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1.
超高压输变电工程水土流失防治效果分析——以220 kV黄梅输变电工程为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
水土流失治理是一项"功在当代,利在千秋"的工程,大型工程项目的建设必须与水土保持设施同时设计、施工和投产.本研究依据220 kV黄梅输变电工程所在区域的自然和人文环境,指出其水土流失的成因和特点,分析其造成的危害,然后根据工程破坏原地貌的情况、水土流失治理目标和工程所采取的水土保持措施,采用工程实测数据,定量分析黄梅输变电工程水土流失防治效果,得出结论:220 kV黄梅输变电工程防治责任范围内水土流失治理度达到99.07%,水土流失控制比0.98,拦渣率达到97.04%以上,扰动土地整治率达到99.13%,植被恢复系数98.64%,林草植被覆盖率达到59.70%,达到了水土保持方案报告书设计的各项目标值,以期为超高压输变电建设提供水土保持经验. 相似文献
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黄木佳 《云南地理环境研究》2004,16(3):14-18
针对《广东省潮州供水枢纽工程初步设计报告》中就不同土地利用类型区水土保持的设计方案，构建了土地损失指数、工程措施治理面积指数、生物措施治理面积指数和水土流失增加指数等指标组成的水土保持方案生态效益评价指标体系，在指标涵义明确的基础上实现了指标量化，并实际应用于潮州供水枢纽工程水土保持设计方案，结果显示构建的水土保持方案生态评价指标体系科学、可行，该工程的建设具有良好的社会、经济、生态综合效益。 相似文献
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《地域研究与开发》2000,(3)
根据水利部规划确立的全国水土保持生态环境建设目标 ,到 2 0 5 0年全国水土流失地区将基本治理一遍 ,大部分地区可望成为秀美山川。据了解 ,根据国务院批复的《全国生态环境建设规划》和水利部制定的《全国水土保持生态环境建设规划》 ,全国水土保持生态环境建设的目标是 :近期每年治理水土流失面积 5万ｋｍ2 ,到 2 0 10年使重点地区的水土流失得到初步治理 ,坚决控制住人为造成的新的水土流失。到 2 0 30年 ,继续保持较高的治理速度 ,使全国水土流失治理程度达到 75 %以上 ,重点治理区的生态环境有明显的改观。远期到 2 0 5 0年 ,全国建立… 相似文献
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我国水土保持工作现状、问题和对策 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
本文回顾了我国水土保持工作的历史并将其划分为4个阶段.对占国土面积38.2%的367万km2水土流失状况、成因类型和地域分布作了分析.对建国以来累计治理水土流失面积60万km2,建设基本农田1.5亿亩,营造水土保持林5亿多亩,以水土保持措施使每年增产粮食150亿kg、增产果品250亿kg,每年减少土壤侵蚀11亿t、增加保水能力180亿m3,以及水土保持在立法、科研、教育等方面取得的成就作了总结.对目前存在的主要问题及部分地区水土流失面积扩大危害加剧趋势,论文从依法治理、实施全国水土保持规划纲要、抓好7大江河和17片重点治理工程、加强教育和科研等方面提出了具体对策. 相似文献
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植被对水土流失具有防御作用。为了验证植被对水土流失防御作用的存在和其防御作用的大小,人工堆积了面积750cm2的有植被覆盖和无植被覆盖的两堆土体,采用人工模拟降水的方法进行实验,持续10分钟左右降水,降水量为25.9mm。称量相应环节水土重量,对水土流失量和水土流失率、涵蓄水源率进行计量。发现无植被覆盖的土体水土流失率为4%,植被全覆盖的土体未有明显的水土流失现象;依据两种计算方法得出的土壤涵蓄水源率,前者为36.8%和23.6%,后者为51.3%和32.0%。实验从定量的角度验证了植被对水土流失防御作用的存在,同时提供了有植被覆盖的区域土壤涵蓄水源能力有明显提高的数据。 相似文献
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元谋干热河谷区水土流失现状及治理对策 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
元谋干热河谷区气候炎热干燥、植被稀疏、生态环境脆弱,加之人类活动的干扰,水土流失严重,流失面积1080.79km^2,占总面积的53．5％。通过对水土流失特征、危害、水土保持存在问题的分析,提出了该区水土流失的治理措施和建议。 相似文献
8.
黄河中游砒砂岩地区长川流域植被盖度及其动态分析 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
应用遥感监测并结合地面实测数据,分析黄河中游砒砂岩地区典型流域——内蒙古长川流域植被盖度及其变化特征。经野外实测数据进行检验植被盖度遥感监测的精度发现,以遥感手段通过植被盖度与归一化植被指数(NDVI)之间关系来估算长川流域植被盖度的精度达到81.3%。长川流域上游地区(北部)植被盖度相对较高,达到40%~70%;沟道两侧也有相对较高的植被盖度,也达到了30%~60%;一般梁峁地植被盖度较低,只有5%~15%。从1983年开始实施的小流域第一期水土流失重点治理和1993年至1997年期间实施的小流域第二期第一阶段水土流失重点治理的效果明显,使得长川流域植被盖度在该期间内大幅度增高。 相似文献
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朱溪河小流域水土流失治理与生态环境效应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
朱溪河小流域是全国水土保持生态建设"十百千"示范小流域之一.该小流域采取封禁治理、种生态林草和推广种植板栗等经济林果及实施旧果园改造的开发性治理模式,进行水土流失综合治理,实现了治理与开发的有机统一. 相似文献
11.
中国三峡库区土壤侵蚀及泥沙控制 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
三峡库区严重的土壤侵蚀与泥沙输移是三峡库区泥沙重要的来源之一,威胁三峡工程安全。坡耕地是三峡库区泥沙主要源地,占入库泥沙的46%;大规模的库区后靠移民工程引起的土地利用变化与山区开发及三峡工程建设过程的工程扰动加剧了土壤侵蚀与产沙。三峡工程建设及运行后引发的滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害将进一步增加入库泥沙量。为了有效控制三峡库区土壤侵蚀,减少水土流失,保护库区环境,从1989年开始以小流域综合治理为典型模式的水土保持工程在三峡库区广泛开展,有效控制了库区土壤侵蚀与泥沙输移。宜昌市夷陵区太平溪小流域综合治理模式是三峡库区小流域综合治理的成功模式,文章分析了其治理模式与水土保持及泥沙控制效益。应用水保法评价了三峡库区水土保持与小流域综合治理的减沙效益,并把评价结果与遥感监测分析法进行了对比分析,认为两种评价结果均在可接受范围。结果表明经过16年的水土保持与小流域综合治理,截至2005年三峡库区年均减少土壤侵蚀43.75–45.94×106 t ,减少入库泥沙12.25–12.86×106 t 。 相似文献
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To understand implementation of a nationwide sloping farmland soil erosion comprehensive control project during China’s 12th Five-Year Plan we used data collection and expert consultation. We selected 24 indexes across three aspects including project management, engineering construction and implementation benefit and used AHP-grey correlation analysis methods. We found that the scores for engineering construction were greater than 0.65 in most of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. These scores are high and scores for project management and implementation benefit are between 0.45-0.65; however, overall scores are low. The comprehensive evaluation results are normally distributed. The composite scores for Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou are 0.71, 0.68 and 0.68 respectively, indicating that the implementation effects are good. The scores for Jilin and Liaoning are 0.38 and 0.42 respectively, indicating that the implementation effects need improvement. Scores for other provinces are between 0.45-0.65 and the effects are medium. The evaluation results show certain zonal rules spatially and the implementation effect in karst regions of Southwest China is the highest, followed by the purple soil region in Southwest China, Loess Plateau region of Northwest China, earth-rock mountain region of North China and red soil hilly region of South China. The implementation effect in the black soil region of Northeast China suggests that improvement is needed in this region. 相似文献
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南水北调工程是目前我国最大的调水工程。随着工程的建设和运行,由不确定性问题引起的风险问题越来越受到关注,工程运行的风险分析也摆在管理者的面前,如何识别、评估、降低和控制风险的发生成为南水北调工程运行中的一个重要问题。本文首次将贝叶斯网络理论引入到南水北调综合风险分析中,选取东线工程宝应抽水泵站为研究对象,利用贝叶斯网络推理功能得出宝应站运行综合风险发生的概率为0.025%,风险发生的等级为"较低"。利用情景分析的方法,得出在影响综合风险的因素中,泵站的管理维护状况条件改变时,综合风险变化最大,因此需要予以重点关注。 相似文献
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Effects of an ecological conservation and restoration project in the Three-River Source Region,China 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
The first-stage of an ecological conservation and restoration project in the Three-River Source Region (TRSR), China, has been in progress for eight years. However, because the ecological effects of this project remain unknown, decision making for future project implementation is hindered. Thus, in this study, we developed an index system to evaluate the effects of the ecological restoration project, by integrating field observations, remote sensing, and process-based models. Effects were assessed using trend analyses of ecosystem structures and services. Results showed positive trends in the TRSR since the beginning of the project, but not yet a return to the optima of the 1970s. Specifically, while continued degradation in grassland has been initially contained, results are still far from the desired objective, ‘grassland coverage increasing by an average of 20%–40%’. In contrast, wetlands and water bodies have generally been restored, while the water conservation and water supply capacity of watersheds have increased. Indeed, the volume of water conservation achieved in the project meets the objective of a 1.32 billion m3 increase. The effects of ecological restoration inside project regions was more significant than outside, and, in addition to climate change projects, we concluded that the implementation of ecological conservation and restoration projects has substantially contributed to vegetation restoration. Nevertheless, the degradation of grasslands has not been fundamentally reversed, and to date the project has not prevented increasing soil erosion. In sum, the effects and challenges of this first-stage project highlight the necessity of continuous and long-term ecosystem conservation efforts in this region. 相似文献
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大兴安岭天保工程区生态系统服务变化研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用Landsat和MODIS遥感数据和InVEST模型,评估了1990―2015年大兴安岭天保工程区实施前后生态系统土壤风蚀量、生境质量和碳储量的时空变化,并通过地理探测器方法对生态系统服务时空变化分布与趋势进行驱动因子探测和交互作用探测分析。结果表明：① 从空间分布来看,额尔古纳市南部、鄂温克族自治旗西北部、科尔沁右翼前旗的土壤风蚀量大,生境质量差,碳储量低。② 2000年天保工程实施之后,森林面积显著增加,土壤风蚀量减少1.14%,生境质量增加0.49%,碳储量减少幅度为0.12%,低于2000年以前的0.64%。③ 土壤风蚀量主要受植被类型、土壤类型的影响,生态系统类型、植被类型对生境质量、碳储量空间异质性的影响显著大于其他因素,海拔、坡度2种地形因子对土壤风蚀量、碳储量的解释能力很小。温度、降水2种气候因子对土壤风蚀量、生境质量和碳储量的解释能力不固定,但仍是不可或缺的因素。 相似文献
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The accelerated urbanization has resulted in new soil erosion in the Loess Plateau region since the 1980s. A concept of urban
erosion and its impacts on environment are discussed. The experimental studies and field investigations show that those loose
silt and earth piles formed by urban construction can be eroded seriously: Under stormy rain, the amount of sediment from
steep man-dumped slope is 10.8–12.2 times that of from uncovered slope land; the result of experiments with the wind tunnel
also shows that the damage to the surface structure of dry loess can cause serious soil erosion by wind in some cities of
the region. Even if in the urban built-up area, there are many loose sandy soil, mud and silt, which are washed into rivers
by city’s ground flow in the rainy season. So, anthropogenically induced soil erosion has made soil erosion more serious around
the urban areas. And the urban eroded environment has several characteristics such as fragility, complexity, seasonality and
quick variability. Urban areas witness a quick economic growth and have more construction projects than rural areas, which
brings more intensive changes of environments during a short period of time or adds some new elements to the erosion system.
Therefore erosion has experienced more intensive impact by human activities. So, the possible impact of urbanization on erosion
environment must be taken into consideration when designing or planning to exploit natural resources or to develop urban areas
in the Loess Plateau. 相似文献
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The accelerated urbanization has resulted in new soil erosion in the Loess Plateau region since the 1980s. A concept of urban erosion and its impacts on environment are discussed. The experimental studies and field investigations show that those loose silt and earth piles formed by urban construction can be eroded seriously: Under stormy rain, the amount of sediment from steep man-dumped slope is 10.8-12.2 times that of from uncovered slope land; the result of experiments with the wind tunnel also shows that the damage to the surface structure of dry loess can cause serious soil erosion by wind in some cities of the region. Even if in the urban built-up area, there are many loose sandy soil, mud and silt, which are washed into rivers by city’s ground flow in the rainy season. So, anthropogenically induced soil erosion has made soil erosion more serious around the urban areas. And the urban eroded environment has several characteristics such as fragility, complexity, seasonality and quick variability. Urban areas witness a quick economic growth and have more construction projects than rural areas, which brings more intensive changes of environments during a short period of time or adds some new elements to the erosion system. Therefore erosion has experienced more intensive impact by human activities. So, the possible impact of urbanization on erosion environment must be taken into consideration when designing or planning to exploit natural resources or to develop urban areas in the Loess Plateau. 相似文献
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采用定性分析和定量计算、微观机理研究和宏观分析相结合的方法,对影响淤地坝建设的地理要素进行筛选,重点分析了沟壑密度、土壤侵蚀模数、农业人口密度对小流域淤地坝建设,主要是对淤地坝空间布局的影响;以黄河中游多沙粗沙区为研究对象,根据研究区域45个县(旗、市)的沟壑密度、土壤侵蚀模数、农业人口密度和淤地坝密度的基础数据,从地理学角度系统分析它们和研究区域淤地坝密度的关系,研究影响该区域淤地坝建设及布局的主要地理要素。结果表明,在黄河中游多沙粗沙区,影响淤地坝建设最主要的地理要素是农业人口密度,即人类活动的剧烈程度和淤地坝密度之间存在着直接的关系,分析结果为黄河中游多沙粗沙区淤地坝建设提供了科学依据。 相似文献
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1 IntroductionThe Loess Plateau region covers an area of 62.4(104 km2 and lies in the center of northern China. Urbanization and economic development have been quickened in recent decades. Both the number of towns established and scale of cities have increased. Although the pace of urbanization has been accelerated, the eco-environmental control in urban areas still lags behind relatively. Moreover, the construction and development of cities damaged the already vulnerable eco-environment to … 相似文献
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Soil erosion poses a great threat to the sustainability of the ecological environment and the harmonious development of human well-being. The revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) was used to quantify soil erosion in the Three-River Headwaters region (TRH), Qinghai, China from 2000 to 2015. The possible effects of an ecosystem restoration project on soil erosion were explored against the background of climatic changes in the study area. The model was validated with on-ground observations and showed a satisfactory performance, with a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.62 from the linear regression between the estimations and observations. The soil erosion modulus in 2010-2015 increased 6.2%, but decreased 1.2% compared with those in the periods of 2000-2005 and 2005-2010, respectively. Based on the method of overlay analysis, the interannual change of the estimated soil erosion was dominated by climate (about 64%), specifically by precipitation, rather than by vegetation coverage (about 34%). Despite some uncertainties in the model and data, this study quantified the relative contribution of ecological restoration under global climatic change; meanwhile the complexity, labor-intensiveness and long-range character of ecological restoration projects have to be recognized. On-ground observations over the long-term, further parameterization, and data inputs with higher quality are necessary and essential for decreasing the uncertainties in the estimations. 相似文献