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1.
基于通过历史文献资料重建的1470—1911年黄河中下游地区36个站点的历史旱涝等级序列和矢量化的历史地图，利用EOF、REOF方法分析旱涝灾害空间特征。EOF方法展开的结果表明：前4个模态累计方差贡献率为71.85%，主要表现为第一、二、四特征向量场呈经向带状分布，第三特征向量场呈纬向分布；第一特征向量场的空间分布均为正值，说明黄河中下游地区的旱涝变化具有一致性，但是其余各特征向量场之间特点差异明显，说明在不同背景场和影响条件下，旱涝变化还存在较多局域性特征；REOF展开的结果可将黄河中下游地区旱涝划分为5个典型的敏感气候分区，这为进一步研究该区旱涝变化的区域性特征奠定了基础。 相似文献
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近159 年东亚夏季风年代际变化与中国东部旱涝分布 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
利用1850-2008 年我国东部地区90 个测站的旱涝等级和北半球夏季海平面气压格点等资料,使用BP 典型相关等方法,分析了近159 年旱涝等级与东亚夏季海平面气压的耦合相关关系。利用关键区域的海平面气压资料,定义出与我国东部旱涝分布有密切联系的东亚夏季风指数,在此基础上分析了东亚夏季风年代际变化对我国东部旱涝分布的影响。结果表明：(1) 近159 年中国东部旱涝具有4 种典型空间分布型,即华南与中国东部其他地区旱涝趋势相反型、黄淮地区与长江流域及其以南旱涝趋势相反型、江淮流域与中国东部其他地区旱涝趋势相反型和中国东部与西部旱涝趋势相反型。近159 年东亚夏季海平面气压场主要呈现亚洲大陆与西太平洋海平面气压强弱相反的分布特征;(2) 本文定义的夏季风指数的年代际变化与我国东部旱涝典型分布型的年代际变化有密切关系,但两者的相关关系并不是稳定不变的,存在显著的年代际位相差异,即20 世纪20 年代之前,当东亚夏季风偏强(弱) 时,长江流域以北容易偏旱(偏涝),长江流域及其以南容易偏涝(偏旱),20 世纪20 年代以后,当东亚夏季风偏强(弱) 时,长江流域以北容易偏涝(偏旱),长江流域及其以南容易偏旱(偏涝)。可见,使用较长年代资料进行考察,研究结论丰富了大多数使用近50-60 年资料的研究结果。东亚夏季风与我国东部旱涝分布之间关系的年代际位相差异,可能与东亚夏季风对太阳活动等外强迫的非线性反馈相联系 相似文献
3.
明清时期宝鸡地区旱涝灾害链及其对气候变化的响应 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
通过对明清时期宝鸡地区旱涝灾害资料的统计和整理,利用滑动平均、累积距平及小波分析等方法探讨分析了1368-1911年宝鸡地区旱涝灾害链及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明：① 1368-1911年,宝鸡地区共发生297次旱涝灾害事件,其中旱灾和涝灾分别发生191次和106次,占旱涝灾害发生总次数的64.31%和35.69%。② 宝鸡地区旱涝灾害具有较为明显的阶段性特征,1368-1644年为偏旱阶段,1645-1804年为旱涝灾害波动阶段,1805-1911年为偏涝阶段,整体上呈现出干旱—湿润期的交替特征。旱涝灾害在时间尺度上大致存在70年、110年和170年左右3个振荡周期,与太阳黑子活动周期相对应。③ 旱涝灾害具有显著的空间差异性特征。渭河流域以北、以东地区既是旱灾的多发区,也是涝灾的多发区。④ 明清时期宝鸡地区旱涝灾害链的相继发生是对全球气候变化的响应。18世纪60年代以来,全球气候环境变化导致极端旱涝灾害事件频繁发生。 相似文献
4.
新疆博州地区降水时空分布特征及典型旱涝年 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1
利用新疆博尔塔拉蒙古自治州地区4个气象站1971—2000年的逐日降水资料,用静态统计论观点分析了博州地区降水时空变化特征,并按适应于西北地区的Z指数旱涝标准统计出了典型的旱涝年。结果表明：①博州地区降水量西多东少,海拔在1 200 m以上的地区为半干旱区,其余绝大多数地区为干旱区或重干旱区,多极端降水事件,自然灾害以旱灾为主洪灾其次,自然生态环境极其脆弱;②年（月）降水量以少于30 a的年（月）平均值为多;③12月至次年2月降水量极小,空间分布呈东多西少型,其他月份则反之;④多雨期出现在夏半年4—9月。其中5—7月大面积干旱与局地洪灾往往并存;⑤山区有两个雨季共5个旬次,平均降水量的月际分布为双峰型,主峰在7月,次峰在5月;其他地区仅1个雨季共两个旬次,平均降水量的月际分布为单峰型,峰值出现在5月;⑥同一气候背景中,博州各个地貌单元的旱涝程度不一,降水空间分布极其复杂。 相似文献
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中国2010-2020年汛期旱涝灰预测研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
选取194个中国地面气候资料国际交换站1971—2000年汛期(5—8月)降水资料序列,应用灰预测方法对中国2010—2020年汛期降水的旱涝趋势进行预测。结果表明:2010—2020年中国由“南涝北旱”转为“北涝南旱”的可能性不大,但是每年汛期都有旱涝灾害发生,北京、银川、石家庄等地区旱灾严重,重庆、南昌、广州等地区汛期水患频繁。有关职能部门应采取相关措施应对未来气候变化,尤其是气候突变可能带来的旱涝灾害。 相似文献
7.
根据我国北方的热量平衡观测资料,地立了计算感热—潜热比的经验模式,用于计算黄河流域旱涝年(1972、1975、1986、1988年)及一般年(1971、1974、1985、1987年)夏季陆面蒸发,并分析其变化特点以及与旱涝的关系。 相似文献
8.
本文根据1978—1981年4年的流场,相当位温和湿度场资料讨论了夏季风年际变异与旱涝的关系,着重分析了1978—1980年3年南北半球低纬度700毫巴等压面流场来了解夏季风几支气流与旱涝的关系。 相似文献
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西秦岭地区气候变化特征与干旱灾害趋势 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据1961—2011年西秦岭地区12个气象站的逐月气温和降水资料,利用线性回归、反距离加权空间插值(IDW)、Z指数法和Morlet小波变换等方法,分析了近51年来西秦岭地区气候时空变化特征,区域干旱强度与旱涝灾害发展趋势。结果表明:近51年来西秦岭地区气温呈增加趋势,增温倾向率为0.26℃/(10 a),降水量呈减少趋势,减少倾向率为16.04 mm/(10 a),气候暖干化趋势明显。近51年来西秦岭地区年旱涝Z指数呈下降趋势,与降水量呈减少的趋势一致;旱涝灾害主要存在5 a和7 a的变化周期,干旱灾害极度易发,干旱化趋势明显。西秦岭地区对全球气候变化的区域响应特征是旱灾增加。 相似文献
10.
从官修正史、方志和历朝纪事本末、区域气象灾害年鉴等历史文献资料中提取关于陕甘宁交界地区(元前期陕西四川行省的西北部以及元后期的陕西行省和甘肃行省的交界地区,主要包括宁夏府路、河州路、巩昌路、奉元路和延安路之间的部分)的水涝、干旱等气候信息共240余条,利用湿润指数法、旱涝灾害定级法对其于湿变化特点进行研究.研究发现1208-1369年期间,陕甘宁交界地区气候总体以干旱为主.旱涝灾害发生频率的比例为85/38.按照旱涝变化类型可将研究区旱涝变化过程分为三个时段,1208-1240年是以干旱为主要特征,局部时段偶发水涝灾害的时期;1240-1320年,基本持续干旱,而且极端干旱事件频发;1320-1369年,旱灾略有好转,但是旱涝交并发生.蒙元时期陕甘宁交界地区的干湿变化具有明显的转折性和周期性.转折主要发生在1230年和1325年前后,以此两点为界,前后气候变化类型有比较明显的差异.蒙元时期的干湿变化具有10年和23年的准周期,均与太阳活动周期吻合,说明蒙元时期区域干湿变化受太阳活动影响较大. 相似文献
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《The Professional geographer》1988,40(4):471-499
Books reviewed in this article: USA, Eine Geographische Landeskunde , Vol. I, Der Grossraum in Strukturellem, Wandel, 3rd Ed. Helmut Blume . Introduction to Remote Sensing . James B. Campbell . The Sounds of People and Places: Readings in the Geography of American Folk and Popular Music . George O. Carney , ED. Development and Underdevelopment . John Cole . Mobility and Employment in Urban Southeast Asia: Example from Indonesia and the Philippines . Michael A. Costello , Thomas R. Leinbach , AND Richard Ulack . Soviet Asia: Economic Development and National Policy Choices . Leslie Dienes . The Third World City . David Drakakis -Smith . Scholars' Guide to Washington, DC for Cartography and Remote Sensing Imagery (maps, charts, aerial photographs, satellite images, cartographic literature and geographic information systems). Ralph E. Ehrenberg . Population and Development in the Third World . Allan AND Anne Findlay . The Early Mapping of Hawaii . Gary L. Fitzpatrick . Energetics of Physical Environment: Energetic Approaches to Physical Geography . K. J. Gregory , ED. Wildland Recreation: Ecology and Management . William E. Hammitt and David N. Cole . Agricultural Commercialization and Government Policy in Africa . J. Hinderink AND J. J. Sterkenburg . The Dynamics of American Housing . James W. Hughes AND George Sternlieb . Thailand: Buddhist Kingdom as Modern Nation State . Charles F. Keyes . Resolving Locational Conflict . Robert W. Lake , ED. Lands at Risk in the Third World: Local-level Perspectives . Peter D. Little and Michael M. Horowitz , EDS. Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and the Culture of American Science . David N. Livingstone . Regions: The Economics and Politics of Territory . Ann R. Markusen . Wetlands . William J. Mitsch and James G. Gosselink . Historical Geography: Progress and Prospect . Michael Pacione , ED. Loess and Periglacial Phenomena . Marton P$eacsi and Hugh M. French , EDS. Regional Management of Metropolitan Floodplains, Experience in the United States and Abroad . Rutherford H. Platt , ED. Human Cartography: Mapping the World of Man . Janos Szegö . Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History . Helen H. Tanner , ED. The Botany of Mangroves . P. B. Tomlinson . Urban Spatial Traffic Patterns . Rodney Vaughan . The Night After … Climatic and Biological Consequences of a Nuclear War . Yevgeni Velikhov , ED. Industrial Geography . H. D. Watts . Dictionary of Quotations in Geography . James O. Wheeler and Francis M. Sibley . Vermont Townscape . Norman Wiliams , Jr. , Edmund K. Kellogg and Peter M. Lavigne . 相似文献
14.
《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):488-489
Book Reviewed in this article: Main Street: Northeastern Oregon: The Founding and Development of Small Towns. Barbara Ruth Bailey. Food Politics: The Regional Conflict. David N. Balaam and Michael J. Carey, eds. The International Economy and Industrial Development: Trade and Investment in the Third World. R. Ballance, J. Ansari and H. Singer. Neighborhoods in Urban America. Ronald H. Bayor, ed. The English Heartland. By Robert Beckinsale and Monica Beckinsale. Regional Dimensions of Industrial Policy. Michael E. Bell and Paul S. Lande, eds. Tension Areas of the World. D. Gordon Bennett, ed. Latin America: an Introductory Survey. B. W. Blouet and O. M. Blouet, eds. Integration and Division: Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem. Frederick W. Boal and J. Neville H. Douglas, eds. Energy and Land Use. Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin, eds. Slopes and Weathering. Michael Clarke and John Small. Alaska's Rural Development. Peter G. Cornwall and Gerald McBeath, eds. The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America. Galen Cranz. World Congress on Land Policy, 1980, Proceedings. Matthew Cullen and Sharon Woolery, eds. Oregon Divided: A Regional Geography. Samuel N. Dicken and Emily F. Dicken. Urban Food Marketing and Third World Rural Development. T. Scarlett Epstein. South Africa: Spatial Frameworks for Development. T. J. D. Fair. Institutions and Geographical Patterns. Robin Flowerdew, ed. Industrialization of U.S. Agriculture, An Interpretive Atlas. Howard F. Gregor. Planning Theory: Prospects for the 1980s. Patsy Healy, Glen McDougall and Michael J. Thomas, eds. Neighborhood Mobilization: Redevelopment and Response. Jeffrey R. Henig. The American Urban System: A Geographical Perspective. R. J. Johnston. Climate, History and the Modern World. Hubert H. Lamb. Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and Their Impact on Man. T. M. L. Wigley, M. J. Ingram and G. Farmer. China: Railways and Agricultural Development, 1875–1935. Ernest P. Liang. A Desirable Energy Future—A National Perspective. Robert S. Livingston, T. D. Anderson, T. M. Besmann, M. Olszewski, A. M. Perry, and C. D. West. Topothesia: Essays Presented to T. S. Ó Máille. B. S. Mac Aodha, ed. Transportation for the Poor: Research in Rural Mobility. Hal S. Maggied. Land Uses in American Cities. Harold M. Mayer and Charles R. Haves. Industrial Organisation and Location. Philip McDermott and Michael Taylor. Human Adaptability: an Introduction to Ecological Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran. Regional Analysis and the New International Division of Labor. Frank Moulaert and Patricia W. Salinas, eds. The Nuclear War Atlas. Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada: Urbanization and Environmental Quality. Isao Orishimo. The Garden of Eden: The Botanic Garden and the Re-Creation of Paradise. John Prest. Earthfire, The Eruption of Mount St. Helens. Charles Rosenfeld and Robert Cooke. Contest for the South China Sea. Marwyn S. Samuels. The Future of the Wetlands: Assessing Visual-Cultural Values. Richard C. Smardon, ed. Tucson: the Life and Times of An American City. C. L. Sonnichsen. The Geography of Multinationals. Michael Taylor and Nigel Thrift, eds. Impact of Marine Pollution on Society. Virginia Tippie and Dana Kester. Reviving the Industrial City: the Politics of Urban Renewal in Lyon and Birmingham. Jerry A. Webman. Andean Reflections: Letters from Carl O. Sauer While on a South American Trip under a Grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, 1942. Robert C. West, ed. Cartographic Drawing with Computers. P. Yoeli. 相似文献
15.
《The Professional geographer》1983,35(4):488-524
Book Reviewed in this article: Main Street: Northeastern Oregon: The Founding and Development of Small Towns . Barbara Ruth Bailey . Food Politics: The Regional Conflict . David N. Balaam and Michael J. Carey , eds. The International Economy and Industrial Development: Trade and Investment in the Third World . R. Ballance , J. Ansari and H. Singer . Neighborhoods in Urban America . Ronald H. Bayor , ed. The English Heartland . By Robert Beckinsale and Monica Beckinsale . Regional Dimensions of Industrial Policy . Michael E. Bell and Paul S. Lande , eds. Tension Areas of the World . D. Gordon Bennett , ed. Latin America: an Introductory Survey . B. W. Blouet and O. M. Blouet , eds. Integration and Division: Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem . Frederick W. Boal and J. Neville H. Douglas , eds. Energy and Land Use . Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin , eds. Slopes and Weathering . Michael Clarke and John Small . Alaska's Rural Development . Peter G. Cornwall and Gerald Mc Beath , eds. The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America . Galen Cranz . World Congress on Land Policy, 1980, Proceedings . Matthew Cullen and Sharon Woolery , eds. Oregon Divided: A Regional Geography . Samuel N. Dicken and Emily F. Dicken . Urban Food Marketing and Third World Rural Development . T. Scarlett Epstein . South Africa: Spatial Frameworks for Development . T. J. D. Fair . Institutions and Geographical Patterns . Robin Flowerdew , ed. Industrialization of U.S. Agriculture, An Interpretive Atlas . Howard F. Gregor . Planning Theory: Prospects for the 1980s . Patsy Healy , Glen Mc Dougall and Michael J. Thomas , eds. Neighborhood Mobilization: Redevelopment and Response . Jeffrey R. Henig . The American Urban System: A Geographical Perspective . R. J. Johnston . Climate, History and the Modern World . Hubert H. Lamb . Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and Their Impact on Man . T. M. L. Wigley , M. J. Ingram and G. Farmer . China: Railways and Agricultural Development, 1875–1935 . Ernest P. Liang . A Desirable Energy Future—A National Perspective . Robert S. Livingston , T. D. Anderson , T. M. Besmann , M. Olszewski , A. M. Perry , and C. D. West . Topothesia: Essays Presented to T. S. Ó Máille . B. S. Mac Aodha , ed. Transportation for the Poor: Research in Rural Mobility . Hal S. Maggied . Land Uses in American Cities . Harold M. Mayer and Charles R. Haves . Industrial Organisation and Location . Philip Mc Dermott and Michael Taylor . Human Adaptability: an Introduction to Ecological Anthropology . Emilio F. Moran . Regional Analysis and the New International Division of Labor . Frank Moulaert and Patricia W. Salinas , eds. The Nuclear War Atlas. Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada : Urbanization and Environmental Quality . Isao Orishimo . The Garden of Eden: The Botanic Garden and the Re-Creation of Paradise . John Prest . Earthfire, The Eruption of Mount St. Helens . Charles Rosenfeld and Robert Cooke . Contest for the South China Sea . Marwyn S. Samuels . The Future of the Wetlands: Assessing Visual-Cultural Values . Richard C. Smardon , ed. Tucson: the Life and Times of An American City. C. L. Sonnichsen . The Geography of Multinationals . Michael Taylor and Nigel Thrift , eds. Impact of Marine Pollution on Society . Virginia Tippie and Dana Kester . Reviving the Industrial City: the Politics of Urban Renewal in Lyon and Birmingham . Jerry A. Webman . Andean Reflections: Letters from Carl O. Sauer While on a South American Trip under a Grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, 1942 . Robert C. West , ed. Cartographic Drawing with Computers . P. Yoeli . 相似文献
16.
《寒旱区科学》2014,(4):I0001-I0001
Permafrost engineering has been developing rapidly in recent years. Many projects have been undertaken with the latest technologies and show their importance in supporting regional social and economical development. For example, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has been a milestone project in permafrost engineering. However, when designing and building infrastructures in cold regions, 相似文献
17.
HAYASHI Hiroaki 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2014,5(4):395-397
<正>1 Characteristics of Kunisaki GIAS and aims of this research Kunisaki GIAHS in the Kunisaki peninsula and Usa area,Oita,Japan,is a system where forestry,agricultural production,and fisheries are sustained by the strong connection between Sawtooth Oak forest,multiple interlinked irriga tion ponds,and Seto Inland Sea(Vafadari 2013a;2013b;Hayashi 2013).This area receive around 1,500 mm of annual precipitation with a 相似文献
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P. Guilizzoni A. Marchetto A. Lami N. G. Cameron P. G. Appleby N. L. Rose Ø. A. Schnell C. A. Belis A. Giorgis L. Guzzi 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1996,15(3):245-264
A palaeoecological study of an oligotrophic alpine lake, Paione Superiore (Italy), provided a record of historical changes in water quality. Historical trends in lake acidification were reconstructed by means of calibration and regression equations from diatoms, chrysophycean scales and pigment ratios. The historical pH was inferred by using two different diatom calibration data sets, one specific to the alpine region. These pH trends, together with the record of sedimentary carbonaceous particles and chironomid remains, indicate a recent acidification of this low alkalinity lake.Concentration of total organic matter, organic carbon, nitrogen, biogenic silica (BSiO2), chlorophyll derivatives (CD), fucoxanthin, diatom cell concentration and number of chironomid head capsules increased during the last 2–3 decades. When expressed as accumulation rates, most of these parameters tended to decrease from the past century to c. 1950, then all except P increased to the present day. A marked increase in sedimentary nitrogen may be related to atmospheric pollution and to the general increases in output of N in Europe. High C/N ratios indicate a prevailing allochthonous source of organic matter.Finally, the increase in measured air temperature from the mid-1800's appeared to be related to lake water pH before industrialization: cold periods generally led to lower pH and vice-versa. The more recent phenomenon of anthropogenic acidification has apparently decoupled this climatic-water chemistry relationship. 相似文献
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K. F. Walker I. G. Dunn D. Edwards T. Petr H. Z. Yang 《International Journal of Salt Lake Research》1995,4(3):169-222
Quinghai Hu is a large, high-altitude, saline lake in north-western China, and supports a fishery based on an endemic species of naked carp (snow trout). The fish take seven years to attain maturity and a marketable weight of 300 g, and have a lifespan of 14–21 years under the present fishery regime. They seasonally migrate from the lake to spawn over the gravel beds of inflowing rivers, but these areas have been reduced by weirs and irrigation diversions and recruitment may have declined. The population may have been affected also by a 1.85-m fall in the lake level over the past 30 years, and by associated changes in salinity. The fishery was opened to large-scale exploitation in 1958. Yields declined sharply (max. 28,523 tonnes, 1960) as the larger, older fish were removed, and then more slowly (min. 2523 tonnes, 1983). Since 1987 the fish factory has been limited to an annual quota of 1200 tonnes, taken by a fleet of four pair trawlers. Another 800 tonnes are taken by licensed fishermen, mainly using gill nets, and perhaps 1000 tonnes are taken illegally. The estimated total catch in 1992 was 3000 tonnes. New trawlers introduced in 1989–90 substantially increased the factory's catch per unit effort, and in 1990 the quota was virtually filled in one month in a zone within 20 km of the factory. Although this could suggest that the stocks will be conserved if the quota is retained, at least half of the catch in 1989–92 consisted of immature individuals. Trawling operations recently were suspended following a further decline in the catch after 1992. While the new trawlers are capable of a major increase in effort, neither the changing environment, the fish stocks or the present markets favour intensified pressure. Gillnets may provide better control over the minimum size limit and may cause less damage than trawling. Other options to improve the viability and profitability of the fishery include improvements in handling, processing and marketing. Failure to develop the fishery may encourage attempts to introduce exotic fish, at some risk to survival of the local species. 相似文献