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1.
三峡水库蓄水后沙量骤减使得荆江河段河床剧烈冲刷调整,下荆江急弯段“凸冲凹淤”,部分弯道凹岸侧淤积形成水下潜洲。这种不同于弯曲河道一般性演变规律的异常现象势必给下荆江的行洪、航运及江湖关系变化等带来新的影响,其内在成因急需揭示。基于原型观测资料分析,通过研究滩槽冲淤量及分布、滩体及河道形态特征等,全面揭示了近期下荆江急弯段“凸冲凹淤”的演变特征及河道形态响应。结果表明,流量年内过程重分配、来沙量及组成突变是下荆江急弯段“凸冲凹淤”的决定性因素。  相似文献   

2.
Channel planform dynamics were analyzed for the Ningxia–Inner Mongolia reaches of the Yellow River. Map data were analyzed by means of GIS and used to determine the planform characteristics and changes in width, sinuosity, and shoreline migration rates between 1958 and 2008. The study was based on topographic maps of 1958 and 1967, which had been derived from aerial photos and a field survey and from satellite imagery of 1977, 1990, 2000, and 2008. The channel planform dynamics were determined by comparing sequential changes in the position of the shorelines in these years. Sinuosity adjustments were small during the study (range: 1.34–1.45). The initial sinuosity (1.45 in 1958) gradually decreased to 1.34 in 1990, and then increased to 1.40 in 2008. Channel contraction had been the dominant planform process, but periodic floods resulted in channel expansion (1958–1990). The river’s channel area expanded substantially from 1958 to 1990 (by 42.1 %), then sharply contracted from 1990 to 2000 (by 45.8 %), with no subsequent changes. The bank erosion and accretion rates were severe. The mean erosion rates ranged from 30.7 to 68.3 m/year on the left side and 27.1 to 58.3 m/year on the right side. The mean accretion rates ranged from 44.4 to 68.3 m/year on the left side and 30.5 to 60.4 m/year on the right side. The mean channel midline shifted by 57.8 m toward the right from 1958 to 2008. The mean channel midline moved 4.8 m to right from 1958 to 1967, 54.3 m to the left from 1967 to 1977, 44.2 m to the right from 1977 to 1990, 64.3 m to the right from 1990 to 2000, and 2.8 m to the right from 2000 to 2008.  相似文献   

3.
Effects of sediment extraction and dam construction on changes of riverbed characteristics over yearly to decadal scales in the lower Tedori River of Japan are clarified. Over 1950–1991, the riverbed degraded in excess of 0.5–3.5 m. Concurrently, riverbed sediment volume of the 0–16 km reach decreased by 12.7 × 106 m3. Intensive sediment extraction was the dominant cause of riverbed degradation during the period. During 1991–2007, an increase in riverbed sediment volume of 0.6 × 106 m3 resulted in accretion of the riverbed by average depth 0.04 m. The cessation of sand and gravel mining (SGM), coupled with Tedorigawa Dam operation since 1980, was responsible for that accretion. Temporal change in riverbed elevation during 1950–2007 indicates that there were five phases of vertical adjustment. Combination of nonlinear regression models described four of these phases well. During 1950–1979, the first four modes of empirical orthogonal function analysis successfully captured temporal and spatial responses of the riverbed to natural and anthropogenic impacts. That is, the first mode explained the mean riverbed profile and temporal variation in riverbed sediment volume. The second through fourth spatial eigenfunctions reflected spatial variation in vertical adjustment rate for phases II, III and I, respectively. The corresponding temporal eigenfunctions explained the respective effects on the riverbed of SGM, of imbalance between sediment transport capacity and sediment supply, and of dredging activity.  相似文献   

4.
Changes in Geomorphic characteristics in the lower reaches of the Gongola River channel following construction of Kiri dam have been investigated. The study focused on changes in the channel bankfull width and of riverbed width after the control of the river flow, variation in discharge characteristics between pre- and post- dam periods and the impact of discharge variation on post- dam river channel. Results of the analysis revealed that the main effect of the impoundment of the Gongola channel is a drastic decrease in flood peaks below the reservoir by 11.5% (from 1,420 m3/sec to 1,256 m3/sec). The low flows have on the other hand increased by 268% (from 5.7 m3/sec to 21 m3/sec). The resultant effect of decrease in the discharge was reduction in the channel bankfull and riverbed widths by 38.3% and 72.2% respectively. Also, the post- dam channel became less sinuous and braided in some of the reaches downstream. Discharges of high peaks were found during the period of maximum precipitation (June to September) whereas low discharges were recorded during the period of minimum or no precipitation (December to May). Some of the observed implications of the flow control on the geometric variables were reduction in the overall channel width, concave bank erosion and emergence of vegetation in some of the reaches.  相似文献   

5.
The Spiti River drains the rain shadow zone of western Himalaya. In the present study, the fluvial sedimentary record of Spiti valley was studied to understand its responses to tectonics and climate. Geomorphic changes along the river enable to divide the river into two segments: (i) upper valley with a broad, braided channel where relict sedimentary sequences rise 15–50 m high from the riverbed and (ii) lower valley with a narrow, meandering channel that incises into bedrock, and here, the fluvio-lacustrine sediments reside on a bedrock bench located above the riverbed. The transition between these geomorphic segments lies along the river between Seko-Nasung and Lingti villages (within Tethyan Himalaya). Lithofacies analyses of the sedimentary sequences show six different lithofacies. These can be grouped into three facies associations, viz. (A) a glacial outwash; (B) sedimentation in a channel and in an accreting bar under braided conditions; and (C) formation of lake due to channel blockage by landslide activities. Seventeen optically stimulated luminescence ages derived from ten sections bracketed the phases of river valley aggradation between 14–8 and 50–30 ka. These aggradation phases witnessed mass wasting, channel damming and lake formation events. Our record, when compared with SW monsoon archives, suggests that the aggradation occurred during intensified monsoon phase of MIS 3/4 and that proceeded the Last Glacial Maxima. Thus, the study reports monsoon modulated valley aggradation in the NW arid Himalaya.  相似文献   

6.
The Yellow River flows through an extensive area of aeolian desert and extends from Xiaheyan, Ningxia Province, to Hekouzhen, Inner Mongolia Province, for a total of 1,000 km. In the desert channel of the Yellow River, the major chemical components are SiO2, Fe2O3, Al2O3, Ti, CaO, MgO, Ba, P, Mn, Ce, Co in which SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, and Ti have significant value as indicators of the sources of the coarse sediment. The spatial distribution of the elements’ weight percentages and the ratios of Si/Ti, Si/Al between sediment sources and riverbed sediment of the Gansu reach and the desert channel of the Yellow River, indicating that the coarse sediments deposited in the desert reach of the Yellow River are mostly controlled by the local sediment sources; and due to the higher mobility of the fine sediments, they are primarily contributed by the local sediment sources and the tributaries that originate from the loess area of the upper reach of Yellow River. The results of R-factor analysis illustrate that the first component score mainly shows negative values in the desert channel, suggesting that the coarse sediments in this reach contain a higher content of Si and a lower content of Mg + Ca + Al + Fe, which further proves that the Ningxia Hedong, Inner Mongolian Wulanbuhe, and Kubuqi deserts are the primary sources of the coarse sediment in the desert channel of the Yellow River.  相似文献   

7.
In-stream structures including cross-vanes, J-hooks, rock vanes, and W-weirs are widely used in river restoration to limit bank erosion, prevent changes in channel gradient, and improve aquatic habitat. During this investigation, a rapid assessment protocol was combined with post-project monitoring data to assess factors influencing the performance of more than 558 in-stream structures and rootwads in North Carolina. Cross-sectional survey data examined for 221 cross sections from 26 sites showed that channel adjustments were highly variable from site to site, but approximately 60 % of the sites underwent at least a 20 % net change in channel capacity. Evaluation of in-stream structures ranging from 1 to 8 years in age showed that about half of the structures were impaired at 10 of the 26 sites. Major structural damage was often associated with floods of low to moderate frequency and magnitude. Failure mechanisms varied between sites and structure types, but included: (1) erosion of the channel bed and banks (outflanking); (2) movement of rock materials during floods; and (3) burial of the structures in the channel bed. Sites with reconstructed channels that exhibited large changes in channel capacity possessed the highest rates of structural impairment, suggesting that channel adjustments between structures led to their degradation of function. The data question whether currently used in-stream structures are capable of stabilizing reconfigured channels for even short periods when applied to dynamic rivers.  相似文献   

8.
为探明在新水沙条件和人类活动的影响下珠江三角洲河网地形变化与洪季水动力特征变化之间的关系,以1999-2008年为研究时段,基于1999年地形建立一维河网数学模型,复演珠江三角洲地区"08·6"洪水,并与"08·6"实测资料进行对比,分析河网地形变化对洪季水动力特征的影响。结果表明:①珠江三角洲河网地形整体下切加强了河道行洪能力,在遭遇洪峰30年一遇的"08·6"洪水时洪水位整体下降,三角洲顶部马口站洪水位最大降幅达到0.9 m;②河网内潮差和潮汐传播速度增大,潮区界上移至马口、三水以上;③西江河网地形下切幅度大于北江河网,地形不均匀下切导致河网节点分流比改变,西江河网洪水期分流增加2%,马口站和天河站洪峰流量增幅分别接近1 500 m^3/s和1 000 m^3/s;④西江马口站分流比随上游洪水流量增大而减小的趋势没有改变,但地形不均匀下切导致其变化梯度增大。珠江三角洲近年地形的不均匀下切,是近年珠江三角洲河网地区,特别是河网腹地洪水灾害有所减轻的主要原因之一。  相似文献   

9.
A study of near surface sediments from the Dan River (southeastern USA) was conducted to assess the use of magnetic properties as proxies of coal ash after a recent spill. The watershed geology is diverse and potentially contributes magnetic minerals to riverbed sediment from diabase dikes in the Dan River Triassic Basin and from granitic gneiss outside the basin. Coal ash is heterogeneous, including aluminosilicate spheres, amorphous particles and carbonaceous rods and lacy particles. The magnetic fraction of ash from the failed storage pond is up to 17 wt% and is mostly composed of black spheres with maghemite and magnetite. Ash was detected in riverbed sediment from quiet water settings such as inside of meander bends, the confluence of tributary streams and near islands between the spill site and 20 miles downstream in the Schoolfield Reservoir, Danville, VA. The strong magnetic signal is detected above background in riverbed samples and is strongly positively correlated with total ash; elevated low field magnetic susceptibility (χ LF) is evident in samples with ≥ 12% ash content. Anhysteretic remanent magnetization and hysteresis parameters delineate native sediment, ash-bearing sediment, and diabase dikes. Between 20 and 70 miles downstream of the spill site, ash concentrations were either buried or too low due to dilution with native sediment to be detected with χ LF in riverbed samples.  相似文献   

10.
We present a case study on how riverbed morphology of the engineered and meandering Tisza River of the Pannonian Basin (Hungary) has changed during post-engineering times. The objectives were (1) mapping the location and morphology of scours and point bars, (2) reconstructing their changes in a 150 year time-scale in response to engineering work, (3) describing the differences of quasi-natural and engineered channels and (4) distinguishing of local and general causes, both natural and anthropogenic.Recent erosion and deposition have been traced on continuous ultrahigh resolution (UHR) seismic profiles. These results were matched up to channel cross-sections and to time-series planimetric and bathymetric maps. The topography of the riverbed is determined primarily by two factors: the plan view geometry of the channel and the lithology of the substratum. As well as naturally developing scours in the river bends, shallower and elongated, slightly refilled ones appear on straight reaches or in engineered channels. Elongated bed scours and extraordinary forms are related to local human effects. However, erosion is observed everywhere in the investigated 102 km long Middle-Tisza region. As a result of cut-offs the gradient increased and, as a consequence, the riverbed became incised.Sedimentation is reflected in accelerated point bar development, which resulted in intensive lateral migration and increasing sinuosity, which is enhanced in the vicinity of human interventions. Changes do not propagate far away. Channel adjustments happened in two phases: rapid incision was followed by a slower sinuosity increase in order to obtain a new dynamic equilibrium.  相似文献   

11.
大型水库运行改变了坝下游水沙条件,引起河床冲淤、洲滩形态等适应性调整,尤其是近坝段沙质河床的响应最为敏感。以三峡大坝下游近坝段沙质河段为研究对象,采用1955-2018年水沙数据与1975-2018年地形资料,研究了河床冲淤量及河床形态、洲滩形态演变及联动关系等。研究表明：伴随流域来沙量减少,1975-2018年河床为累积冲刷态势,枯水河槽冲刷量占总冲刷量的93.1%,同步发生洲滩面积减少、深泓下切;以2009年分界,滩槽冲淤逐渐由"低滩冲刷,高滩淤积"逐渐向"低滩、高滩均冲"转变;受来沙量锐减、河道采砂活动等影响,2013年以来河床冲刷强度显著增大,疏浚抛泥对滩槽冲淤的影响较小;航道工程实施前滩群演变关联性强,太平口心滩发育与头部下移引起腊林洲边滩上段面积减小并后退,对应腊林洲边滩尾部面积增大且淤宽,使得三八滩面积减小且右缘蚀退,金城洲逐渐由边滩演变为心滩;航道工程实施后太平口心滩与腊林洲边滩上段关联性减弱,受航道工程及疏浚抛泥等影响腊林洲边滩下段淤宽,引起三八滩维持面积持续减小、右缘后退及左移态势,促使金城洲萎缩且分散。  相似文献   

12.
Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N2 in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.  相似文献   

13.
Streambed vertical hydraulic conductivity (K) plays an important role in river water and groundwater interaction. The K at the ten transects (Ts1–Ts10) at the Donghe River (an intermittent river) in the Ejina Basin, northwestern China, was measured to investigate its spatial variation. Based on the sediment characteristics and vertical hydraulic conductivity of the riverbed, the entire riverbed of the Donghe River could be divided arbitrarily into two parts: an upper part (starting at Ts1 and ending at Ts9, without an obvious and continuous clogging layer) and a lower part (the remaining riverbed, with an obvious and continuous clogging layer). In the upper part, although the K varied with depth within the 0–30 cm layer, the variability with depth could be ignored in practice. The arithmetic mean K of the upper part ranged from 12 to 27.6 m/day, three orders of magnitude larger than that of the lower part (0.06 m/day). The change of K along the river cross section was significant, and larger values of K often occurred in the parts of the channels with greater water depth. However, there were no consistent patterns of the variability of K at transects across the river, which was influenced by the variation in streambed characteristics. The results could be useful for the estimation of groundwater recharge from river and groundwater resources evaluation in the Ejina Basin.  相似文献   

14.
大型水库运行改变了坝下游水沙条件,引起河床冲淤、洲滩形态等适应性调整,尤其是近坝段沙质河床的响应最为敏感。以三峡大坝下游近坝段沙质河段为研究对象,采用1955-2018年水沙数据与1975-2018年地形资料,研究了河床冲淤量及河床形态、洲滩形态演变及联动关系等。研究表明:伴随流域来沙量减少,1975-2018年河床为累积冲刷态势,枯水河槽冲刷量占总冲刷量的93.1%,同步发生洲滩面积减少、深泓下切;以2009年分界,滩槽冲淤逐渐由"低滩冲刷,高滩淤积"逐渐向"低滩、高滩均冲"转变;受来沙量锐减、河道采砂活动等影响,2013年以来河床冲刷强度显著增大,疏浚抛泥对滩槽冲淤的影响较小;航道工程实施前滩群演变关联性强,太平口心滩发育与头部下移引起腊林洲边滩上段面积减小并后退,对应腊林洲边滩尾部面积增大且淤宽,使得三八滩面积减小且右缘蚀退,金城洲逐渐由边滩演变为心滩;航道工程实施后太平口心滩与腊林洲边滩上段关联性减弱,受航道工程及疏浚抛泥等影响腊林洲边滩下段淤宽,引起三八滩维持面积持续减小、右缘后退及左移态势,促使金城洲萎缩且分散。  相似文献   

15.
Check dams are one of the methods of managed aquifer recharge to augment groundwater storage in regions with non-perennial rivers. The objectives of this study were to quantify the groundwater recharge from a check dam in the Arani River, north of Chennai, India, and to assess the clogging of the riverbed. The water level in the check dam was measured daily for 3 years from 2010 to 2013. Other field investigations carried out include measurement of the topographic elevation of the riverbed using the differential global positioning system. Based on the water balance method, the quantity of water evaporated and recharged was estimated. A comparison of 3-year daily water level measurements indicated that there is no clogging in the riverbed during the study period, as this check dam is fitted with a sluice gate which is operated at appropriate times to flush out the sediments.  相似文献   

16.
长江是中国的"黄金水道", 通过系统性航道整治和疏浚维护, 长江荆江河段航道水深已由2002年的2.9 m提升至2020年的3.5~3.8 m, 但仍低于上游三峡大坝库区(4.5 m)及下游河段(4.5~6.0 m), 航道水深与上下游不衔接且制约长江航道综合效益发挥。为了适应上下游航道水深, 需提升荆江河段航道尺度, 亟需明确航道水深资源、碍航特征与河道演变等关系。以长江荆江河段为对象, 分析1960—2020年水沙及地形等资料, 开展长江中游荆江河段滩槽演变与航道水深资源提升关系研究。研究表明: 三峡工程运行后荆江河段以枯水河槽冲刷为主, 冲刷量占全部冲刷量的90.97%, 江心洲和边滩面积减少18.3%, 其中江心洲、边滩面积减幅分别为9.4%和24.9%;在河床冲刷与航道整治工程实施条件下, 以4.5 m×200 m(水深×宽度)进行航道尺度核查, 荆江河段碍航总长度占全河段5.3%;4.5 m水深碍航特征包括砂卵石河段枯水位下降幅度高于河槽下切深度引起航道水深不足, 沙质河床内弯曲河段"凸岸侧边滩冲刷、凹岸侧深槽淤积"引起滩槽形态及航道边界不稳定, 以及分汊河段内洲滩萎缩与汊道间不均衡冲刷引起枯水航路不稳定及水深不足。  相似文献   

17.
Water samples were collected from the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) in May 2005, after the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), to examine the influence of the TGR and large lakes on material delivery to the estuary of the Changjiang River. The concentrations of suspended particle material (SPM), dissolved silica (DSi) and biogenic silica (BSi) in the main stream were analyzed. The concentrations of DSi and BSi in the main channel of the Changjiang varied between 73 and 100 and 1.1–15 μmol/l, with a distance weighted average of 81 and 8.0 μmol/l, respectively. A calculation shows that live diatom comprises only an average value of 5.2 % of the BSi in the Changjiang River, and most of BSi may come from drainage basin. The concentrations of BSi and the ratios of BSi/SPM were relatively low in the Changjiang River compared to other rivers throughout the world, but the BSi carried in suspension by the Changjiang River was an important component of the rivers silicon load (i.e. ~13 %). SPM, DSi and BSi concentrations as observed in the Changjiang River tend to decrease from the upper sections of the river to the Three Gorges Dam (TGD), reflecting sedimentation associated with BSi trapping and DSi retention in the TGR in the normal-water period. SPM and BSi retention are more strongly influenced by the TGD compared to DSi. About 98 % of SPM, 72 % of BSi and 16 % of DSi were retained within the TGR in May 2005. The fluxes variations of DSi, BSi and SPM suggested that the large lakes and dams had a coupled effect on the transportation of DSi, BSi and SPM in the normal-water period. Such a change in silicon (DSi and BSi) balances of the Changjiang River will affect the ecological environment of the Changjiang estuary and its adjacent sea to some extent.  相似文献   

18.
The Yellow River is the second largest river in China. Its runoff experienced rapid changes in the past decades. The trend and driving forces of change of the river’s runoff has been a hot topic in some academic fields in China in recent years, due to its importance in solving the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources, reasonable exploitation and utilization of water resources and its significance in promoting the social, economic and ecologically sustainable development. The Wuding River is one of the large tributaries in the Middle Yellow River and soil and water conservation measures have been implemented in the tributary much earlier. It can be a good example for investigating the trend and causes of changes of runoff of the Yellow River. In this paper, the variation trend and abrupt change are determined in the time series of annual runoff of the Wuding River recorded at a hydrological station near its outlet during the period from 1956 to 2009 using several time series analysis methods. Secondly, the influences of climate change and human activities are estimated through calculating the amount of runoff reduction due to climate change in different periods. Results show that the annual runoff was continually decreasing, the drought trend was aggravating, and abrupt change in runoff series appeared in 1971 and 1997 as a result of large scale water and soil conservation measure after 1971 and ecosystem restoration program since 1997. It is also found that human activities were the main influence factor for runoff reduction during the period from 1972 to 2009. The contributions from climate change increased from about 23 to 30 %, and those from human activities decreased from 77 to 70 % from the period of 1972–1996 to the period of 1997–2009. Finally, a formula is built to reveal the relation of runoff with both climate factors and each main kind of human activities.  相似文献   

19.
This study has, for the first time, analysed in detail the risk occurrences of the last spring frost, first fall frost and the length of the frost-free period during the growing season of vegetable crops at a high horizontal resolution of 10 km in the Elbe River lowland in the Czech Republic. The daily minimum air temperature from 116 grid points throughout the studied area for the period 1961–2011 was used. The daily values of minimum air temperature ranges of 0 to ?1.1 °C, ?1.2 to ?2.2 °C and below ?2.2 °C were considered to constitute mild, moderate and severe frost intensities, respectively. Firstly, the spatiotemporal variability of the date of the last spring frost, the date of the first fall frost and the length of the frost-free period in the Elbe River lowland is provided. Secondly, the estimation of the probability of a later date in the spring and an earlier date in the fall for various severe frost events and the length of the frost-free period is determined. Third, the changes in the timing of the last and first frosts of the three severities, as well as the length of the frost-free period, are evaluated. From 1961 to 2011, the Elbe River lowland has experienced a decrease in the number of frost days, while the length of the frost-free period between the last spring frost and the first fall frost has increased. The temporal evolution of the frost-free period anomalies displays two distinct periods: a shortening of the frost-free period in the 1960s and an intensified lengthening of the frost-free period since the 1980s. Whereas the latest spring frost has ended on an earlier date across the Elbe River lowland, the first frost date in the fall has generally been delayed to a later date. The dates of the last spring frost have advanced by ?0.21 days per year on average. The fall dates are delayed up to 0.18 days per year, whereas the frost-free period is lengthening by up to 0.39 days per year on average. However, regional frost series suggests that the frost-free period exhibits a large amount of inter-annual variability. In terms of the growth of field vegetables, a late spring frost remains a risk factor, but the degree of risk has decreased. There is a 25 % chance of the occurrence of dangerous spring frosts during the planting of field vegetables after 3rd May, but after 15th May, the risk is only 10 %.  相似文献   

20.

Aspects of riverbed evolution including bank erosion in the Ural River basin have been considered in this paper. The natural morphodynamic types of riverbeds have been described. The spatial features of their genesis have been characterized within the Ural River basin. To study the riverbed processes, decoding of remote sensing data of the water surface has been used. The risks for the infrastructure facilities and for the residential districts have been analyzed in terms of the bank erosion in the Ural River basin. The issues concerning the border between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan due to riverbed reconfiguration of the Ural River have been outlined. Maps of the development of bank erosion in the Ural River basin have been created. A way to solve the problem of riverbed evolution along the border area has been proposed by organizing an Intergovernmental Specially Protected Natural Zone.

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