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1.
In order to create natural and healthy water ecosystems, the impact of hydrological processes in ponds must be identified. Pond structure may affect water quality in many ways. The present study provides a novel insight into some of the hydrological processes as well as how to employ retentions to enhance storm water detention and manage discharge. In this research, particle image velocimetry is utilized to study the two-dimensional collecting efficiency of fine sediments by retention structures with a range of hydraulic features. To examine the hydrodynamic behavior of water mixed with fine particles, a sediment basin was designed. Fluorescent polymer particles (1–50 μm) were subsequently added to this fluid mix. This study demonstrates that gravitational force increases fine particle settlement by over 50% at greater depths. The optimum collecting efficiency of sediments at the water surface was found to be around 80%. It was also determined that flow rate and particle size are directly correlated and that inlets and outlets at higher levels impede fine particle dispersion in the water column. For these reasons, it seems that adjusting the hydraulic parameters may diminish siltation. 相似文献
2.
电子自旋共振(ESR)技术是一种确定物质成分和结构的顺磁性质的分析方法,也能够用于沉积物定年。该方法的测量技术和测年的物理机制等还处于发展阶段。冰川作用过程十分复杂,形成各种类型的冰川沉积物,其顺磁信号的归零机制有显著差异,ESR测年的实验方案也有所差异。因此,识别冰碛物类型,采集合适的样品对于ESR测年的准确性十分重要。冰下融出碛和滞碛经过了冰下磨蚀过程,结构致密,细颗粒基质含量高,石英砂中的一些杂质芯的ESR信号能够衰退。许多冰上融出碛,结构疏松,但细颗粒基质含量高,不但经过了搬运过程中的冰下磨蚀过程使ESR信号衰退,又经历了沉积时的冰上阳光直射过程使信号衰退,一些样品的ESR信号能够完全晒退。冰水湖泊和冰水河流沉积的细砂和粉砂来源于冰下研磨的产物,信号会衰退;在搬运沉积过程中又可能被阳光直射,信号进一步衰退。其它类型的冰碛物的ESR信号衰退机制不明,或粒径不适合用ESR方法测年。采集冰碛物ESR年代样品时,最好同时采集信号衰退机制相同的现代冰碛物样品,以便对照,并用于扣除可能的残留信号。 相似文献
3.
The physical, chemical, and dewatering characteristics of 19 bottom sediments from Osaka Bay, Japan, have been analyzed to aid in the development of sediments in the coastal bay area. The sediments in the east near Osaka Port were highly polluted from the influence of human activities and were difficult to dewater. These sediments were composed of fine particles, low in pH, zetapotential, and initial settling rate, and were high in ignition loss, metal concentrations, compression volume, specific resistance, cake water content, and drying index. However, the sediments near Akashi Channel showed the reverse where they are affected by strong tidal current. A correlation analysis has been made of all the parameters. There are significant relationships between all the dewatering parameters. Therefore, sediments difficult to dewater by gravity settling are also difficult to dewater by vacuum filtration and solar evaporation. Sediments containing fine particles and pollutants are difficult to dewater. Several forms of pollutants can occur in the sediments. 相似文献
4.
地表松散沉积物中不同粒级的颗粒蕴含着不同的信息,这种差异与其物质来源、搬运和沉积过程中的分选作用以及沉积后的风化作用等有关。因此,可根据沉积物中不同粒级颗粒地球化学特征与矿物组成的差异,进行沉积物物源追踪或沉积环境重建。选择青藏高原在气候和地貌方面具有典型意义的柴达木盆地、错那湖、雅鲁藏布江流域作为研究区,分别采集了这几个地区的沙丘沙、黄土、湖积物、冲积物、洪积物、残坡积物等地表松散沉积物样品,用干筛法将沉积物样品分为两个部分,粗颗粒部分粒径范围为≥75~500 μm,细颗粒部分粒径<75 μm。对上述粗、细颗粒分别进行稀土与微量元素、Sr-Nd同位素、轻矿物组成的实验室分析测试,并对沉积物中粗、细颗粒的测试结果采用古典多维尺度方法进行相似性分析。结果表明：青藏高原松散沉积物中粗、细颗粒在轻矿物组成、微量和稀土元素含量、稀土特征、元素参数等方面存在差异;细颗粒部分蕴含了更多的环境信息,富含容易受化学风化影响的黏土矿物以及硬度较小、容易被磨蚀的方解石等矿物。在物源示踪中不同气候区的沉积物细颗粒不宜进行直接比较,应根据样品的粒度分布情况优先选择合适的粗颗粒组分进行物源示踪。 相似文献
5.
In the classical view of fine sediment transport and deposition in streams, particles are expected to be removed from flowing water simply by direct sedimentation onto the streambed. However, recent research has demonstrated that fine sediments can propagate into pore spaces in the streambed due to hyporheic exchange and be removed by a combination of physical and chemical processes. This behaviour can significantly alter fine sediment size distributions during in-stream sediment transport because the physical transport of fine particles and their attachment to bed sediment grains are both a function of the particle size. Herein, we present model simulations for deposition of suspended sediments with a bimodal size distribution. We also applied this approach to analyse the results of laboratory flume observations of suspended sediment deposition. Results from model simulations and flume experiments clearly show that the rate of particle deposition increases with increasing particle size. Thus, the larger particles are preferentially removed from mixtures and there is a fining of the mixed suspensions over time. Both particle deposition mechanisms, i.e. particle sedimentation and filtration, contribute to the fining of the mixed fine particle suspensions over time, and their effects are clearly demonstrated using the fundamental process-based model. These results clearly demonstrate the effects of stream-subsurface exchange on the temporal evolution of the suspended fine sediment size distribution in downstream transport. 相似文献
6.
In order to explain why the magnetic directions of naturally and artificially deposited fine silts show deviations from the direction of the ambient field a theoretical model has been postulated of the process of deposition.
The deviations have been explained satisfactorily on the assumption that the sediment consists of quasi-spherical, non-cohesive particles which roll into hollows in the existing bed. A model of this kind provides a theoretical basis for the quantitative study of certain sedimentological questions which may be applied to the study of such problems as the apparent anomalous resistance to erosion of very fine grained sediments, their mechanism of compaction and the determination of current direction and velocity.
Since it does not depend on direct observation either visual or mechanical the magnetic method may be particularly fruitful for sediments of fine silt grade where such observation is very difficult. 相似文献
The deviations have been explained satisfactorily on the assumption that the sediment consists of quasi-spherical, non-cohesive particles which roll into hollows in the existing bed. A model of this kind provides a theoretical basis for the quantitative study of certain sedimentological questions which may be applied to the study of such problems as the apparent anomalous resistance to erosion of very fine grained sediments, their mechanism of compaction and the determination of current direction and velocity.
Since it does not depend on direct observation either visual or mechanical the magnetic method may be particularly fruitful for sediments of fine silt grade where such observation is very difficult. 相似文献
7.
8.
Geochemical characteristics of fine and coarse fractions of sediments in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin (southern Tibet,China) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Shisong Du Yongqiu Wu Lihua Tan Wenmin Huang Chengzhi Hao 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(9):337
Tracing sources of aeolian sediment is key to reconstructing earth surface processes in arid areas and interpreting the paleoenvironmental significance of aeolian sequences. However, the difference of geochemical characteristics between different fractions of sediments in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin (YZRB) is still unclear, so we want to identify which fraction of sediments is more suitable for tracing sediment sources. Considering the long distance between different wide valleys in the YZRB, we wonder whether there is any difference between these wide valleys in terms of geochemical characteristics of sediments. Forty-three surface sediment samples in the YZRB are collected, and the grain-size distributions and the major-element composition for 37 samples and the trace and rare earth element composition for the coarse (75–500 μm) and fine (<?75 μm) fractions of all samples are determined. The results reveal the following: (1) the fine fractions of the deposits contain more environmental information, suggesting that the fine fractions cannot be directly compared between different climate zones for provenance identification and that appropriate coarse fractions, based on the grain-size distribution of the targeted sediments, are more ideal for tracing sediment sources; and (2) geochemical characteristics of various sediment types show spatial heterogeneity. The coarse and fine fractions of the loose sediment samples can be divided into two regional groups based on geochemical characteristics: the Maquanhe zone in the upper reach, the Xigaze, Shannan and Mainling zone in the middle reach, which is consistent with the geological background of the YZRB; (3) aeolian deposits in the YZRB are a local origin and predominantly derived from the adjacent loose sediments, and fluvial sediments in the upper reach contribute little to the aeolian sands in the middle reach. 相似文献
9.
《Applied Geochemistry》1999,14(6):807-816
A rapid procedure is described to evaluate the significance of inorganic and organic pollutants in fine-grained sediments. The air- (<30°C) or freeze-dried samples are screened within 30 min. in stainless steel sieves (<0.04 mm) prior to chemical analysis. This procedure is also suitable for analysis of such elements as Hg and many non-volatile organic pollutants. The sediment size fraction of <0.04 mm was chosen in order to separate the smallest grain-size obtainable by rapid dry-screening techniques; this is representative of the grain-size of suspended matter transported at low and medium river discharge (0.1–0.7 m/s). The screened fraction (<0.04 mm) of aquatic sediments is more homogeneous in grain-size and distribution, and the fine particles are more capable of adsorbing pollutants than coarser fractions. However, large differences are observed in grain-size distribution and adsorbable phases from one sample to another, even in the smallest size fractions (<0.04, <0.02, <0.002 mm). Clay minerals, Fe- and Mn-(oxy)hydrates, amorphous silica and humic substances all adsorb water at normal humidity. In order to estimate and standardise the adsorption capacity of the surface of these screened sediment fractions, the weight loss after heating at 105°C is used, instead of tedious quantification of all the above mentioned sediment phases. In addition, this procedure allows the rejection of sediment samples, unsuitable for monitoring purposes, which have very low adsorption capacities. In order to correct for the variable adsorption capacity of different sediment samples or size fractions, the weight loss (WL) at 105°C can be inserted in the widely used GeoIndex formula (Igeo105°=log2 (Cmeasured/Cbackground1WL105°C). This improves the evaluation of pollution in aquatic environments. 相似文献
10.
水库下游河道冲淤调整是一个长期复杂的过程, 对防洪、航运、生态等均会产生一定影响。为探究长江中游沙市—汉口河段演变趋势并为不利变化的防控提供参考, 分析了三峡建库后悬移质分组冲淤时空变化规律: 建库后, 沙市—监利河段各粒径组泥沙均发生冲刷, 沙市流量为10 000~25 000 m3/s时, 0.125~0.250 mm粒径组泥沙冲刷量最大; 以0.125 mm为粗细颗粒分界粒径, 监利—螺山段呈现汛期、蓄水期"粗淤"而枯水期、消落期"冲细"现象; 螺山—汉口段各粒径组泥沙均发生冲刷, 且流量越大冲刷量越大。在此基础上, 通过建立流量—分组输沙量关系并根据水流挟沙力公式, 发现建库后沙市—监利、螺山—汉口河段冲淤受泥沙、水力因素共同作用, 其中泥沙因素对沙市—监利河段影响大于螺山—汉口河段; 监利—螺山河段"淤粗冲细"主要受含沙量恢复程度的影响, 与上游河床冲刷补给及本河段粗、细颗粒泥沙交换有关, 反映了冲刷条件下河道通过水流挟沙能力级配调整加大输沙能力。 相似文献
11.
Sediment grain size effect on benthic microalgal biomass in shallow aquatic ecosystems 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Benthic microalgal biomass is an important fraction of the primary producer community in shallow water ecosystems, and the factors controlling benthic microalgal biomass are complex. One possible controlling factor is sediment grain-size distribution. Benthic microalgal biomass was sampled in sediments collected from two sets of North Carolina estuaries Massachusetts and Cape Cod bays, and Manukau Harbour in New Zealand. Comparisons of benthic microalgal biomass and sediment grain-size distributions in these coastal and estuarine ecosystems frequently showed a negative relationship between the proportion of fine-grained sediments and benthic microalgal biomass measured as chlorophylla. The highest sedimentary chlorophylla levels generally occurred in sediments with lower percentages of fine particles (diameter <125 mm). A negative relationship between the proportion of fine sediments and benthic microalgal biomass suggests anthropogenic loadings of fine sediment may reduce the biological productivity of shallow-water ecosystems. 相似文献
12.
稳定湖相沉积物和风成黄土粒度判别函数的建立及其意义 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
沉积物粒度变化主要受搬运介质、搬运方式、沉积环境和气候等多种因素的控制,通过粒度分析可判别沉积物的成因类型,推断其形成的沉积环境,解释环境演变。利用统计学方法对典型稳定湖相沉积物（罗布泊湖相样品２８２块,岱海湖相样品１２３块）和典型风成黄土（甘肃兰州榆中样品２６３块）粒度参数进行定量化分析,并经稳定湖相和风成沉积物验证,获得稳定湖相与风成沉积物的判别公式:Ｆ（湖相、风成沉积物） ＝２０．３６３Ｍｚ－５６．３７１Ｓｄ－６７．９２２Ｓｋ＋２３．５１６Ｋｇ－５５．６２６,若Ｆ＞０,为稳定湖相沉积物,反之,Ｆ＜０,则为风成沉积物。这为研究地史中稳定湖泊与风成环境 沉积物的鉴别提供粒度分析定量化判别方法,它对陆相古环境、干旱化事件和尘暴事件等研究具有十分重要的借鉴价值。 相似文献
13.
14.
TORE P°SSE 《Sedimentology》1997,44(6):1011-1014
The grain size distribution within a unimodal sediment can be described as a lognormal distribution when the distribution is formed by only one process. However, most sediments are formed by more than one process giving polymodal sediments. Polymodal sediments have to be described as the sum of several normal distributions, one for each process involved within the formation. Grain size distributions are usually interpreted with the help of graphical methods. Interpretations of polymodal sediments require mathematical methods. In mathematical terms a unimodal sediment can be described as a tangential hyperbolic function (tanh) and a polymodal sediment can generally be described by the sum of two or three tanh-functions. The tanh-method is a tool for identifying and estimating the number of modes within a grain size distribution and helps interpret the processes involved within the formation of a deposit. The mathematical method can also be used to computerize sediment data, allowing storage with just a few numbers. Different samples can easily be compared and classified. Also, this method could be a valuable tool for calculations of various sediment parameters both in geotechnology and hydrogeology. 相似文献
15.
钙质碳酸盐碎屑是热带海滩沉积物的重要组成部分,其物理特性与海滩中的石英颗粒差异明显。对海南岛东部文昌铜鼓角两侧海湾海滩砂样采用除钙和不除钙两种预处理方法,使用Mastersizer 2000激光粒度仪和筛析法进行粒度分析,结果表明:除钙以后粒度频率曲线主体朝细偏,但在粒度频率曲线细尾(4~9)会新增一小峰;去钙前后粒度参数存在明显的线性相关,平均粒径、分选系数和偏态的相关系数依次降低;粒度参数的组合变化以“平均粒径变细、分选系数变好、偏态朝细偏”为主,但仍存在其他的组合变化;在对类似于铜鼓岭周边环境的海滩进行沉积物粒度分析及动力环境研究时,需要了解钙质碎屑含量和颗粒组成。 相似文献
16.
城市地表沉积物已成为城市环境污染的重要组成部分,是城市环境中各种污染物的"源"和"汇",通过研究城市地表沉积物的物化及矿物学特征对城市环境质量的监测具有良好的指示作用。本文在成都市中心城区不同区域采集40件地表沉积物样品,利用激光粒度分析仪、扫描电镜能谱和X射线衍射等技术分析研究了地表沉积物的粒径分布特征、重金属分布特征、矿物组成特征及微区形貌特征。结果表明:地表沉积物粒径的质量和体积分布特征具有较高一致性,均以中细颗粒物为主,其中小于0. 3mm的地表沉积物占总质量或体积的70%以上,小于0. 125mm的地表沉积物占总质量或体积的40%左右; Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Ni等重金属随着沉积物粒径的减小而呈明显增加的趋势,主要存在于小于0. 125mm粒径的沉积物中,同时在成都市中心城区各方位区域和各环路区域的分布上存在一定的差异; Si、Ca、K、Na等造岩元素在不同粒径级别沉积物中都大量存在;地表沉积物矿物组成主要是石英、长石类、方解石等,且各类矿物在不同粒径级别沉积物中所占含量大致相当,但细粒径矿物表现出胶体行为,极易吸附各种微量重金属。研究认为,城市地表沉积物的粒径分布特征和矿物组成特征是影响重金属在沉积物中分布的内在因素,而人类活动是决定地表沉积物重金属污染程度的关键因素。 相似文献
17.
Sediment particle size distribution and its environmental significance in Lake Erhai, Yunnan Province 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A closed or semi-closed plateau lake, whose sediment records can provide us with plenty of fine and high resolution information,
is a sensitive indicator of climatic and environmental changes. During the reconstruction of various short-time-scale climatic
and environmental changes, the geochemical records in plateau-lake sediments are superior to other natural files. Based on
fine dissection of the vertical profile of sediment particle sizes, this paper reveals the quasi-periodical changes of sediment
particle sizes, which indicates the quasi-periodical fluctuations of the regional climate. A synthetic analysis of multiple
indexes shows that sediment particle size is a more sensitive and more effective index of climatic and environmental changes
than other geochemical indexes. High content of >20μm sediment particles and low content of 2–10μm sediment particles indicate a warm-dry climate and conversely a cold-humid climate, and their ratio can be used as an effective
index of climatic changes. The basic climate succession in the region of Lake Erhai is characterized as being alternatively
warm-dry and cold-humid and it has been developing into a warm-dry climate as a whole. There exist at least 2 time-scale quasi-periodical
fluctuations of the regional climate in Lake Erhai. At present, the region of Lake Erhai is at the end of the warm-dry period
and at the beginning of a cold-humid period, so the temperature will go down and the water level will rise.
This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 49894170, 49773207). 相似文献
18.
以含多组分的生活污水为模拟污染物,通过实验方法对含沙水体中污染物生物降解规律进行了研究,得出了污染物生物降解速率常数与含沙量的关系式。研究结果表明:(1)低浓度污染物在含沙水体中的生物降解过程符合一级反应动力学过程;(2)对同一粒径组泥沙而言,含沙量越大,污染物生物降解速度越快。即泥沙的存在促进了污染物的降解;(3)污染物生物降解速率常数随着含沙量的增大而增大,两者存在非线性的函数关系。含沙量增大到一定值时,降解速率常数趋于最大值。 相似文献
19.
D. Allen S. Arthur H. Haynes V. Olive 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(3):639-652
A key design criterion of sustainable urban drainage systems is to mitigate urban stormwater pollution. Current research defines sustainable urban drainage systems (SuDS) pollutant treatment efficiency through the detention of total suspended solids, urban nutrients and heavy metal pollutants within the system during a design flow event, with research focusing on sand (>2 mm) sediment movement. The impact of multiple rainfall–runoff events on the fine sediment (<2 mm) treatment efficiency of SuDS is not yet well defined, and the temporal movement of detained sediment has not been investigated in detail. The field research presented in this paper addresses this research gap, monitoring ongoing fine sediment transport through a best-practice-designed SuDS network over 12 months through the use of a novel rare earth oxide trace methodology. Through time-stepped monitoring of the fine sediment pollution across three SuDS treatment trains (networks), the following key conclusions have been drawn. (1) That fine sediment becomes re-suspended and re-deposited within SuDS assets and the network as a result of ongoing multiple rainfall–runoff events. (2) That this re-suspension continues for over 52 weeks. (3) That by area, linear wetlands (within the monitored networks) outperform wetland and swale assets in multiple event fine sediment detention. And (4) that multiple event monitoring and analysis of fine sediment within a SuDS network highlights the under-performance of SuDS assets against current design event expectations. 相似文献
20.
《Applied Geochemistry》2005,20(5):849-859
The relationship between particle distributions and chemical compositions of road sediments were investigated in Kobe, Japan. Road sediments are significant pollutants in urban areas, and their toxicity differs according to particle size. In the present study, the authors analyzed the distributions of particle size, chemical composition and particle type among size-fractionated road sediments. Road sediment samples were collected from road medians and street gutters. Chemical compositions of about 13,000 individual road sediment particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. They were classified into 7 types by cluster analysis, and their possible sources were estimated. The particle type distributions showed some relationships with the chemical composition distributions. This study showed that the chemical composition distributions among the road sediments were typical for each element in relation to the particle type distributions. 相似文献