A change in humidity can explain the evolution of groundwater from oxic/suboxic to reducing conditions during calcite precipitation. The typically higher δ13C values of the stage B compared to the stage A calcites can be explained by a smaller contribution of carbon derived from soil-zone processes than from carbonate dissolution in the groundwater under humid conditions. The small shift to lower δ18O between stage A and B calcites may be caused by a higher precipitation temperature or a decrease in the δ18O value of the meteoric water. This decrease could have been caused by a change in the source of the air masses or by an increase in the amount of rainfall during the early mid-Cretaceous. Although the latter interpretation is preferred, it cannot be proven. 相似文献
18.
STEVEN L. FORMAN 《Sedimentology》1990,37(2):377-384
This study explored the relationship between high-Arctic fiord depositional environments and the natural thermoluminescence (TL) signal of sediments. The energy and duration of light exposure during transportation and deposition controls the TL level of silicate mineral grains in the sediment. The TL signal of sediments rapidly decreases within c. 0·5 km of a glacier sediment source. The highest TL levels are from tills and ice-proximal glacial-marine sediments, which receive little or no light exposure during transportation and deposition. Intermediate and consistent TL levels are recorded for ice-distal glacialmarine muds, c. 0·5–5·0 km from the glacier front, reflecting slower sedimentation rates. The lowest TL levels are for littoral and sublittoral sediments which receive extended light exposure with shoaling. The granulometry of the sediments is fairly homogeneous and is not diagnostic of a sedimentary environment with most samples dominated by silt and clay; littoral and ice-proximal samples exhibit peak abundances in sand. These results suggest that the relative TL signal of sediments is sensitive to a depositional environment, particularly for environments proximal (within 0·5 km) to a glacier terminus and in shallow water, less than 15 m deep. 相似文献
19.
Time variation of surface fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum over a sea station (20°N 89°E) in the north Bay of Bengal has been computed by profile method for the period 18th–25th August 1990 using meteorological data of MONTBLEX-90 from ORVSagarkanya. The fluxes showed synoptic and diurnal variations which are marked during depression (20th–21st August) compared to their variation prior to and after this period. Variations of heat and water vapour fluxes were in phase. Night time fluxes are relatively high compared to day time. Average momentum transfer during depression was two to three times large. Variations in Bowen ratio were relatively large during day time. During depression, it varied between 0·2 in day time and about 0·3 at night and in the undisturbed period between ?0·1 and 0·2 during day time and 0·2 and 0·25 at night. The study shows that the assumptionC D=CH=CE of the exchange coefficients normally used in estimating the fluxes by the bulk aerodynamic method is not appropriate becauseC H/CD≈2,C E/CD≈1·5 andC H/CE≈1·4. 相似文献
20.
《Sedimentology》2018,65(6):1859-1874
Ripples are prevalent in aeolian landscapes. Many researchers have focused on the shape and formation of sand ripples, but few have studied the differences in the particle size of sand on crests and in troughs along bed, especially the variations caused by changes in friction velocity and the wind‐blowing duration. A particle size of 158 μm (d ) was used to create aeolian ripples in a wind tunnel under four friction velocities (u *) with different wind duration times (t ). Samples were collected from the surfaces of ripple crests and troughs, respectively, at seven sites, and particle sizes were measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000. The main results were: (i) The particle size distributions of sand in troughs are unimodal with slight variations of particle size parameters, including mean particle size, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis, etc., under different conditions, while these particle size parameters of sand on crests change with friction velocity and deflation time. Moreover, some of the particle distribution curves for the sand on crests do not follow typical unimodal curves. (ii) With increasing friction velocity or deflation duration, the sand on the crests shows a coarsening process relative to those on the bed surface. The particle size of sand on crests at a 1 m bed increases linearly with friction velocity (d = 344·27 + 34·54 u *) at a given wind‐blowing duration. The particle sizes of sand on crests at 1 m, 2 m and 4 m beds increase with a power‐law relationship (d = a + t b, where a and b are fitting parameters) with deflation time at a given friction velocity. (iii) The probability cumulative curves of sand showed a three‐section pattern in troughs and on most of the crests but a four‐section pattern at crest locations due to increased influence by friction velocity and deflation time. The proportions of the sediment moved by suspension, saltation and creep in the three‐section pattern were within the ranges of 0·2% to 2·0%, 97·0% to 98·9%, and 0·8% to 3·0%, respectively. For the four‐section pattern, suspension accounted for 0·3% and 3·0%, and the proportion of creep increased with friction velocity and deflation time, while saltation decreased accordingly. Although these results require additional validation, they help to advance current understanding of the grain‐size characteristics of aeolian ripples. 相似文献