共查询到16条相似文献，搜索用时 171 毫秒
1.
东北漫岗黑土区切沟侵蚀发育特征 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
随着人们对土壤侵蚀空间尺度认识的加深, 发育在更大空间尺度上的切沟愈来愈受到重视。切沟是土壤侵蚀的重要组成部分, 但现有的土壤侵蚀模型尚未包括切沟侵蚀部分。本研究利用高精度差分GPS, 在对东北典型漫岗黑土区切沟监测的基础上, 借助GIS 平台生成DEM, 通过DEM 的叠加分析, 探讨了沟内蚀积变化特征。并在此基础上, 提出了东北切沟侵蚀的概念模型, 认为冬春季冻融侵蚀产生沟内堆积-雨季径流产生侵蚀的过程可能是该区切沟发育的一种重要模式。 相似文献
2.
东北漫岗黑土区浅沟侵蚀发育特征 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
东北黑土区是中国重要商品粮基地之一,沟道恶性扩张,已成为导致该区土地退化主要原因之一.利用全球定位系统和传统方法测量浅沟形态参数,结合地理信息系统(GIS)平台计算流域尺度的沟蚀现状,分析东北黑土区浅沟侵蚀发育特征,并对比分析其与黄土高原浅沟侵蚀发生的地貌因子之间的异同.研究表明,研究区浅沟分布密度0.56～0.93 km、km2,年侵蚀模数达到118～199 m3/km2,浅沟破坏面积占流域面积比例达0.11%～0.19%,浅沟沟壑密度已经达到中度和强度侵蚀,处于快速发展时期;研究区浅沟的临界汇水面积大于黄土高原,分布的临界坡度小于黄土高原,这主要由黑土区坡长坡缓的特点决定. 相似文献
3.
东北漫岗黑土区春季冻融期浅沟侵蚀 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
浅沟侵蚀是东北漫岗黑土区农耕地上常见的水蚀类型,往往对坡耕地造成严重的破坏。2005年春季,通过对两个小流域浅沟侵蚀的调查测量,发现该区浅沟侵蚀相当严重,两流域分别形成浅沟14条、16条,浅沟总长度分别达3 269 m、2 146 m,浅沟密度分别为908 m/km2、766 m/km2,侵蚀深度分别为0.17 mm、0.16 mm,侵蚀模数分别达181.8 t/km2、173.6 t/km2。2005年春季两流域浅沟侵蚀期的径流深分别是6.8 mm、7.7 mm。分析表明,研究区在春季表层土壤解冻、地表裸露和存在季节性冻土层的条件下,春季融雪及强降水易造成强烈的浅沟侵蚀。在分布上,浅沟一般位于坡面的中下部,而且多发育在瓦背状坡面的集流水路上。另外,耕作措施对浅沟的形成和发展也有重要影响。 相似文献
4.
黄土陡坡裸露坡耕地浅沟发育过程研究 总被引：30，自引：8，他引：22
根据黄土陡坡地浅沟地形特征参数,在室内人工建筑浅沟发育初期的雏形模型,研究浅沟发育不同阶段沟头溯源侵蚀、沟壁扩张和沟槽下切变化规律,分析浅沟侵蚀对坡面侵蚀产沙的贡献。结果表明,浅沟发育不同阶段对应于不同的浅沟侵蚀过程。浅沟发育初期,沟头溯源侵蚀、沟壁扩展和沟床下切均相对活跃,且溯源侵蚀速率大于沟壁扩张速率和沟床下切速率;浅沟发育中期,以沟槽下切和沟壁扩张为主;浅沟发育后期,以沟壁扩张为主,但沟壁扩张速率明显小于浅沟发育的初期和中期阶段。浅沟发育初期和中期阶段,浅沟侵蚀量占总坡面侵蚀产沙的58%;浅沟发育后期,浅沟侵蚀量占总坡面侵蚀产沙的26%~59%。 相似文献
5.
发生沟蚀(切沟)的地貌临界研究综述 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
沟蚀研究是土壤侵蚀研究的主要内容之一,地貌临界理论作为地貌学中的重要理论在沟蚀研究中得到了广泛的应用。主要从临界理论在沟蚀研究中的发展过程人手,介绍了国外现有沟蚀临界理论模型研究的主要成果,并指出现有模型的不足,在总结前人工作的基础上,指出了现有临界模型今后的发展方向。 相似文献
6.
东北典型丘陵漫岗区沟谷侵蚀动态及空间分析 总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3
以黑龙江省克山县为例,分析1954年和2000年侵蚀沟密度变化,探讨研究区土壤侵蚀的时空动态变化,并以侵蚀沟密度变化值为依据进行不同分区侵蚀因素的耦合分析。结果表明:过去46年间,克山县东南部侵蚀沟密度趋于减少,西北部侵蚀沟密度增大。1954～2000年侵蚀沟密度变化值在侵蚀减弱区与高程和坡度呈负相关,在侵蚀增强区呈正相关。随着坡长增加,侵蚀沟密度变化量呈增加趋势。侵蚀沟变化与坡长相关性最大,R2达0.9743,其次为高程,R2为0.6893,与坡度的相关性最小,R2为0.3437。结果表明,高程和坡度不是东北丘陵漫岗地区土壤流失的主要影响因子,坡长是该区侵蚀的一个重要影响因子。土地利用结构变化与土壤侵蚀强度变化密切相关,耕地面积大幅度增加与草地面积明显减少加速侵蚀沟发育。 相似文献
7.
坡面土壤侵蚀过程研究进展 总被引：42，自引：9，他引：33
基于土壤侵蚀发生方式,重点评述了坡面雨滴溅蚀、薄层水流侵蚀、细沟侵蚀和浅沟侵蚀的研究进展,指出了各自研究中存在的问题,并提出坡面侵蚀过程中亟待加强的研究领域。 相似文献
8.
东北低山丘陵区是重要的粮食主产区和商品粮基地,高强度的农业垦殖造成了严重的水土流失,侵蚀沟危害日益加剧。选择东辽河上游106.5 km2的区域为研究区,基于分辨率2 m的遥感影像,在GIS人工预判读侵蚀沟的基础上,野外实地验证并测量了研究区内长度≥50 m、且深度≥0.5 m的侵蚀沟的几何参数与经纬度;基于DEM获取了侵蚀沟所在坡面的坡度、坡向和高程等空间信息;分析了研究区侵蚀沟的基本特征与时空演化趋势,探讨了坡度和坡向对侵蚀沟发育的影响。结果表明：① 目前研究区已形成侵蚀沟322条,分布密度为3.0条/km2,沟壑密度为0.8 km/km2,割裂度为1.4%,侵蚀沟发展速度快,沟蚀强度已达强烈程度,应引起足够重视。② 侵蚀沟主要分布在6°~9°的坡耕地上,坡度对沟蚀的影响明显,坡耕地高强度垦殖是沟蚀加剧的主要驱动力;③ 阳坡（S、E）上侵蚀沟分布相对较多,而阴坡（N）上侵蚀沟分布最少,坡向对沟蚀也有一定影响。研究成果为认识东北低山丘陵区侵蚀沟发生与演化提供了科学数据。 相似文献
9.
细沟侵蚀影响因素和临界条件研究进展 总被引：16，自引：1，他引：15
细沟侵蚀是坡耕地时常发生的一种侵蚀形式.细沟侵蚀对坡面土壤侵蚀产沙有重要贡献,而且是坡面侵蚀由面蚀向沟蚀发展的过渡.本文分析了细沟侵蚀影响因素和临界条件研究取得的进展和存在的不足.影响细沟侵蚀的主要因素有降雨径流、土壤、地形、土壤表面特征和土地管理等因素,其中,前4者有多种指标来表征其效应,而土壤表面特征的影响还处于定性研究阶段.坡面需要达到特定的临界条件才可能发育细沟,细沟发生临界条件的研究主要从临界径流条件、临界土壤条件和临界地形条件等角度出发,各临界条件并非定值,而是关乎其他因素的综合指标.最后,本文对今后细沟侵蚀影响因素和临界条件研究可能的研究内容和方向进行了展望. 相似文献
10.
11.
The value of a physically based model versus an empirical approach in the prediction of ephemeral gully erosion for loess-derived soils 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Jeroen Nachtergaele J. Poesen A. Steegen I. Takken L. Beuselinck L. Vandekerckhove G. Govers 《Geomorphology》2001,40(3-4)
A data set on soil losses and controlling factors for 58 ephemeral gullies has been collected in the Belgian loess belt from March 1997 to March 1999. Of the observed ephemeral gullies, 32 developed at the end of winter or in early spring (winter gullies) and 26 ephemeral gullies developed during summer (summer gullies). The assessed data have been used to test the physically based Ephemeral Gully Erosion Model (EGEM) and to compare its performance with the value of simple topographical and morphological indices in the prediction of ephemeral gully erosion.Analysis shows that EGEM is not capable of predicting ephemeral gully cross-sections well. Although conditions for input parameter assessment were ideal, some parameters such as channel erodibility, critical flow shear stress and local rainfall depth showed great uncertainty. Rather than revealing EGEM's inability of predicting ephemeral gully erosion, this analysis stresses the problematic nature of physically based models, since they often require input parameters that are not available or can hardly be obtained.With respect to the value of simple topographical and morphological indices in predicting ephemeral gully erosion, this study shows that for winter gullies and summer gullies, respectively, over 80% and about 75% of the variation in ephemeral gully volume can be explained when ephemeral gully length is known. Moreover, when previously collected data for ephemeral gullies in two Mediterranean study areas and the data for summer gullies formed in the Belgian loess belt are pooled, it appears that one single length (L)–volume (V) relation exists (V=0.048 L1.29; R2=0.91). These findings imply that predicting ephemeral gully length is a valuable alternative for the prediction of ephemeral gully volume. A simple procedure to predict ephemeral gully length based on topographical thresholds is presented here. Secondly, the empirical length–volume relation can also be used to convert ephemeral gully length data extracted from aerial photos into ephemeral gully volumes. 相似文献
12.
典型黑土区小流域浅沟侵蚀季节差异分析 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
通过2005年对黑龙江鹤山农场两个小流域进行定位观测,研究了典型黑土区浅沟侵蚀特征及其季节差异,并对作物类型和耕作措施对浅沟侵蚀的影响进行了分析。结果表明,两流域年浅沟侵蚀量达285.9 m3 km-2和290.8 m3 km-2,仅浅沟侵蚀量就超过了黑土区的土壤允许侵蚀量。浅沟侵蚀量呈现出沿坡面波动的变化,沿坡面向下存在浅沟侵蚀的强弱交替带。春夏浅沟侵蚀在侵蚀强度、浅沟形态及主要影响因素3个方面存在差异,春季浅沟侵蚀受融雪、冻融影响显著,侵蚀较夏季严重;与春季相比,夏季浅沟长度变短、宽度变大、深度变浅,浅沟体积与长度的相关性较春季差,这与夏季暴雨历时短、雨强大以及植被盖度大有关。耕作措施和作物类型影响浅沟侵蚀深度和浅沟分布,尤其在夏季比较明显。 相似文献
13.
Bidirectional DEM relief shading method for extraction of gully shoulder line in loess tableland area 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The gully shoulder line, one of the most important topographical features, reveals the erosional process and reflects the geomorphological evolution of a loess area. Existing shoulder-line extraction methods are based on local window-filter or image-edge detection, which are sensitive to image noises and algorithm parameters, causing unsatisfactory accuracy and efficiency. This paper proposes a bidirectional relief-shading (BRS) method for loess shoulder-line extraction based on a 5-m Digital Elevation Model (DEM). First, two hill-shaded images are simulated with appropriate altitude and symmetric direction of the light. Second, the grey value difference between inter-gully and inner-gully area can be easily identified by fusing the two images with the mean method. Finally, the shoulder line can be derived by image segmentation using a threshold determined by an empirical equation. Experiments in three areas of loess tableland in Shaanxi Province validated the method, which has the advantages of being a simple operation with relatively high accuracy, 89.7% compared with manual digitalization, and high efficiency. We discuss three parameters in this method: zenith angle, azimuth angle, and segment threshold. Results suggest that the method is applicable for broad-scale gully shoulder line extraction in loess tablelands. 相似文献
14.
Field surveys in the Belgian loess belt revealed the presence in many forested areas of large, permanent gully systems, most of which are currently inactive. In cultivated areas, such gullies can only be observed in cross-sectional soil profiles through hollows, as virtually all such large gullies are currently infilled with colluvium. Little is known about the spatial distribution, initiation and temporal evolution of these large, permanent gully systems on loess-derived soils. Therefore, the medium-term evolution of a gully initiated in a cultivated area on loess-derived soils southwest of Leuven (Belgium) in May–June 1986, was studied over 13 years. Two intense rainfall events created this (ephemeral) gully, which was not erased by subsequent tillage. Between June 1986 and the December 1999, eight field surveys were conducted to measure gully dimensions. During two surveys, topographic indices (e.g., slope and drainage area) were also measured. Daily rainfall for the measuring period were obtained from a rainfall station located some 10 km southwest of the gully. Analysis of rainfall data showed that no extreme rainfall event was required to initiate such large (permanent) gullies, as observed in forested areas and through cross-sectional profiles in cultivated fields in the Belgian loess belt. Return periods of the event that caused the gully varied between <1 year and 25 years, depending on the assumptions used for defining event rain intensity. Once established, length, surface area and volume of the studied gully evolved with time, cumulative rainfall or cumulative runoff, following a negative exponential relation. This accords with observations reported for gullies in Australia and the USA. This study shows that a degressive increase of gully extension, can be largely explained by the evolution of a “slope–drainage area” factor (S×A, which is proportional to stream power) with time. While gully length and gully surface area asymptotically evolve towards a final value, gully volume decreased at a given point in time. From this, it is inferred that sediment deposition will potentially infill the gully to such an extent that the farmer can drive across it. From this moment on, the combined effect of water and tillage erosion in the gully drainage area, will lead towards rapid infilling. This expected evolution of a gully in cultivated fields accords with observations of large infilled gully systems in cultivated areas in eastern Belgium. The permanent gullies observed under forest are attributed to the fact that after severe gully erosion, this area was reforested or abandoned. Therefore, the sediment source was cut off and the gully was not filled in by sediment deposition. 相似文献
15.
Characteristics, controlling factors and importance of deep gullies under cropland on loess-derived soils 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
Several studies describe the formation and importance of shallow ephemeral gullies under cropland (depth<0.8 m). Some of these gullies may develop into channels with a depth of more than 0.8 m (up to 4 m). Despite their spectacular nature, these deep gullies have not yet been studied in detail. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to analyze the characteristics and the controlling factors of these deep gullies, as well as their importance in terms of sediment production.Comparison of a dataset with 28 deep gullies, formed in the period 1985–2003 and 123 shallow ephemeral gullies formed in the period 1994–1999 in central Belgium indicates that the deep gullies have clearly different morphological characteristics compared to shallow ephemeral gullies. Several factors were analyzed to understand the formation of deep gullies. Plotting runoff contributing area versus slope of the soil surface at the gully head indicates that the topographical threshold for deep gully formation is significantly larger compared to ephemeral gully formation. Deep gullies form on short, steep valley sides and their position is strongly affected by the presence of linear landscape elements. All deep gullies incised on landscape positions with a very erodible soil horizon at shallow depth. Analysis of causative rainfall showed no significant differences in incision thresholds between rills and shallow ephemeral gullies on the one hand and deep gullies on the other hand.The relation between area-specific sediment yield in central Belgium and drainage area, indicates that the development of deep gullies contributes significantly to the sediment output of small rural catchments and causes peaks in the mean area-specific sediment yield that are up to a factor of three higher compared with catchments where shallow ephemeral gullying occurs. 相似文献
16.
沟道流域坡面与沟谷侵蚀演化关系——以晋西王家沟小流域为例 总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6
以往坡、沟侵蚀关系研究主要限于水沙关系的探讨 ,有关原型尺度小流域坡、沟地貌侵蚀演化关系的定量研究甚少 ,尤其是坡、沟地貌特征对流域切割程度的综合影响与交互作用的定量研究尚属空白。本文在 3S技术支持下 ,根据晋西王家沟小流域 196 7年 1∶5 0 0 0正摄影像图 (DOM )、高程数字化模型 (DEM )和同期、同比例尺地形图 ,利用正交多项式回归分析方法 ,定量分析了坡、沟地貌特征对流域切割程度的影响与交互作用。研究表明 ,沟谷地在流域地貌演化及地表切割程度中起主导作用 ,在沟间地面积相同时 ,沟谷地面积约为0 1km2 是影响流域切割裂度侵蚀演化强度最大的区域 ,流域面积愈小影响流域地表破碎的程度最大。其沟道流域坡、沟地貌演化机制可用坡、沟水流动能的地貌指标的综合影响与交互作用来解释 相似文献