共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 156 毫秒
1.
念青唐古拉山南坡气温分布及其垂直梯度 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用架设在念青唐古拉山南坡9个海拔高度(4 300~5 500 m)的自动气象站1 a(2006年8月1日至2007年7月31日)的实测数据,对山坡1.5 m高度的近地面气温随海拔梯度和时间的分布进行了分析。表明念青南坡4 300~4 950 m冷季(10~4月)存在逆温。利用高山各观测高度的温度与当雄气象站气温具有良好相关,推算出多年平均情况下念青唐古拉山南坡各观测高度的年平均气温和各月平均气温。并由此推测念青唐古拉山南坡海拔5 100 m以上存在高山多年冻土,此多年冻土下界高度比《中国冻土》指出的高度高约200 m。 相似文献
2.
本文以季风环流的季节变化及地形两大因子对台湾降水的影响进行了研究分析，结果显示：东北季风和地形共同影响，造成冬半年台湾东北部多雨和西南部干旱；夏半年由于受西南季风的影响，出现了岛西部降水略多于岛东部的现象，且由于西南季风的影响，缓解了西南部干旱．台湾地形对降水的影响居全国之冠，海拔高度每上升100m，年降水量递增值都大于100mm，海拔500mm左右的低层递增率更是高达266．5mm／100m． 相似文献
3.
利用实测的念青唐古拉山脉南坡海拔4800 m和5333 m,以及北坡5400 m的土壤温、湿度和地表气温一年的数据,对该地区水热特征作了初步分析,结果表明：地、气温差冬季大夏季小,且相对邻近地区偏大。同时地温与气温有良好相关,但随深度增加,相关系数减小。土壤热力梯度的方向低海拔由下而上,高海拔则相反。土壤湿度高海拔略大于低海拔,干季和湿季分别受冻融过程和印度洋季风降水影响。高海拔冻结期比低海拔长3~4个月,其下层土壤湿度在冻融交替期表现一个剧烈的跃变现象。念青唐古拉山南、北坡海拔相近区域相同层位土壤温度差异在0~8℃之间。南坡土壤温度年平均高于北坡3~4℃。南坡冻结比北坡晚而融化比北坡早,上层土壤湿度南坡小于北坡,而下层土壤湿度南坡大于北坡,南北坡水热过程存在明显差异。 相似文献
4.
利用降水平均递增率求山地最大降水高度 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
本文引入降水平均递增率的概念,改进了文献中的计算方法,可以一次求出山地降水量与海拔的经验关系式中全部参数的最佳值,其中包括山地最大降水高度。并用实例说明了本法的步骤及特点。 相似文献
5.
山地丘陵坡地逆温效应对果树避冻的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过对3个县8个山坡地的考察,探索山地丘陵坡地逆温效应对果树避冻的影响。试验对三年来冬季观测到日最低温度（td）进行拟合处理,运用趋势线分析探究温差（△td）与相对坡位（G）之间的总体趋势,采用相关回归方差分析方法对△td与G进行差异显著性检验。结果表明：△td与G相关达到极其显著水平。对于高差（△H）〈50m的山坡,晴夜最低气温随高度的增加而增加,越近坡顶,最低气温越高;对于76m≤△H〈150m的山坡,在该山坡相对坡位0．63以上,晴夜最低气温常出现最高,逆温效应明显。总高差不足150m山坡最大逆温效应出现的坡位G与山坡总高差成反比,即随着△H的增加,最大逆温效应出现的坡位G值逐渐变小。利用这些结果进行果树科学合理建园,发展山区特色果业,对不耐寒果树安全避冻意义重大。 相似文献
6.
应用西北干旱区沙尘暴源地甘肃省民勤县1971-2008年共1 811个大风/沙尘暴个例的逐日08：00和20：00高空资料、降水、日最高气温以及沙尘暴实时资料,详细探讨了不同月份和季节干湿变化、沙尘暴强度、沙尘暴出现时间和持续时间的大气边界层垂直结构变化特征。结果表明：（1）沙尘暴发生时4-5月最大混合层较厚,在2 500 m以上;而强沙尘暴发生时6-7月较厚,7月最厚为2 530 m。3-8月沙尘暴发生时最大混合层厚度低于大风发生时的200～400 m;4-5月下午沙尘暴发生时最大混合层较深厚,在2 700 m左右。沙尘暴持续时间与最大混合层厚度成反比。（2）沙尘暴发生时扰动和锋面逆温频次多而强,扰动逆温明显较强,达2.5 ℃/100m,锋面逆温高度在700～1 000 m,扰动逆温高度在150～400 m之间;而大风发生时辐射和锋面辐射逆温频次多而强,强沙尘暴发生时锋面逆温明显较强,这说明沙尘暴多由风场的剧烈扰动和锋面过境引起。（3）白天800 hPa以上有干气层存在,夜间干暖和逆湿现象显著。近地层越干冷、西北风越强,强沙尘暴持续时间越长。 相似文献
7.
利用石羊河流域2009-2013年主汛期(6-8月)有完整资料的32个区域气象站和5个自动气象站共37个站点逐时降水资料,运用常规的气候统计方法,采用逐时降水量、逐时降水频次、逐时降水强度和不同持续时间降水4个指标对石羊河流域主汛期降水日变化特征进行了研究。结果表明:石羊河流域主汛期降水总量及日数的空间分布总体上与其地理位置、海拔、纬度以及影响系统密切相关,表现为自上游向下游呈递减趋势,降水强度空间分布较复杂。石羊河流域主汛期小时降水量、降水频次及降水强度呈三峰型分布,主要集中出现在20:00-23:00、01:00-09:00、14:00-20:00,其中强降水呈现双峰分布,基本都出现在20:00-23:00、14:00-20:00;石羊河流域主汛期持续1～3 h短时降水的降水量和降水次数大于持续10 h以上降水过程的降水量和降水次数,且持续1～6 h的短时降水多发于午后到傍晚,持续时间超过6 h的长持续性降水的最大降水量通常出现在夜晚-凌晨和午后-傍晚。 相似文献
8.
1971-2009 年珠穆朗玛峰地区尼泊尔境内气候变化 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用珠穆朗玛峰南坡尼泊尔境内(科西河流域) 的10 个气象站1971-2009 年月平均气温、月平均最高、最低气温和逐月降水资料, 采用线性趋势、Sen 斜率估计、Mann-Kendall 等方法分析区域气候变化状况及其时空特征, 并与珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区气候进行比较, 分析了珠穆朗玛峰地区气候变化的特征与趋势。结果表明:(1) 1971-2009 年间, 珠穆朗玛峰南坡年平均气温为20.0℃, 线性升温率为0.25℃/10a, 与北坡主要受年平均最低气温影响相反, 增幅主要受年平均最高气温升高的影响, 并且在1974 年及1992 年间出现两次显著增温, 增温特别明显的月份为2 月和9 月;(2) 该地区降水变化的局地性较强, 近40 年间年平均降水量为1729.01 mm, 年平均降水量以每年约4.27 mm的线性增幅有所增加, 但并不显著, 且降水月变化和季变化特征均不明显;(3) 由于珠穆朗玛峰南坡受到季风带来暖湿气流和喜马拉雅山阻挡的双重影响, 珠峰南坡的年平均降水量远高于北坡;(4) 珠穆朗玛峰南坡气温变暖的海拔依赖性并不明显, 且南坡地区的变暖趋势并没有北坡变暖趋势明显。 相似文献
9.
基于冰川-气候模型,青藏高原东部的布尔汗布达山北坡、布尔汗布达山南坡、达里加山、拉脊山、贡嘎山东坡、贡嘎山西坡和海子山发育冰川临界海拔与物质平衡线高度的差值(Δh)分别为89 m、85 m、4 m、24 m、16 m、29 m和8 m。研究区5个山体地形、气候和地势的对比分析表明,研究区不同山体间Δh的差异受控于山体平衡线高度（ELA）处的年降水量和ELA以上区域的坡度,布尔汗布达山ELA处极低的降水使得其Δh最大,达里加山ELA处较为丰沛的降水和较为平缓的坡度使得其Δh最小。气候是影响冰川发育最重要的因素,应进一步探寻气候波动下山体发育冰川临界海拔的变化规律。 相似文献
10.
沙漠绿洲-高山冰雪气候带的垂直变化特征研究 总被引：9，自引：5，他引：4
气候变化在垂直方向上的分布规律是气候变化研究的一个重要方面。利用在天山北坡中部径向剖面上的6个不同海拔高度的气象站的气象资料,研究了沙漠绿洲-高山冰雪气候带在冬季、夏季和年度的年际气候变化对高度的响应,指出20世纪90年代(1991-2000)与前30 a(1961-1990)相比,平均气温、年降水量增加幅度随高度呈现非线性变化,不论在哪个高度上,冬季的增温幅度都要大于夏季;在最靠近沙漠的低海拔地区,年降水量增加幅度并不是最大的,而在海拔较高的山前绿洲地带和在3 500 m的高山区降水量增幅相对较大。此外,对气温、降水、相对湿度、蒸发等气候因子的变化趋势倾向率进行了分析,比较了不同高度的线性倾向率,揭示了沙漠绿洲边缘至高山冰雪带的气候变化在垂直方向上的分布特征,表明不论在哪个高度上,冬季、夏季和年度的平均气温变化都具有上升趋势;在山前地带和高海拔山区,降水增加趋势相对明显;蒸发能力减弱,相对湿度增加。 相似文献
11.
A tomographic inversion technique that inverts traveltimes to obtain a model of the subsurface in terms of velocities and interfaces is presented. It uses a combination of refraction, wide-angle reflection and normal-incidence data, it simultaneously inverts for velocities and interface depths, and it is able to quantify the errors and trade-offs in the final model. The technique uses an iterative linearized approach to the non-linear traveltime inversion problem. The subsurface is represented as a set of layers separated by interfaces, across which the velocity may be discontinuous. Within each layer the velocity varies in two dimensions and has a continuous first derivative. Rays are traced in this medium using a technique based on ray perturbation theory, and two-point ray tracing is avoided by interpolating the traveltimes to the receivers from a roughly equidistant fan of rays. The calculated traveltimes are inverted by simultaneously minimizing the misfit between the data and calculated traveltimes, and the roughness of the model. This 'smoothing regularization' stabilizes the solution of the inverse problem. In practice, the first iterations are performed with a high level of smoothing. As the inversion proceeds, the level of smoothing is gradually reduced until the traveltime residual is at the estimated level of noise in the data. At this point, a minimum-feature solution is obtained, which should contain only those features discernible over the noise.
The technique is tested on a synthetic data set, demonstrating its accuracy and stability and also illustrating the desirability of including a large number of different ray types in an inversion. 相似文献
The technique is tested on a synthetic data set, demonstrating its accuracy and stability and also illustrating the desirability of including a large number of different ray types in an inversion. 相似文献
12.
On the resolving power of tomographic images in the Aegean area 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
b
The imaging of upper mantle heterogeneity by seismic tomography is strongly limited by the uneven global distribution both of seismic recording stations and earthquake sources. This can result in a loss of resolution and significance in the final image, particularly when a sparse data set contains few ray paths which intersect at sufficiently high angles in the volume of interest. In order to investigate the theoretical resolving power of a previously published tomographic image of the Aegean area, synthetic tests of the inversion procedure using a ray-path matrix obtained in this previous study for local and teleseismic P -waves were carried out. The aim was to examine the extent to which the shape of a synthetic lithospheric slab penetrating to different depths is inherently distorted by the tomographic imaging procedure, and to compare the synthetic tomographic images with the results from the actual inversion. The distortion is found to take the form of an artificial stretching of the lithospheric slab. The maximum 'stretching factor', as indicated by the downdip displacement of the peak amplitude of the synthetic high-velocity anomaly, is found to be a factor of 2 or so, though the distortion is usually less than this. The peak amplitude of the tomographic image of a lithospheric slab is found from the inversion of traveltime data to be at depths at or below 400 km. This indicates that the high-velocity lithospheric slab in the Aegean penetrates deeper than the Benioff zone seismicity of about 200 km. However, no constraints of the maximum depth of penetration could be established with the data set used in the present work. 相似文献
The imaging of upper mantle heterogeneity by seismic tomography is strongly limited by the uneven global distribution both of seismic recording stations and earthquake sources. This can result in a loss of resolution and significance in the final image, particularly when a sparse data set contains few ray paths which intersect at sufficiently high angles in the volume of interest. In order to investigate the theoretical resolving power of a previously published tomographic image of the Aegean area, synthetic tests of the inversion procedure using a ray-path matrix obtained in this previous study for local and teleseismic P -waves were carried out. The aim was to examine the extent to which the shape of a synthetic lithospheric slab penetrating to different depths is inherently distorted by the tomographic imaging procedure, and to compare the synthetic tomographic images with the results from the actual inversion. The distortion is found to take the form of an artificial stretching of the lithospheric slab. The maximum 'stretching factor', as indicated by the downdip displacement of the peak amplitude of the synthetic high-velocity anomaly, is found to be a factor of 2 or so, though the distortion is usually less than this. The peak amplitude of the tomographic image of a lithospheric slab is found from the inversion of traveltime data to be at depths at or below 400 km. This indicates that the high-velocity lithospheric slab in the Aegean penetrates deeper than the Benioff zone seismicity of about 200 km. However, no constraints of the maximum depth of penetration could be established with the data set used in the present work. 相似文献
13.
Application of stacking and inversion techniques to three-dimensional wide-angle reflection and refraction seismic data of the Eastern Alps 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Michael Behm Ewald Brückl Werner Chwatal Hans Thybo 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,170(1):275-298
We present new methods for the interpretation of 3-D seismic wide-angle reflection and refraction data with application to data acquired during the experiments CELEBRATION, 2000 and ALP 2002 in the area of the Eastern Alps and their transition to the surrounding tectonic provinces (Bohemian Massif, Carpathians, Pannonian domain, Dinarides). Data was acquired on a net of arbitrarily oriented seismic lines by simultaneous recording on all lines of seismic waves from the shots, which allows 2-D and 3-D interpretations. Much (80%) of the data set consists of crossline traces. Low signal to noise (S/N) ratio in the area of the young orogens decreases the quality of travel time picks. In these seismically heterogeneous areas it is difficult to assign clearly defined arrivals to the seismic phases, in particular on crossline record sections.
In order to enhance the S/N ratio, signal detection and stacking techniques have been applied to enhance the Pg -, Pn - and PmP phases. Further, inversion methods have been developed for the interpretation of WAR/R-data, based on automated 1-D inversion ( Pg ) and the application of the delay time concept ( Pn ). The results include a 3-D velocity model of the crust based on Pg waves, time and depth maps of the Moho and a Pn -velocity map. The models based on stacked data are robust and provide a larger coverage, than models based on travel time picks from single-fold (unstacked) traces, but have relatively low resolution, especially near the surface. They were used as the basis for constructing models with improved resolution by the inversion of picks from single-fold data. The results correlate well with geological structures and show new prominent features in the Eastern Alps area and their surrounds. The velocity distribution in the crust has strong lateral variations and the Moho in the investigation area appears to be fragmented into three parts. 相似文献
In order to enhance the S/N ratio, signal detection and stacking techniques have been applied to enhance the Pg -, Pn - and PmP phases. Further, inversion methods have been developed for the interpretation of WAR/R-data, based on automated 1-D inversion ( Pg ) and the application of the delay time concept ( Pn ). The results include a 3-D velocity model of the crust based on Pg waves, time and depth maps of the Moho and a Pn -velocity map. The models based on stacked data are robust and provide a larger coverage, than models based on travel time picks from single-fold (unstacked) traces, but have relatively low resolution, especially near the surface. They were used as the basis for constructing models with improved resolution by the inversion of picks from single-fold data. The results correlate well with geological structures and show new prominent features in the Eastern Alps area and their surrounds. The velocity distribution in the crust has strong lateral variations and the Moho in the investigation area appears to be fragmented into three parts. 相似文献
14.
应用于土壤盐分含量(Soil Salinity Content,SSC)反演的BP神经网络(Back Propagation Neural Network,BPNN)较少关注对模型精度影响较大的结构参数和初始权重的优化。该文利用Landsat-8 OLI、Sentinel-1 SAR影像数据及SRTM高程数据,基于谷歌地球引擎(GEE)平台构建反演参数,并建立3种反演模型:先利用遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)同步优化输入层反演参数子集和隐含层神经元数量,再优化初始权重的BPNN(GA-BP)模型;将变量投影重要性(Variable Importance in Projection,VIP)算法分割阈值分别设为1和0.5,优化出两组输入层反演参数子集并将其分别代入GA优化隐含层神经元数量,再优化初始权重的BPNN(VIP1-GA-BP、VIP2-GA-BP)模型。在玛纳斯流域和三工河流域各选一靶区进行SSC反演,对比分析GA-BP、VIP1-GA-BP、VIP2-GA-BP模型的反演精度,并统计各类盐渍土的面积比例,结果表明:1)两靶区3组模型反演精度由高到低排序均为GA-BP、VIP1-GA-BP、VIP2-GA-BP;2)盐分指数和植被指数在SSC反演中起到重要作用,同一模型筛选的反演参数存在空间分异性,但高程适用于不同的筛选模型,具有较强的鲁棒性;3)两靶区3组模型反演的SSC值域范围与实际采样点SSC值域范围的差异均较小,各子区GA-BP反演的SSC空间分布地物轮廓最清晰,且地物内SSC的均质性最好;4)玛纳斯靶区和三工河靶区面积占比最大的盐渍土类型分别为盐渍土和中度盐渍土。研究结果为构建具有一定推广性的干旱区土壤盐分含量反演模型奠定了基础。 相似文献
15.
Michael McCaughey Penny Barton & Satish Singh 《Geophysical Journal International》2000,141(1):100-114
We report results from the Seismic Wide-Angle and Broadband Survey carried out over the Mid North Sea High. This paper focuses on integrating the information from a conventional deep multichannel reflection profile and a coincident wide-angle profile obtained by recording the same shots on a set of ocean bottom hydrophones (OBH). To achieve this integration, a new traveltime inversion scheme was developed (reported elsewhere) that was used to invert traveltime information from both the wide-angle OBH records and the reflection profile simultaneously. Results from the inversion were evaluated by producing synthetic seismograms from the final inversion model and comparing them with the observed wide-angle data, and an excellent match was obtained. It was possible to fine-tune velocities in less well-resolved parts of the model by considering the critical distance for the Moho reflection. The seismic velocity model was checked for compatibility with the gravity field, and used to migrate and depth-convert the reflection profile. The unreflective upper crust is characterized by a high velocity gradient, whilst the highly reflective lower crust is associated with a low velocity gradient. At the base of the crust there are several subhorizontal reflectors, a few kilometres apart in depth, and correlatable laterally for several tens of kilometres. These reflectors are interpreted as representing a strike section through northward-dipping reflectors at the base of the crust, identified on orthogonal profiles by Freeman et al. (1988) as being slivers of subducted and imbricated oceanic crust, relics of the mid-Palaeozoic Iapetus Ocean. 相似文献
16.
T. J. Clarke 《Geophysical Journal International》1981,66(2):427-433
Summary. For a smooth earth model, observations of a set of high-frequency toroidal modes at fixed slowness yield only a single piece of information, the tau value for that slowness. In this note, a procedure for obtaining the shear velocity structure from free oscillation data for an earth model with velocity discontinuities is developed, based on the method of tau inversion. The information content of the high-frequency modes is greater in this case, and the nature and depths of the discontinuities may be deduced. It is shown, for the real Earth, that the tau values obtained from free oscillation data are affected significantly by the presence of the Moho, but a simple iterative scheme may be used to remove this contamination. Brune's method of deducing mode frequencies from body wave pulses is shown to produce significant errors for a model with a pronounced Moho discontinuity, and the same iterative scheme may also be employed to correct for this effect. 相似文献
17.
乌鲁木齐市低空温度层结与采暖期大气污染的关系 总被引：12，自引：5，他引：12
为了找出乌鲁木齐市低空逆温对大气污染的影响规律,为治理和预测大气污染提供科学依据,利用2000年6月至2006年4月的乌鲁木齐市空气污染监测资料和气象站的探空、地面资料,分析了大气污染与逆温的对应特征。结果表明:乌鲁木齐市低空逆温的出现频率与大气污染指数具有相似的时间分布特征。采暖期空气污染指数API值越大,相对应出现逆温日的比例越高,以贴地逆温多;在污染源排放量一定的情况下,大气中污染物浓度与低空逆温层厚度、逆温层底高、逆温层顶底温差有显著的统计关系,而与逆温层中的逆温强度统计关系不显著。随着逆温层底高度降低,逆温层平均顶高、厚度、逆温层顶底温差的增大,日平均气温、最低气温、最高气温的降低,污染级别呈增加趋势;在采暖期同一时段内,要达到同样的污染级别,悬浮逆温日污染物容纳量比贴地逆温大,贴地逆温更容易造成空气污染;在污染物排放量相同的情况下,污染的程度主要取决于悬浮逆温层的底高和厚度及持续日数。 相似文献
18.
基于MODIS数据的雪深反演--以天山北坡经济带为例 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
应用中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）数据进行雪深遥感反演理论和方法的研究.利用全波 段地物光谱仪对不同深度的积雪进行反射光谱值野外量测且同步测定雪深,通过分析雪深和 反射光谱值的关系确定反演雪深的MODIS最佳观测通道,应用新疆地区冬季MODIS 1B数据, 以天山北坡经济带为实验区,结合该区域同期气象台地面雪深观测记录数据建立雪深遥感反 演数学公式.雪深反演结果与实测值对比表明,应用MODIS数据进行大区域雪深反演时 ,其结果具有分辨率高、监测范围广的特点,可以清楚反映积雪覆盖范围和雪深空间分布特征,对地表径流量计算、农业开发等具有应用价值. 相似文献
19.
About 50 000 P and S arrival times and 25 000 values of t * recorded at seismic arrays operated in the Central Andes between 20°S and 25°S in the time period from 1994 to 1997 have been used for locating more than 1500 deep and crustal earthquakes and creating 3-D P , S velocity and Qp models. The study volume in the reference model is subdivided into three domains: slab, continental crust and mantle wedge. A starting velocity distribution in each domain is set from a priori information: in the crust it is based on the controlled sources seismic studies; in slab and mantle wedge it is defined using relations between P and S velocities, temperature and composition given by mineral physics. Each iteration of tomographic inversion consists of the following steps: (1) absolute location of sources in 3-D velocity model using P and S arrival times; (2) double-difference relocation of the sources and (3) simultaneous determination of P and S velocity anomalies, P and S station corrections and source parameters by inverting one matrix. Velocity parameters are computed in a mesh with the density of nodes proportional to the ray density with double-sided nodes at the domain boundaries. The next iteration is repeated with the updated velocity model and source parameters obtained at the previous step. Different tests aimed at checking the reliability of the obtained velocity models are presented. In addition, we present the results of inversion for Vp and Vp/Vs parameters, which appear to be practically equivalent to Vp and Vs inversion. A separate inversion for Qp has been performed using the ray paths and source locations in the final velocity model. The resulting Vp , Vs and Qp distributions show complicated, essentially 3-D structure in the lithosphere and asthenosphere. P and S velocities appear to be well correlated, suggesting the important role of variations of composition, temperature, water content and degree of partial melting. 相似文献