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1.
鉴于介质的色散现象,充分考虑介质电磁参数(ε、μ、σ),获得各层介质中的电磁场和势函数。为了考察岩、矿石电磁参数、海水深度和海底地层厚度等变化时海洋电磁响应特征规律,给出典型地电模型和观测系统参数,借助高精度快速汉克尔滤波系数,采用30点高斯勒让德数值求积方法,计算水平电性源频率域可控源电磁法(CSEM)在海底各观测点电场Ez和磁场Bx的正演响应。结果表明,随海水深度变浅,电场Ez和磁场Bx振幅曲线变化幅度增大,空气波逐渐占据主导地位,当水深超过3km时,观测区内可以忽略空气波的影响;电场Ez分量对海底高阻层引起的异常大,而中低阻层引起的异常小,磁场Bx分量幅值对目标层电导率变化与Ez相同,因此,水平电性源频率域CSEM法不适宜探测海底低阻目标。并且对厚层目标层的探测能力高于薄层。针对岩层中磁导率变化的情况,海底沉积物电性均匀或者呈层状分布时,电场Ez和磁场Bx幅值均受到影响。此外,电场Ez和磁场Bx的幅值基本不受介电常数变化而影响。海洋可控源的探测效果与偏移距的选择有密切关系,有利偏移距范围为3000m^12000m。 相似文献
2.
Triggering and synchronization of stick slip: Waiting times and frequency-energy distribution 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
Triggering and synchronization are encountered in many geophysical phenomena, including geodynamics. Both these effects are generated by the action of additional forcing, which is much smaller than the main driving force. That means that triggering and synchronization are connected with nonlinear interactions of objects, in this case with initiation of instability in systems that are close to the critical state. In seismic process the main component is the tectonic stress and the additional forcing is exerted by various external impacts like tides, reservoir exploitation, big explosions, magnetic storms, etc.In the paper, the results of laboratory and field experiments on the electromagnetic (EM) initiation and synchronization of mechanical instability (slip) are presented. Slip events were recorded as acoustic emission bursts. In the first series of experiments strong EM pulses were applied to the mechanical system driven close to the critical state, namely, to the (dry) rock samples placed on an inclined supporting sample at the slope angle less than, but close to the critical slip angle. It has been found that EM impact initiates slip with probability P ≈ 0.07 at the voltage ΔV = 1.3 kV and with probability P ≈ 0.2 at ΔV ≈ 10 kV if the EM field is applied parallel to the slip surface (first mode). On the other hand, the application of EM pulse hampers the slip considerably if the EM field is directed perpendicularly to the slip surface (second mode): the slip was not observed even at the angle that was larger than the critical one.In the second series of experiments the periodic EM and mechanical forcing were applied to the standard slider-spring system. It was discovered that periodic EM force of frequency f superimposed on the constant driving force excites periodic microslips of rock samples with double frequency 2f. Combined impact of periodic and constant voltages invokes transition from double frequency synchronization to 1:1 synchronization if the direct component of voltage is larger than the periodic one. Synchronization affects not only waiting times, but also frequency-energy distribution: i. the energy of bursts emitted in synchronized mode have much less scatter than in the absence of the periodic forcing, ii. the sudden decrease of synchronizing forcing is followed by acoustic burst of much larger energy than during forcing.The elementary theory of EM triggering and synchronization is given: the effects are explained by the action of EM ponderomotive (electrostriction) forces, which modify Coulomb stress similar to the well known pore pressure model. The formalism of transition from 1:2 to 1:1 synchronization is considered. 相似文献
3.
The mechanisms generating the charges/potentials and abnormal electromagnetic radiation that accompany earthquakes have been discussed based on observational, theoretical and laboratory studies, in particular over the last few decades. We previously conducted stick‐slip tests using precut granite cores with a contact electrode on the sample side, and proposed that surface charges released from charge trapping centres on sheared asperities are a possible source of the above‐mentioned charges or potentials. Here we discuss seismo‐electric and magnetic fields formed by the surface charges, and derive their scaling laws with the earthquake magnitude at a distance. According to our model, detectability of these fields at a point on the ground surface depends strongly on wet/dry condition at a fault zone (sheared asperities). 相似文献
4.
Quaternary and directly underlying Late Miocene (Pannonian) outcrops were analysed by structural, tectono-morphologic and sedimentologic methods to describe the main fault directions, to separate mass movements from faulting and folding and to separate earthquake-induced sediment deformations from other (e.g. periglacial) effects in the Somogy Hills. This is a gentle hilly area elevated at 200–300 m above sea level, located immediately south of Lake Balaton, Hungary.
Quaternary outcrops showed several consistent directions of faulting, and co-depositional seismic activity. Three different Mohr-sets of faults/joints could be differentiated in Quaternary sediments. The three sets are considered Late Quaternary since all cut young loess sections and have morphological expressions.
On the basis of the microtectonic measurements and morphotectonic investigations, the following sequence of Quaternary events can be proposed:
1. A (W)NW–(E)SE compression and perpendicular extension would create E–W to WNW–ESE oriented right lateral, NNW–SSE to N–S oriented left lateral shear zones, and NW–SE striking normal faults. Some of these can be evidenced in morphology and among the individual fault measurements. Some reactivated faults might suggest that this field is a relatively older one, but fresh topographic elements suggest that this stress field might be operational sub-recently.
2. A second stress field with NNW–SSE extensional and ENE–WSW oriented compressional directions could be separated. This stress field could create NNE–SSW and NW–SE oriented shear fractures and ENE–WSW oriented conjugate normal faults. Flat thrusts giving ENE directed shear may also be active under this field.
3. A third stress field might be proposed with N–S compression and perpendicular extension directions. This would create NE–SW and NW–SE oriented shear fractures, which are observed in the measured fault data. It is remarkable that the NE–SW faults are all steep, subvertical, and give a very well defined fault set. Based on the fresh topographic expression, this stress field is also sub-recent.
The different sub-recent stress fields and related fault patterns might succeed each other or might alternate through time. The first and third deformations have fresh topographic expressions and cannot play synchronously. The observed features suggest a compressionally active neotectonics of the study area. 相似文献
5.
Javier F. Pacheco Carlos A. Mortera-Gutirrez Hugo Delgado Shri K. Singh Raúl W. Valenzuela Nicolai M. Shapiro Miguel A. Santoyo Alejandro Hurtado Ricardo Barrn Esteban Gutirrez-Moguel 《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》1999,12(6):55
We studied a sequence of small earthquakes that occurred during the months of April and May of 1997, in Jalisco, southwestern Mexico. The earthquakes were located along a set of active faults that form the Zacoalco half-graben (La Lima fault system), west of Lake Chapala, within the rift–rift–rift triple junction. A total of 33 events were located, with magnitudes ranging from 1.5 to 3.5, recorded by a portable array of broadband seismographs. We identified two groups of events: one corresponding to a shallow normal fault, synthetic to La Lima fault system, and another group associated with a deeper fault. The events that occurred on the synthetic fault show normal faulting oriented on a NW–SE plane, dipping shallowly towards the SW. The other group of mechanisms showed either a normal fault oriented NW–SE and dipping steeply to the NE, or a very shallow-dipping normal fault, dipping to the SW. Earthquake distribution and fault plane solutions suggest that the Zacoalco half-graben developed from blocks that rotate as slip occurs on listric faults. These mechanisms could represent the type of motion expected for larger earthquakes in the area, like the one that occurred in 1568. 相似文献
6.
岩质边坡渐进破坏的三维随机分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
层间错动带是岩体结构中普遍存在的一种地质现象,含错动带的岩质边坡三维分析更是岩土工程关注的难点问题。结合国内某高拱坝工程,根据岩体层间错动带的分布状况,利用等厚度节理单元模拟了坝区22层错动带和软弱夹层,利用Mohr-Coulomb准则确定节理单元的破环方式,提出了岩质边坡三维滑动面的确定方法,该方法考虑了岩石和错动带（软弱夹层）的随机性。利用弹塑性理论、可靠度理论和破坏追踪相结合的方法,通过3 000多次有限元的计算,得到了边坡滑动面的位置、形态、破坏的先后顺序、滑动的方向以及滑动到任何程度的概率度量。含层间错动带的岩质边坡渐进破坏模式可概括为边坡的破坏起始于层间错动带的剪切破坏。随着各层间错动带的破坏、边坡结构性能恶化,部分较薄的岩层变成不同支撑形式的板,然后部分岩层开始破坏,边坡开始滑动,形成一个或几个破坏台阶,直至失稳。 相似文献
7.
8.
A network of 10 OBS operating in continuous recording mode was deployed in June 2003 in the Galicia passive Margin, surrounding the sinking zone of the ‘Prestige’ oil tanker. The OBSs recorded very different signals, including air-gun shots, seismic events, whale vocalizations or noise associated to ships, as well as two sets of atypical seismic signals that are the object of this contribution and can be described as harmonic tremors and short-duration events. Harmonic tremors appear in most sites as intense monochromatic signals lasting for up to 4 h, with coherent polarization and a wide range of amplitudes. Even if they may be recorded at different sites within a time interval, their envelopes are not correlated, suggesting a source origin at the vicinity of each receiver. A time periodicity close to 6 h is observed, suggesting a correlation with the tidal variation. Most OBSs show also a large number of impulsive events of short-duration, between 1 and 2 s, a very regular decrease of amplitude in the signal coda and characteristic frequency spectrum with one or two narrow peaks. As for the tremors, those events are detected only in individual sites, suggesting very local source zones. We favor the interpretation of both seismic features as coming from the resonance of fluid-filled cracks induced by impulsive pressure transients, in agreement with the theoretical model of Chouet [Chouet, B. 1988. Resonance of a fluid-driven crack: radiation properties and implications for the source of long-period events and harmonic tremor. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 4375–4400.]. The observed harmonic tremors would be the result of sustained pressure fluctuations, probably related to the stress variations induced by the tidal change of the oceanic load, while the short duration events are interpreted as the impulse response to the tremor-generating system. 相似文献
9.
Frictional discharge at fault asperities: Origin of fractal seismo-electromagnetic radiation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
To investigate the relation between the rock friction and the fractal electromagnetic radiation before the main-shock of earthquakes, we conducted a friction experiment simulating the motion of an asperity on a fault plane, and observed photon emissions due to electric discharge by dielectric breakdown of ambient gases from friction contacts between rock minerals. This indicates that frictional discharges (plasma generations) could occur locally at microscopic asperities on fault surfaces. From concepts on the fractal size-distribution and temporal evolution of fault asperities, the frictional discharge occurring at asperities on the fault plane can be one of origins of the fractal electromagnetic radiation (Benioff electromagnetic radiation) prior to earthquakes. 相似文献
10.
We applied a tomographic method to image an aseismic strike–slip fault in North Morocco and found that the occurrence of earthquakes is not only controlled by the state of tectonic stress but also by material heterogeneity in the crust. We have constructed an integrated model of seismic, electric, magnetic and heat flow properties across northeastern Morocco primarily based on a tomography inversion of local earthquake arrival times. The seismic images obtained show a pronounced low-velocity zone at 5 km depth parallels to the Nekor fault, coinciding with an anomalously high conductive and low gravity structure, which is interpreted as a fault gouge zone and/or a fluid-filled subsurface rock matrix. Below 10 km depth, a weak positive velocity zone indicates that the fault gouge is stable. The seismicity and the seismic velocity results for the Al-Hoceimas region show that the concentrations of earthquakes are confined in the high velocity area. This anomaly is interpreted to be a brittle and competent layer of the upper crust that sustains seismogenic stress. On the eastern coast line of Morocco, we infer that a high density, high velocity body exists in the shallowest layers of the upper crust, probably formed by Miocene volcanic rocks. 相似文献
11.
虹口乡八角庙出露完整的映秀—北川断裂带剖面断层岩,高分辨率磁化率测试揭示出多个具有高磁化率特征的断层岩带。系统的岩石磁学分析证明一层褐色断层岩相对围岩具有最大的磁化率值,存在新生成的磁铁矿和拥有相似的天然剩磁(NRM)和非磁滞剩磁(ARM)强度衰减过程。高磁化率特征是含铁顺磁性矿物受到断层滑移过程产生摩擦生热作用生成磁铁矿所致。同时断层岩还获得了热剩磁,记录了地震活动磁学信息。结合汶川地震科学钻探项目1号孔(WFSD-1)磁化率和岩石磁学研究结果,说明映秀—北川断裂带包含多层具有高磁化率特征的断层岩,暗示了多次强震的发生。具有高磁化率特征的断层岩可以作为判定地震活动的标志之一。 相似文献
12.
R. A. Schweickert M. M. Lahren K. D. Smith J. F. Howle G. Ichinose 《Tectonophysics》2004,392(1-4):303
Dextral transtensional deformation is occurring along the Sierra Nevada–Great Basin boundary zone (SNGBBZ) at the eastern edge of the Sierra Nevada microplate. In the Lake Tahoe region of the SNGBBZ, transtension is partitioned spatially and temporally into domains of north–south striking normal faults and transitional domains with conjugate strike-slip faults. The normal fault domains, which have had large Holocene earthquakes but account only for background seismicity in the historic period, primarily accommodate east–west extension, while the transitional domains, which have had moderate Holocene and historic earthquakes and are currently seismically active, primarily record north–south shortening. Through partitioned slip, the upper crust in this region undergoes overall constrictional strain.Major fault zones within the Lake Tahoe basin include two normal fault zones: the northwest-trending Tahoe–Sierra frontal fault zone (TSFFZ) and the north-trending West Tahoe–Dollar Point fault zone. Most faults in these zones show eastside down displacements. Both of these fault zones show evidence of Holocene earthquakes but are relatively quiet seismically through the historic record. The northeast-trending North Tahoe–Incline Village fault zone is a major normal to sinistral-oblique fault zone. This fault zone shows evidence for large Holocene earthquakes and based on the historic record is seismically active at the microearthquake level. The zone forms the boundary between the Lake Tahoe normal fault domain to the south and the Truckee transition zone to the north.Several lines of evidence, including both geology and historic seismicity, indicate that the seismically active Truckee and Gardnerville transition zones, north and southeast of Lake Tahoe basin, respectively, are undergoing north–south shortening. In addition, the central Carson Range, a major north-trending range block between two large normal fault zones, shows internal fault patterns that suggest the range is undergoing north–south shortening in addition to east–west extension.A model capable of explaining the spatial and temporal partitioning of slip suggests that seismic behavior in the region alternates between two modes, one mode characterized by an east–west minimum principal stress and a north–south maximum principal stress as at present. In this mode, seismicity and small-scale faulting reflecting north–south shortening concentrate in mechanically weak transition zones with primarily strike-slip faulting in relatively small-magnitude events, and domains with major normal faults are relatively quiet. A second mode occurs after sufficient north–south shortening reduces the north–south Shmax in magnitude until it is less than Sv, at which point Sv becomes the maximum principal stress. This second mode is then characterized by large earthquakes on major normal faults in the large normal fault domains, which dominate the overall moment release in the region, producing significant east–west extension. 相似文献
13.
给出了适用于全空间层状模型偶极子源格林函数的去奇异性广义描述技术。过源平行于层界面设置一个虚界面,使相邻层界面限制的区域中电磁矢量势函数可以分解为TE模式和TM模式标量势函的叠加,且它们都满足齐次Helmhlotz方程,相应的解可以通过叠加上行波和下行波函数得到。源的奇异性被耦合到切向电磁场所满足的不连续边界条件上,并通过反射系数所描述的振幅递推关系延拓到其他任意层中,实现了全空间任意位置格林函数的计算。该思路被应用到VED源激发的海洋电磁模型数值模拟中,计算结果很好地反映了电磁场在海洋模型中的传播过程,验证了该技术思路的正确性。 相似文献
14.
Field-based structural analysis of an exhumed, 10-km-long strike-slip fault zone elucidates processes of growth, linkage, and termination along moderately sized strike-slip fault zones in granitic rocks. The Gemini fault zone is a 9.3-km-long, left-lateral fault system that was active at depths of 8–11 km within the transpressive Late-Cretaceous Sierran magmatic arc. The fault zone cuts four granitic plutons and is composed of three steeply dipping northeast- and southwest-striking noncoplanar segments that nucleated and grew along preexisting cooling joints. The fault core is bounded by subparallel fault planes that separate highly fractured epidote-, chlorite-, and quartz-breccias from undeformed protolith. The slip profile along the Gemini fault zone shows that the fault zone consists of three 2–3-km-long segments separated by two ‘zones’ of local slip minima. Slip is highest (131 m) on the western third of the fault zone and tapers to zero at the eastern termination. Slip vectors plunge shallowly west-southwest and show significant variability along strike and across segment boundaries. Four types of microstructures reflect compositional changes in protolith along strike and show that deformation was concentrated on narrow slip surfaces at, or below, greenschist facies conditions. Taken together, we interpret the fault zone to be a segmented, linked fault zone in which geometrical complexities of the faults and compositional variations of protolith and fault rock resulted in nonuniform slip orientations, complex fault-segment interactions, and asymmetric slip-distance profiles. 相似文献
15.
John Holbrook Whitney J. Autin Tammy M. Rittenour Stephen Marshak Ronald J. Goble 《Tectonophysics》2006,420(3-4):431-454
The earthquake cycles that characterize continental-interior areas that are far from active plate boundaries have proven highly cryptic and difficult to resolve. We used a novel paleoseismic proxy to address this issue. Namely, we reconstructed Holocene Mississippi River channels from maps of floodplain strata in order to identify channel perturbations reflective of major displacement events on the high-hazard and mid-plate Reelfoot thrust fault, New Madrid seismic zone, U.S.A. Only three discrete slip events are currently documented for the Reelfoot fault ( AD 900, AD 1450, and AD 1812). This study extends this record and, thus, illustrates the utility of stratigraphic proxies as paleoseismic tools. We concurrently offer here some of the first quantified response times for tectonically induced channel pattern changes in large alluvial rivers.
We identified at least two cycles of pervasive meandering that were interrupted by channel-straightening responses occurring upstream of the Reelfoot fault scarp. These straightening responses initiated at 2244 BC +/− 269 to 1620 BC +/− 220 and AD 900, respectively, and each records initiation of a period of Reelfoot fault slip after millennia of relative tectonic quiescence. The second (or New Madrid) straightening response was triggered by the previously known AD 900 fault slip event, and this initial low sinuosity has been protracted until the modern day by the latter AD 1450 and AD 1812 events. The first (or Bondurant) straightening response began a period of several hundred to 1400 years of low river sinuosity which evidences a similar period of multiple recurrent displacement events on the Reelfoot fault. These Bondurant events predate the existing paleoseismic record for the Reelfoot fault.
These data offer initial evidence that slip events on the Reelfoot fault were temporally clustered on millennial scales and, thus, offers the first direct evidence for millennial-scale clustering of earthquakes on a continental-interior fault. This carries additional ramifications. Namely, faults that have been quiescent and non-hazardous for millennia could re-enter an enduring period of recurrent hazardous earthquakes with little warning. Likewise, the Reelfoot fault also reveals evidence of temporal clustering of earthquakes on short-term cycles (months), as well as evidence for longer-term reactivation cycles (104–106 years). This introduces the possibility that temporal clustering could be hierarchical on some continental-interior faults. 相似文献
16.
G. Bock 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(4):369-376
On the morning of 15 November 1990 local time, Armidale and the area to the west of Armidale was shaken by a magnitude 3.2 earthquake. The epicentre was located at 30.39° S, 150.88° E and the depth of focus at 12 ± 7 km. As the epicentre was close to the Peel Fault an attempt was made to constrain the focal mechanism of this earthquake. The conventional method, which is based on the analysis of P wave polarities, was not applicable because the event was not strong enough. In an alternative method, the amplitudes of various seismic phases recorded at a number of stations well distributed in azimuth were compared with theoretical amplitudes calculated with the reflectivity method for a point shear dislocation in a layered medium. The differences between observed and calculated amplitudes were minimized as a function of fault strike, fault dip and direction of the slip vector. The analysis indicates that none of the possible fault planes had the strike of the Peel Fault. The solution suggests predominantly strike slip motion along two possible, steeply dipping fault planes. The inferred direction of the maximum compressional stress. is east‐west which is in good agreement with other estimates of the stress field for eastern Australia. 相似文献
17.
Among three main stages of the process of earthquake nucleation long-, middle- and short-term the final stage is characterized by abrupt activation of the process of stress-strain state variation. The strain rates increase by orders of magnitude throughout the whole region of preparation, which increases the signal-to-noise ratio, and therefore the fracture, is easier to detect through monitoring geophysical parameters. The near-critical stresses existing in the Earth's crust and near the surface make it necessary to take into account the real rheology of the rocks, which, as is well known, is characterized by clearly pronounced plastic properties. The condition is favorable for developing creep processes in general and in its avalanche phase immediately before the fracture. The process is completely nonlinear but not chaotic. Based on the assumption that the attenuation of the stress-strain field is proportional to r− 3, a possible scenario of the final stage of earthquake nucleation process is proposed on the basis of the slip weakening mechanism in the source and the associated mosaic pattern of precursors on the Earth's surface. The formulas for estimating the ultimate distance of precursor detection and the duration of precursor events depending of normalized epicentral distance at the final stage of inelastic deformation preceding brittle failure of rocks are proposed. The data of electromagnetic precursors are interpreted in terms of a multiple fracture model. The results of in situ observations of electric field anomalies in the atmosphere are analyzed in relation to seismic activity. The possibility of constructing a physical model for the generation of a quasi-stable field and electromagnetic emission on the basis of the deformation process prior to an earthquake is discussed. Numerical estimates are obtained for polarization density and life time of an ensemble of electric dipoles generated in surface layers of the crust due to opening of microcracks and other dislocation mechanisms. The origin of quasi-constant electric field along a deformation region on a scale of the preparation zone is advantageous for the propagation of seismic anomalous atmospheric electric fields from the Earth's surface into the ionosphere. The field can be regarded as a physical agent of lithosphere–ionosphere connection. 相似文献
18.
Large earthquakes in strike-slip regimes commonly rupture fault segments that are oblique to each other in both strike and dip. This was the case during the 1999 Izmit earthquake, which mainly ruptured E–W-striking right-lateral faults but also ruptured the N60°E-striking Karadere fault at the eastern end of the main rupture. It will also likely be so for any future large fault rupture in the adjacent Sea of Marmara. Our aim here is to characterize the effects of regional stress direction, stress triggering due to rupture, and mechanical slip interaction on the composite rupture process. We examine the failure tendency and slip mechanism on secondary faults that are oblique in strike and dip to a vertical strike-slip fault or “master” fault. For a regional stress field well-oriented for slip on a vertical right-lateral strike-slip fault, we determine that oblique normal faulting is most favored on dipping faults with two different strikes, both of which are oriented clockwise from the strike-slip fault. The orientation closer in strike to the master fault is predicted to slip with right-lateral oblique normal slip, the other one with left-lateral oblique normal slip. The most favored secondary fault orientations depend on the effective coefficient of friction on the faults and the ratio of the vertical stress to the maximum horizontal stress. If the regional stress instead causes left-lateral slip on the vertical master fault, the most favored secondary faults would be oriented counterclockwise from the master fault. For secondary faults striking ±30° oblique to the master fault, right-lateral slip on the master fault brings both these secondary fault orientations closer to the Coulomb condition for shear failure with oblique right-lateral slip. For a secondary fault striking 30° counterclockwise, the predicted stress change and the component of reverse slip both increase for shallower-angle dips of the secondary fault. For a secondary fault striking 30° clockwise, the predicted stress change decreases but the predicted component of normal slip increases for shallower-angle dips of the secondary fault. When both the vertical master fault and the dipping secondary fault are allowed to slip, mechanical interaction produces sharp gradients or discontinuities in slip across their intersection lines. This can effectively constrain rupture to limited portions of larger faults, depending on the locations of fault intersections. Across the fault intersection line, predicted rakes can vary by >40° and the sense of lateral slip can reverse. Application of these results provides a potential explanation for why only a limited portion of the Karadere fault ruptured during the Izmit earthquake. Our results also suggest that the geometries of fault intersection within the Sea of Marmara favor composite rupture of multiple oblique fault segments. 相似文献
19.
A lot of experiments on electromagnetic emissions (EMEs) have been reported under axial compressive fracture, shear fracture, indentation fracture and stick–slip (friction) in lab and blasting in situ, but there are rare reports on the in-lab experimental work on EMEs during dilating fracture of a rock which is helpful in studying and understanding EMEs related to slow earthquakes and the earthquakes due to volcanic activities and water level changes of reservoirs. Therefore, in the present paper in order to check whether there are detectable EMEs during dilating fracture of a rock in lab, dilating fracture experiments were conducted. The dry cuboid specimens of initially intact granodiorite and limestone were tested inside magnetic field free space (MFFS) at room temperature. We arranged evenly 20 EME antennas whose resonance frequencies range from 2.5 kHz to 540 kHz close to rock specimens. Our experimental results strongly indicate that detectable EMEs could generate during dilating fracture of a rock. They were recorded only associated with some but not all phases of fracture. Their waveforms often took on the trend that a peak arrived at first and then attenuated sharply and followed by a series of low-amplitude oscillations. The electromagnetic (EM) signals after eliminating the effects of EME antennae via deconvolution had the maximum peak-to-peak amplitudes of about 80.0 mV and 40.5 mV for granodiorite and limestone, respectively. Their main spectral components often concentrated in the band of several kHz to ∼60 kHz and of several kHz to ∼280 kHz. The emission of electrons and charged particles from fracture surfaces and/or micro-fracture electrification could be possible mechanisms for our experimental results. 相似文献
20.
The present paper presents the results of a technique based on Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) to quantify the offset of a fault in a context where seismic reflection profiles do not image any reflectors. The case study is located in Greece, in the Aigion area, on the south border of the Corinth Gulf. The Aigion fault, oriented East–West, and dipping at 60°N, has been intersected by the scientific well Aig-10 at 760 m in depth, but some uncertainty remained concerning its exact offset since the depth of the pre-rift sequence is open to debate due to the lack of subsurface data. The pre-rift consists of a Mesozoic low-porosity series (carbonates and radiolarite), while the syn-rift consists of poorly compacted conglomerates and turbidites.
Seismic diffractions on fault edges are expected to be present along the fault surface. We find that a few diffracted events are effectively recorded in P and S wave mode by the 4 components of the VSP survey, and critically refracted arrivals along the Aigion fault plane. These singular events have been used in order to refine the fault geometry and to determine its throw. Additionally, results from a 2D finite difference elastic seismic model of a single fault step geometry have been closely examined in order to illustrate the generation of the singular seismic events observed on the field data, such as P-wave and S-wave refracted and diffracted events, and support their interpretation with higher confidence. As a result, the seismic arrival patterns from full waveform seismic modelling confirm the characterisation of the main fault geometry (mainly its throw: about 200 m) in the well vicinity derived from the actual analysis of the 4 Component Aigion VSP data. 相似文献