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1.
Twenty-nine water samples were collected from different river channels of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, China. An inductively coupled plasma-mass spectromonitor (ICP-MS) was used to measure concentrations of the trace elements in these samples. The results suggest that the average concentrations of rare earth elements in river water show an increasing trend from the West River, the North River, the rivers of the Pearl River Delta, and the Shenzhen River to the East River. Relatively high concentrations of heavy metals appear in the East River, the rivers of the Pearl River Delta and the Shenzhen River, while the West River and the North River have relatively low heavy metal concentrations. Trace element concentrations in samples collected near urban or industrial areas are much higher than those of samples collected from distant areas, away from urban and industrial areas. After natural conditions, human activities have significant influence on the trace element concentrations in river water. This trace element concentration’s spatial distribution in the river water from the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone is actually an integrated effect of natural conditions and human activity.  相似文献   

2.
系统探讨了黔中小流域水体悬浮物和沉积物中微量及稀土元素地球化学特征。结果表明,元素含量在河流与湖泊、悬浮物与沉积物之间均存在明显差异。稀土元素北美页岩标准化分布模式大致为轻稀土相对富集的平坦模式,δEu为0.82～1.25,δCe为0.79～1.25,整体变化不大,均表现为弱异常。麦翁河稀土总量与分布模式均发生异常,主要受上游盘龙煤矿影响。悬浮物的∑REE与pH呈反相关关系,而沉积物的∑REE却与pH表现出正相关关系,表明悬浮物与沉积物中稀土元素行为的控制因素不同。元素相关分析、因子分析及微量元素图解均表明悬浮物与沉积物中的元素具有同源性,主要来源于流域岩石化学风化和土壤物理侵蚀的产物,而某些金属元素Zn、Co、Cu、Cr、Ni则来源于周边工矿企业、农业生产等人为排放。本研究丰富和发展了喀斯特地区水体元素地球化学,揭示了小流域化学风化与物理侵蚀过程中的元素特征和物质输送状况,并为该流域的生态环境现状、治理及管理提供了科学依据和基础资料。  相似文献   

3.
Thirty-eight sediment samples from 15 primary rivers on Taiwan were retrieved to characterize the rare earth element (REE) signature of fluvial fine sediment sources. Compared to the three large rivers on the Chinese mainland, distinct differences were observed in the REE contents, upper continental crust normalized patterns and fractionation factors of the sediment samples. The average REE concentrations of the Taiwanese river sediments are higher than those of the Changjiang and Huanghe, but lower than the Zhujiang. Light rare earth elements (LREEs) are enriched relative to heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) with ratios from 7.48 to 13.03. We found that the variations in (La/Lu)UCC–(Gd/Lu)UCC and (La/Yb)UCC–(Gd/Yb)UCC are good proxies for tracing the source sediments of Taiwanese and Chinese rivers due to their distinguishable values. Our analyses indicate that the REE compositions of Taiwanese river sediments were primarily determined by the properties of the bedrock, and the intensity of chemical weathering in the drainage areas. The relatively high relief and heavy rainfall also have caused the REEs in the fluvial sediments from Taiwan to be transported to the estuaries down rivers from the mountains, and in turn delivered nearly coincidently to the adjacent seas by currents and waves. Our studies suggest that the REE patterns of the river sediments from Taiwan are distinguishable from those from the other sources of sediments transported into the adjacent seas, and therefore are useful proxies for tracing the provenances and dispersal patterns of sediments, as well as paleoenvironmental changes in the marginal seas.  相似文献   

4.
 A total of 26 geographically and hydrologically diverse sediment samples were collected from 12 major rivers in eastern China. The <63-μm fraction of the sediments was analysed for both total concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd, and their associations with various geochemical phases. The geographical variations of sediment-bound trace metals can be related to the bedrock types and weathering processes in the corresponding river basins. The rivers in southern China had notably higher concentrations of trace metals in sediments because of abundant non-ferrous mineral deposits and stronger weathering process in the region. A large proportion of trace metals in these sediments was associated with iron and manganese oxides and organic matter. Relative low levels of trace metals were found in river sediments in northern China, and a significant proportion of the metals was bound to organic matter, carbonates, and the residual fraction. The sediments in the Yellow River, originating from special loess, had the lowest concentrations of trace metals. Most of the trace metals were associated with the carbonates and residual phases. Received: 24 March 2000 · Accepted: 11 July 2000  相似文献   

5.
黔中早石炭世九架炉组铝土矿含矿岩系富集Ti、Li、Sc、V、Ga、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Th和稀土(REEs)等"三稀金属",具有成为独立矿床或伴生资源的潜力。这些元素大部分与九架炉组共有同一母岩,且富集程度受母岩的成分和风化作用控制。本研究选取九架炉组母岩乌当娄山关群白云岩和纳雍牛蹄塘组泥质白云岩的现代风化剖面为研究对象,研究元素在风化作用过程中的迁移特征及分布规律,进而为九架炉组微量元素的富集机制提供启示。研究获得以下认识:1)依据剖面结构、ZrHf、Nb-Ta、Y-Ho二元图特征及REE配分曲线和Eu/Eu*值的相似性表明研究区土层主要来源于基底或母岩的风化; 2)白云岩风化成土过程中Si、Fe、Cr、As、Sb、Ti、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Th、REEs等元素化学性质相对稳定,富集程度较高,而Ca、Mg、Na、K、Sr、P、Mo、Cd等元素化学性质活泼,容易淋失亏损; 3)纳雍剖面REEs~(3+)和Ca~(2+)半径差与REEs富集系数相关性良好,表明碳酸盐岩风化过程中,含钙矿物磷灰石是稀土元素分配的重要控制因素; 4)九架炉组的母岩也是Ti、Li、Sc、V、Ga、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Th等微量元素的主要物质来源,母岩风化过程中,这些微量元素首先在副矿物、黏土矿物、铝矿物及磷灰石等矿物相中初步富集,之后随风化碎屑物一起沉积形成微量元素超常富集地层; 5)纳雍剖面地表和地下水提供了部分P、Be、Zn、Sb、Pb、Y及REEs来源,指示水体迁入作用也是九架炉组REEs富集的重要原因。研究表明黔中九架炉组微量元素的来源较复杂,风化-沉积过程中,化学性质稳定的元素残留在风化碎屑物中并被搬运-沉积在负地形中,而化学性质活泼的元素首先被带入水体,在沉积-成岩过程中特定条件下发生二次富集作用(例如次生矿物的形成及吸附)形成微量元素富集的地层。  相似文献   

6.
In the northern part of the Indian sub-continent, the Ganga alluvial plain (GAP) feeds its weathering products to the Ganga–Brahmaputra River system, one of the world’s largest fluvial systems. The authors present a geochemical study of the GAP weathering products transported by the Gomati River (the Ganga River tributary) to understand weathering processes of an alluvial plain in a humid sub-tropical climate. A total of 28 sediment samples were collected during the monsoon season and were analysed by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for 25 major and trace elements. Bulk chemistry of the channel, flood and suspended sediments mostly consists (>90%, >80% and >75%, respectively) of three elements; Al, Si and Fe. Major element concentrations normalised with respect to upper continental crust (UCC) show strong depletion of highly mobile elements (Na, Ca) and enrichment of immobile elements (Ti, Si). Silica enrichment in the sand fraction is probably caused by chemical weathering of feldspar. Mineral sorting during fluvial transportation acts as the single important factor that controls the geochemistry of these weathering products and also strongly influences major and trace element distribution in the individual sediment samples. Trace element (Ba, Cr, Cu, Nb, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) concentrations were strongly correlated with major element (Si, Al, Fe, Mn and K) concentrations indicating that the abundance of trace elements is controlled by the same processes that control the major element distribution in these sediments.The GAP weathering products were geochemically distinguished as arkose to litharenite in rock classification. Chemical mobility, normalised with respect to TiO2 in UCC, indicates that Si, Na, Zr, Ba and Sr, mainly derived from feldspar, muscovite and biotite, are lost during weathering. Iron and Zn remained immobile during weathering and were strongly adsorbed by phyllosilicates and concentrated in fine-grained sediment fractions. The chemical index of alteration indicates that the GAP has experienced chemical weathering of incipient to moderate intensity. The GAP weathering products also demonstrated a progressive incomplete alteration in the alluvial sequence made-up of the Himalayan-derived sediments. A model has been proposed to better understand weathering processes and products of the GAP in temporary storage of ∼50 ka in a humid sub-tropical climate.  相似文献   

7.
对辽东湾东南部海域LDC30孔沉积物稀土元素（REE）、粒度等指标进行了分析,研究了其沉积物中稀土元素组成特征及其控制因素,并对其物质来源进行了探讨。结果表明,LDC30孔沉积物ΣREE平均值为149.49 μg/g,略高于黄海和东海,但是低于渤海和南海,并且低于全球沉积物ΣREE的平均值。研究区沉积物REE配分模式表现为明显的轻稀土富集、重稀土相对亏损;δEu的平均值为0.71,为中度亏损,δCe无异常;轻稀土与重稀土之间的分异作用较强,且轻重稀土内部分异明显。根据沉积物REE垂向变化特征,可将LDC30岩芯以51cm为界划分为两段,上段（0~51 cm）ΣREE含量随着深度的减小而呈增加的趋势,下段（51~99 cm）ΣREE含量在垂向上没有明显的波动变化,并且上段较下段稀土分异明显。δCe整体上比较稳定,但是在上段（0~51 cm）呈现下降的趋势。δEu垂向上也相对稳定的趋势。该孔沉积物REE参数与粒度之间无明显的相关性,REE组成不受粒度的控制,但重矿物对REE的组成和分布状况有重要的影响。LDC30孔沉积物物质来源比较稳定,并且具有强烈的陆源特征,其沉积物主要来源于辽东湾北部河流（大辽河、小凌河、双台子河等）,同时辽东湾西部河流滦河可能对LDC30孔上段沉积物有一定贡献。  相似文献   

8.
A systematic study of the granulometric properties and the occurrence and distribution of rare earth elements (REE) within surface sediments from ten bays situated along the coast of Southeast China has facilitated a more rigorous understanding of constraints on sediment provenance in the area. The results show that REE concentrations are similar within a single bay, but vary considerably (133.58–251.77 mg/kg) among the bays. The chondrite-normalized distribution patterns show the typical enrichment of light REEs (LREEs: La–Eu) relative to heavy REEs (HREEs: Gd–Lu), and an apparent depletion of Eu, which is diagnostic of a terrigenous sediment source. Obvious enrichments of the middle REEs (MREEs: Sm–Ho) in the PAAS-normalized (Post-Archean Australian Shale) distribution patterns of these bay sediments are similar to results reported from large rivers in China. Comparing the REE composition of the bay sediments with those of adjoining fluvial sediments and with the bedrock of the surrounding drainage basins, the latter are indicated as the dominant sediment source. The uniform REE distribution patterns, and MREE enrichments, prove that the sediments are derived from the material transported by the streams and rivers that discharge into the bays.  相似文献   

9.
Sixty-eight samples of sediment collected on a variably-spaced grid pattern from Pamlico River Estuary of North Carolina were analyzed for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Ni, Pb, U, Zn, clay, and organic matter. The major objectives of the study were to determine background and anomalous levels of trace elements in the sediments, and the effects of human activities on concentration and distribution of trace elements in the sediments. Clay and organic matter are more concentrated near the center of the estuary. This causes the highest concentration of trace elements in the sediments to be located there also owing to their preferential uptake of these elements. Highest trace element concentrations were observed in clay and organic matter near industrial sites, housing developments, and tributary mouths that drain areas of human activity. The apparent increase in trace element contents of fine sediments in Pamlico River Estuary owing to human activities is 4 to 1,750 times normal background levels.  相似文献   

10.
Pramod Singh   《Chemical Geology》2009,266(3-4):251-264
The sediments of the Ganga River from different depositional regimes in the Plain region such as the river channel, active flood-plain and the older flood-plain sediments from the inter-fluve region were analysed for major, trace and the rare earth elements (REEs). These are compared with catchment zone sediments of the river and probable source rocks in the Himalaya. The lower CIA values between 48 and 54.7 for the catchment sediments indicates that the sediments supplied to the Ganga Plain are chemically immature and subjected mostly to physical weathering due to higher erosion rates in the Himalaya. The CIA values ranging between 55 and 74, with average value of 59, 61.4 and 67 for sediments from the Plain's bed-load, active flood-plain and older flood-plain from the inter-fluve region indicates that silicate weathering of Ganga River sediments has occurred only after entering into the plains. This is likely because of higher residence time and change in the climate from cold-frigid in the Himalaya to tropical sub-humid in the plains. Therefore, the use of geochemical data on ancient system to infer climate in their source region may not always be true. Although the CIA values indicate a moderate chemical weathering in the plains, it is far from impressive. Dominance of physical weathering in the catchment region and lower degree of chemical weathering in the Plains indicate that weathering of sediments supplied by Himalayan Rivers, particularly the Ganga River may not have affected the atmospheric CO2 to a significant level as is generally believed. Thus the net effect of the Himalaya on the CO2 sequestration and consequent global cooling needs a re-evaluation.The plots of sediments in ternary diagram among La, Th, Sc and ratios involving Co/Th, La/Sc and Sc/Th indicate granitic to granodioritic source rocks to the sediments. The ratio plots involving relatively immobile Al2O3, TiO2 and FeO along with REE plots suggest that out of the major Himalayan lithologies, gneisses and Cambro-Ordovician granites of HHCS have acted as the dominant source to the sediments.The plots of LogNa2O/K2O vs. LogSiO2/Al2O3 and FeO/SiO2 vs. Al2O3/SiO2 diagrams show that the combination of processes including erosion, weathering, sorting and aeolian activity has together played a major role in progressively changing the chemistry from source rock to catchments bed-load to Plains bed-load, active flood-plains and the older inter-fluve sediments in the Ganga River system. The above plots demonstrate that as a result of above processes the ratios between the elements generally thought to be immobile and used in provenance studies does not always remain invariant and the linear trend line in the scatter gram between the two immobile elements show rotation around the fine grained end member.  相似文献   

11.
北部湾东部海域表层沉积物稀土元素组成及物源指示意义   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  
窦衍光  李军  李炎 《地球化学》2012,(2):147-157
对北部湾东部海域70个表层沉积物样品的稀土元素(REE)分析结果表明,研究区沉积物 REE 呈现轻稀土元素(LREE)富集、重稀土元素(HREE)平坦以及中等程度的 Eu 异常等特征.REE 组成受沉积物粒度和生物碳酸盐含量的制约,具有典型风化上陆壳 REE 特征,其源岩以上陆壳的长英质岩石为主.根据研究区沉积物 REE 分布规律,研究区可划分为4个地球化学分区,各区域上陆壳标准化曲线明显的不同.物源判别显示研究区的西部、海南岛西南侧(Ⅰ区)呈多源沉积特征,来自以下几个物源区:(1)海南岛西南侧河流沉积物和沿岸侵蚀物;(2)由南向北输入的外海沉积物(冬季);(3)夏季或冬季由北部湾西北部和西部搬运来的沉积物.研究区中部粗粒沉积区(Ⅱ区)与北部湾西部沉积物来源是相同的,主要来源于红河输砂.东北部砂质区(Ⅲ区)沉积物可能来源于雷州半岛西北部近岸基岩侵蚀.研究区东北部(Ⅳ区)沉积物主要来自北部湾北部沿岸侵蚀、琼州海峡和雷州半岛西部的沿岸侵蚀.此外,部分沉积物还可能来自珠江流域以及南海北部陆架区和北部湾西北部  相似文献   

12.
This study defines the source area, sub-aerial weathering, and sedimentary cycle level, as well as heavy metal content and origin, of the Çoruh River bed sediments. The studied sediments are geochemically classified as litharenite based on the ratio of the major element contents. Relative to the Upper Continental Crust (UCC), trace elements Rb, Sr, Ba, Th, U, Zr, Hf, Y, Nb, and Pb are generally depleted; Co, Ni, Cu, Sc, and V are generally enriched; and Au is depleted in some places and enriched in other places. The rare earth element (REE) distributions of the samples exhibit a trend similar to that of the upper continental crust (UCC); however, low to moderate depletion occurs in the bed sediments in UCC. The analyzed samples exhibit low Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) values, Plagioclase Index of Alteration (PIA) values (<50), CIA/WIP (Weathering Index ratios <1), and substantially high Index of Compositional Variability values (ICV) (>1). Thus, the samples are not chemically mature and are mainly derived from non-altered sources and were exposed the simple cycling history. REEs are depleted in the river bed sediments, unlike the world river average silt, world river average clay, and suspended sediment in world rivers. Minor enrichment of Zn, Sn, and Sc contents, low-to-moderate enrichment of Cu content, very severe enrichment of as content, and extremely severe enrichment of Ni content of the analyzed samples are observed. Consequently, stream bed sediments are derived from intermediate sources close to mid-continental crust rather than felsic sources Low-to-moderate degrees of chemical weathering of these sediments indicate increased tectonic activity, increased erosion, and rapid sedimentation in semiarid to arid conditions in the source regions over time. Thus, the sediments are chemically immature. These sediments are exposed to lithogenic and anthropogenic contamination.  相似文献   

13.
This study investigated the temporal variations of major and trace element contents and controlling factors in the upper reaches of the Xijiang River, SW China. The results showed the major ions principally derived from the weathering of carbonate and silicate rocks, with a seasonal variation impacted by the monsoonal climate. The contents of dissolved trace elements also varied seasonally in the two main tributaries: the Nanpan and Beipan rivers. Most dissolved trace elements such as Mn, Zn and Pb being affected by anthropogenic contributions displayed a large seasonal variability, from onefold to hundred-fold, while V, Rb and U show a relative stable trend uncorrelated with the different seasons, suggesting a natural origin by rock weathering. Suspended particle matter in the Nanpan and Beipan rivers was depleted in Ca, Mg, Na, K and Sr, but enriched in Al, Fe and Sb compared to the upper crust (UC) values. A binary mixture of silicate-rich and carbonate-rich sources dominates the behavior of elements such as Ca and Sr in riverine sediments, while a third end-member with an anthropogenic signature influenced the content of trace elements like Mn, Sb, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr and Cu. The enrichments of Sb relative to the UC would be related to the mining activity in the studied area. The study highlights the importance of investigating temporal variations of major and trace element contents of rivers controlled by the monsoon climate and impacted by human activity.  相似文献   

14.
Sixteen hundred stream sediments (<150 μm fraction) collected during regional geochemical surveys in central and SW Nigeria have high median and maximum concentrations of Zr that exceed corresponding Zr concentrations found in stream sediments collected from elsewhere in the World with similar bedrock geology. X-ray diffraction studies on a sub-set of the analysed stream sediments showed that Zr is predominantly found in detrital zircon grains. However, the main proximal source rocks (Pan-African ‘Older Granites’ of Nigeria and their Proterozoic migmatitic gneiss country rocks) are not enriched in zircon (or Zr). Nevertheless, U–Pb LA-ICP-MS dating with cathodoluminescence imaging on detrital zircons, both from stream sediment samples and underlying Pan-African ‘Older Granites’ confirms a local bedrock source for the stream sediment zircons. A combination of tropical/chemical weathering and continuous physical weathering, both by ‘wet season’ flash flooding and ‘dry season’ unidirectional winds are interpreted to have effectively broken down bedrock silicate minerals and removed much of the resultant clay phases, thereby increasing the Zr contents in stream sediments. The strong correlation between winnowing index (Th/Al) and Zr concentration across the study area support this interpretation. Therefore, ‘anomalous’ high values of Zr, as well as other elements concentrated in resistant ‘heavy’ minerals in Nigeria’s streams may not reflect proximal bedrock concentrations of these elements. This conclusion has important implications for using stream sediment chemistry as an exploration tool in Nigeria for primary metal deposits associated with heavy minerals.  相似文献   

15.
测量了喀斯特地区乌江、沅江两大水系的河流枯水期的主元素、Sr2+离子浓度和Sr同位素比值。这些河流的化学组成代表了流经碳酸盐岩地层的河水的化学组成。这些河流及其支流有高的溶解盐,TZ+变化范围为：2.1～6.3 meq/L,高于全球河流的平均值(TZ+=0.725 meq/L)。河水含有较高的溶质浓度,河水水化学组成以Ca2+和HCO-3为主,其次为Mg2+和SO2-4,Na++K+和Cl-+Si分别只占阳离子和阴离子组成的5%～10%。 这些河流的化学和同位素组成主要受其自流盆地的地质特征控制。流经碳酸盐岩地层的乌江水系河流具有较高的Sr浓度（1.1～9.70 mol/L）和较低的87Sr/86Sr比值（0.7077～0.7110）,与流经碎屑岩地层的沅江水系的清水江河流中较高的87Sr/86Sr比值（0.7090～0.7145）及较低的Sr浓度（0.28～1.32 mol/L）形成鲜明的对比。 流域盆地的地理岩性控制了河水的化学组成和同位素组成。对河水的化学计量分析表明河水化学组成受碳酸盐岩溶解控制,而碳酸盐岩主要受碳酸和硫酸作用而溶解。乌江流域受硫酸作用特别明显,表明硫酸主要来源于燃煤或流域盆地硫化物矿物氧化而形成的大气输入。化学元素和同位素比值之间的相互关系表明3个主要来源为：石灰岩、白云岩和硅酸盐岩的风化。同时估计了碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩的化学风化速率,结果表明流域盆地的碳酸盐岩风化速率远远高于许多世界大河。岩石风化过程中硫酸的出现或土地的过度使用或土壤植被的退化等都可能是导致流域的碳酸盐岩风化速率如此高的原因。   相似文献   

16.
Major and trace element concentrations were measured in bedrock, regolith and stream sediments from a first-order catchment developed entirely on grey shale in central Pennsylvania, USA. These elements can be classified into five major groups based on statistical data analysis. The presence of different elemental groups is due to the mineralogical origin, cycling processes, and geochemical properties of these elements during soil formation. A better understanding of the behaviors of these elements during chemical weathering would allow for their possible use as natural tracers in Critical Zone processes.  相似文献   

17.
The elemental composition of organic matter and the major and trace element compositions of stream sediments from Myanmar (Ayeyarwady and Sittaung rivers) and Thailand (Mekong and Chao Phraya rivers, and their tributaries) were determined to examine their distributions, provenance, and chemical weathering processes. Higher total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in the finer grained sediments indicate hydrodynamic energy may control their distributions. TOC/TN ratios indicate inputs of both aquatic macrophyte and higher vascular plant material to the river sediments. The major element abundances of the sediments are characterized by predominance of SiO2 in coarser fractions and a marked negative correlation with Al2O3, representing primary grain size primarily control on SiO2 content. Marked depletion of most labile elements (Na2O, CaO, K2O, Ba and Sr) relative to UCC (upper continental crust), indicate destruction of feldspar during chemical weathering in the source area or during transport. However, enrichment of some high field strength elements (Zr, Th, Ce and Y) relative to UCC and higher Zr/Sc ratios indicate moderate concentration of resistant heavy minerals in finer-grained samples. Discriminant diagrams and immobile trace element characteristics indicate that the Mekong, and Chao Phraya river sediments were largely derived from felsic sources with compositions close to typical rhyolite, dacite/granodiorite, UCC, I- and S-type granites. Relative enrichment of ferromagnesian elements (e.g. MgO, Cr, Ni) and high Cr/V and low Y/Ni ratios in Ayeyarwady and Sittaung sediments indicate the presence of a mafic or ultramafic component in their sources. The ICV (Index of Compositional Variability), CIA (Chemical Index of Alteration), PIA (Plagioclase Index of Alteration), αAl, Rb/Sr and K2O/Rb ratios indicate that the Ayeyarwady and Sittaung sediments record low to moderate degrees of chemical weathering in their source, compared to moderate to intense chemical weathering in the Mekong and Chao Phraya river basins. These results are compatible with existing major ion data for river waters collected at the same locations.  相似文献   

18.
This work reports a geochemical study of sediments from the upper Paracatu River Basin. The objective is to define the influences of Au, Zn, and Pb mineral deposits and mining activities on the sediment metal sources, distribution, and accretion. The samples were analyzed using ICP/OES, AAS, and XRD techniques and were treated with principal components analysis and the geo-accumulation index. The main geochemical processes that control the sediment composition are pyrite oxidation, muscovite weathering, carbonate dissolution, and the erosion of oxisols enriched with Zn and Pb. The upper Rico Stream has high Al, Fe, Cu, Cr, Co, and Mn concentrations due erosion of oxisols and pyrite oxidation and muscovite alteration present in the parental rock. The artisanal alluvial gold mining increased the primary rock-minerals?? weathering and Hg sediment concentration. The lower Escuro River and Santa Catarina Stream are enriched with Zn and Pb due the erosion of metal-rich soils formed over galena, sphalerite, calamine, and willemite mineral deposits located upstream. Elements such as Ca, Mg, and Ba have low concentrations throughout the sampled area due the high solubility of these metals-bearing minerals. The dispersion of metals is limited by the basin geomorphology and their affinity to silt-clayey minerals and Fe and Mn oxides and hydroxides in circumneutral pH waters.  相似文献   

19.
Major, trace and rare earth elements (REE) concentration of the Eocene limestones, Jaisalmer Basin, Rajasthan, India are analysed to reconstruct the depositional conditions and to identify sources of REEs. Among the major oxides, CaO is the dominant oxide followed by SiO2 in the studied limestones. Trace element Ba dominates over the other trace elements and it shows negative correlation with CaO. The Sr, occurring in small concentration, shows positive correlation with CaO. Other trace elements such as V, Zr, Sc, Y, Rb, Ni, Pb Co, Cu, U occur in small concentrations. The studied limestones show a positive correlation of ΣREE with Fe2O3, Ni, Th, Sc, and Y. These limestones possess sea-water like shale-normalized REE + Y pattern with light REE depletion, slight Gd enrichment, slightly positive La anomaly, positive Y anomaly, positive Eu anomaly, negative Ce anomaly and superchondritic Y/Ho ratio from 23.12 to 28.57. The dominance of CaO and low percentage of MgO suggest that mineral phase is calcite and there is absence of dolomitization. The occurrence of SiO2 and Al2O3 in appreciable percentages may be because of the siliciclastic input during the limestone precipiatetion. The low concentration of Uranium (0.4-3.7) and authigenic Uranium (Average Total U-Th/3 value = 0.74) indicate that the studied limestones were precipitated in oxic condition from seawater. The depletion of LREE suggests that the limestones were precipitated from the seawater. The positive correlation of ΣREE with Al2O3 Fe2O3, Ni, Th, Sc, and Y and negative correlation with CaO suggest an input of siliciclastic sediments from the land during limestone precipitation. The negative Ce anomaly, slightly positive La anomaly, slight Gd enrichment, positive Y anomaly, and positive Eu anomaly also suggest that the limestone was precipitated from the seawater with some siliciclastic input from continent. The low values of the Y/Ho ratio (23.12 to 28.57) in the studied limestones suggest some modification of the seawater by the input of freshwater in a coastal environment. The REEs of the studied limestones are correlable with the shallow sea water REEs with exception of a few elements. We envisage a coastal/shallow marine depositional environment where mixing of the continental material in sea water appears feasible.  相似文献   

20.
 The Oka River basin is located in the Urdaibai National Biosphere Reserve, North Spain. In order to obtain a preliminary view of its environmental conditions, nitric acid extractable Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni and Co, organic matter content (L.O.I.), geochemical fractionation of heavy metals and mineralogical composition were analysed in surficial sediments (fraction <63 μm) collected in October 1991. Relatively high concentrations of metals occurred in a sampling site upstream, due to a local natural enrichment controlled by weathering of volcanic rocks. Geochemical fractionation confirmed the lithogenic origin of metals, which were mainly associated to the detrital phase. The significant increase of heavy metals found in some samples collected in the municipal area of Gernika suggested a pollution effect, related to anthropogenic wastes. Large amounts of metallic slags have been found mixed with the sediments upstream from this locality. Nevertheless, in view of their composition, it is unlikely that these slags constitute a significant source of heavy metals in the studied area. In a second sampling in October 1997 an apparent decreasing trend in some heavy metal levels was noted, particularly for Pb and Cu. Nowadays, enrichment factors relative to background values confirm moderate anthropogenic influence on Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr and Ni concentrations. However, heavy metal levels in the Oka river sediments are much lower than those detected in other major rivers of the Basque Country (Nervión, Urumea, Deba). Received: 7 July 1997 · Accepted: 4 July 1998  相似文献   

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