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1.
The K/Ar ages of illite/smectite (I/S) were measured from Middle Ordovician K-bentonites both west and east of the present crest of the Cincinnati Arch and the Nashville dome to test a previous hypothesis that I/S formed by reaction with migrated saline solutions during the Alleghanian Orogeny. The K/Ar ages of I/S at the distal margin of the southern Appalachian basin and from central Indiana range from 251 to 277 Ma. However, the ages of I/S from west of the crest of the Cincinnati Arch are slightly older (286–301 Ma) and the ages of I/S from north-eastern Indiana, on the northern edge of the Kankakee Arch and in effect in the Michigan basin, are the oldest measured in this study (315–325 Ma). The westward decrease in the K/Ar ages of I/S from Late Pennsylvanian ages in the proximal basin (286–303 Ma) to Permian (251–277 Ma) at the distal margin suggest that I/S was formed by the westward migration of fluids during the Alleghanian Orogeny as opposed to being formed by projected deep burial by Permian sediments. Moreover, the available thermal maturation data suggest the Cincinnati Arch was not buried deeply. The ages of I/S west of the Cincinnati Arch are an enigma as they are older than the ages in the distal Appalachian basin. The ages of I/S from central Indiana within the Illinois basin suggest the possibility that I/S was formed by reaction with fluids that migrated from the Ouachita orogenic belt in Mississippi. The oldest ages of I/S from north-eastern Indiana suggest the formation of I/S might have been influenced by the presence of potassic brines from the Michigan basin. 相似文献
2.
H. Nathan Naylor William F. Defliese Ethan L. Grossman Christopher R. Maupin 《Basin Research》2020,32(5):1140-1155
We utilized carbonate clumped isotope thermometry to explore the thermal history of the Delaware Basin, West Texas, USA. Carbonate wellbore cuttings from five oil/gas wells across the basin yielded clumped isotope temperatures (T(Δ47)) ranging from 27°C to 307°C, interpreted to reflect a combination of initial precipitation/recrystallization temperature and solid-state C-O bond reordering during burial. Dolomite samples generally record lower apparent T(Δ47)s than calcite, reflecting greater resistance to reordering in dolomite. In all five wells, clumped isotope temperatures exceed modern downhole temperature measurements, indicating higher heat flow in the past. Using modelled burial curves based on sedimentological history, we created unique time-temperature histories by linearly applying a geothermal gradient. Applying two different thermal history reordering models, we modelled the extent of solid-state C–O bond reordering to iteratively find the time-averaged best-fit geothermal gradients for each of the five wells. Results of this modelling suggest that the shallower, southwestern portion of the study area experienced higher geothermal gradients throughout the sediment history (~45°C/km) than did the deeper, southeastern portion (~32°C/km), with the northern portion experiencing intermediate geothermal gradients (~35–38°C/km). This trend is in agreement with the observed gas/oil ratios of the Delaware Basin, increasing from east to west. Furthermore, our clumped isotope temperatures agree well with previously published vitrinite reflectance data, confirming previous observations and demonstrating the utility of carbonate clumped isotope thermometry to reconstruct basin thermal histories. 相似文献
3.
The Alberta Deep Basin in western Canada has undergone a large amount of erosion following deep burial in the Eocene. Basin modeling and simulation of burial and temperature history require estimates of maximum overburden for each gridpoint in the basin model. Erosion can be estimated using shale compaction trends. For instance, the widely used Magara method attempts to establish a sonic log gradient for shales and uses the extrapolation to a theoretical uncompacted shale value as a first indication of overcompaction and estimation of the amount of erosion. Because such gradients are difficult to establish in many wells, an extension of this method was devised to help map erosion over a large area. Sonic t values of one suitable shale formation are calibrated with maximum depth of burial estimates from sonic log extrapolation for several wells. This resulting regression equation then can be used to estimate andmap maximum depth of burial or amount of erosion for all wells in which this formation has been logged. The example from the Alberta Deep Basin shows that the magnitude of erosion calculated by this method is conservative and comparable to independent estimates using vitrinite reflectance gradient methods. 相似文献
4.
库车盆地古近纪—新近纪时期具有巨厚的蒸发岩沉积,古近纪时期岩盐沉积的最大厚度达1 447.5 m,新近纪时期岩盐沉积的厚度有所减小,岩盐层最大厚度402 m。库车盆地在古近纪—新近纪时期沉积沉降中心也有所改变,从盆地西部的拜城凹陷转移到东部的康村—阳霞地区。库车盆地东西部蒸发岩岩体特征的差异,对此地区油气藏规模造成一定影响。初步判断库车盆地西部蒸发岩有可能比东部蒸发岩盐下形成的油气藏量较大。盆地中蒸发岩沉积中心的迁移对钾盐沉积也有重要影响。 相似文献
5.
ABSTRACT Sedimentary rocks rich in organic matter, such as coal and carbonaceous shales, are characterized by remarkably low thermal conductivities in the range of 0.2–1.0 W m?1 °C?1, lower by a factor of 2 or more than other common rock types. As a result of this natural insulating effect, temperature gradients in organic rich, fine‐grained sediments may become elevated even with a typical continental basal heat flow of 60 mW m?2. Underlying rocks will attain higher temperatures and higher thermal maturities than would otherwise occur. A two‐dimensional finite element model of fluid flow and heat transport has been used to study the insulating effect of low thermal conductivity carbonaceous sediments in an uplifted foreland basin. Topography‐driven recharge is assumed to be the major driving force for regional groundwater flow. Our model section cuts through the Arkoma Basin to Ozark Plateau and terminates near the Missouri River, west of St. Louis. Fluid inclusions, organic maturation, and fission track evidence show that large areas of upper Cambrian rocks in southern Missouri have experienced high temperatures (100–140 °C) at shallow depths (< 1.5 km). Low thermal conductivity sediments, such as coal and organic rich mudstone were deposited over the Arkoma Basin and Ozark Plateau, as well as most of the mid‐continent of North America, during the Late Palaeozoic. Much of these Late Palaeozoic sediments were subsequently removed by erosion. Our model results are consistent with high temperatures (100–130 °C) in the groundwater discharge region at shallow depths (< 1.5 km) even with a typical continental basal heat flow of 60 mW m?2. Higher heat energy retention in basin sediments and underlying basement rocks prior to basin‐scale fluid flow and higher rates of advective heat transport along basal aquifers owing to lower fluid viscosity (more efficient heat transport) contribute to higher temperatures in the discharge region. Thermal insulation by organic rich sediments which traps heat transported by upward fluid advection is the dominant mechanism for elevated temperatures in the discharge region. This suggests localized formation of ore deposits within a basin‐scale fluid flow system may be caused by the juxtaposition of upward fluid discharge with overlying areas of insulating organic rich sediments. The additional temperature increment contributed to underlying rocks by this insulating effect may help to explain anomalous thermal maturity of the Arkoma Basin and Ozark Plateau, reducing the need to call upon excessive burial or high basal heat flow (80–100 mW m?2) in the past. After subsequent uplift and erosion remove the insulating carbonaceous layer, the model slowly returns to a normal geothermal gradient of about 30 °C km?1. 相似文献
6.
Sediment accumulation patterns in the Luni basin have been studied on the basis of tubewell lithologs and Bouguer gravity anomaly profiles. East–West geologic transects using these data reveal several sediment-filled graben depressions, for example, the Digrana-Bhawal graben in the northern part, the Mangta-Sindari, Sindari-Bhimgoda, and Bhimgoda-Juna Motisara grabens in the central part; and the Dungari-Ratanpura and Ratanpura-Khanpur grabens in the southern part. Maximum sediment accumulation of more than 300 m is located in the southwestern part of the Luni basin, more specifically in the Ratanpura-Khanpur graben. Minor depressions also occur towards west of Jodhpur and east of Bhadrajun.Sediment filling in these graben depressions commenced with thick clay deposits followed by multistoried fining up sand and gravel sequences. Sediment accumulation centres are coincident with major tectonic lineaments and thus indicate that important loci of sediment accumulation are, possibly, a response to synsedimentary tectonics. 相似文献
7.
A complex basin evolution was studied using various methods, including thermal constraints based on apatite fission‐track (AFT) analysis, vitrinite reflectance (VR) and biomarker isomerisation, in addition to a detailed analysis of the regional stratigraphic record and of the lithological properties. The study indicates that (1) given the substantial amount of data, the distinction and characterisation of successive stages of heating and burial in the same area are feasible, and (2) the three thermal indicators (AFT, VR and biomarkers) yield internally consistent thermal histories, which supports the validity of the underlying kinetic algorithms and their applicability to natural basins. All data pertaining to burial and thermal evolution were integrated in a basin model, which provides constraints on the thickness of eroded sections and on heat flow over geologic time. Three stages of basin evolution occurred in northern Switzerland. The Permo‐Carboniferous strike–slip basin was characterised by high geothermal gradients (80–100°C km?1) and maximum temperature up to 160°C. After the erosion of a few hundreds of metres in the Permian, the post‐orogenic, epicontinental Mesozoic basin developed in Central Europe, with subsidence triggered by several stages of rifting. Geothermal gradients in northern Switzerland during Cretaceous burial were relatively high (35–40°C km?1), and maximum temperature typically reached 75°C (top middle Jurassic) to 100°C (base Mesozoic). At least in the early Cretaceous, a stage of increased heat flow is needed to explain the observed maturity level. After erosion of 600–700 m of Cretaceous and late Jurassic strata during the Paleocene, the wedge‐shaped Molasse Foreland Basin developed. Geothermal gradients were low at this time (≤20°C km?1). Maximum temperature of Miocene burial exceeded that of Cretaceous burial in proximal parts (<35 km from the Alpine front), but was lower in more distal parts (>45 km). Thus, maximum temperature as well as maximum burial depth ever reached in Mesozoic strata occurred at different times in different regions. Since the Miocene, 750–1050 m were eroded, a process that still continues in the proximal parts of the basin. Current average geothermal gradients in the uppermost 2500 m are elevated (32–47°C km?1). They are due to a Quaternary increase of heat flow, most probably triggered by limited advective heat transport along Paleozoic faults in the crystalline basement. 相似文献
8.
The Salina Basin historically has been an exploration desert—a home of dryholes. Although this basin, which underlies much of north-central Kansas, may never be a prolific source of hydrocarbons, recent research into the maturation and geochemistry of organic matter and oils in Kansas can provide guidelines for a new exploration strategy. The Salina Basin is similar to the oil-productive Forest City Basin in northeastern Kansas in many ways. Both basins originated as a single large basin (i.e., the North Kansas Basin) prior to the rise of the Nemaha Uplift in Late Mississippian-Early Pennsylvanian time. Their Paleozoic stratigraphy thus is similar and the axes of both basins are presently at approximately the same depth. Thermal maturation modeling and available organic-matter maturation data indicate that the lower Paleozoic rocks in the axes of both basins are in the early stages of oil generation. In the Forest City Basin the Ordovician Simpson Group is the deepest known hydrocarbon source-rock—oil-reservoir interval, and by analogy, exploration tests in the Salina Basin, at a minimum, should penetrate through this stratigraphic interval. Ordovician Simpson Group shales in the Forest City Basin are the source rocks for a geochemically distinct oil, which also occurs in Ordovician reservoirs in the extreme southern end of the Salina Basin. To increase the odds of success in an exploration program in the Salina Basin, wildcat wells should be drilled where thermal maturation is greatest. The broad NW–SE-trending basin axis is the most logical area. Exploration tests along this axis in the northern end of the basin may have an extra advantage as organic matter in the Simpson Group may be more thermally mature because of greater burial depth during the Cretaceous. Along the eastern margin of the nearby Central Kansas Uplift and Pratt Anticline, several Paleozoic geologic structures, some of which contain major oil fields, are attributable to tectonic reactivation along the western margin of the Precambrian Central North American Rift System (CNARS). Prospective structural trends in the Paleozoic section of the Salina Basin are anticipated to be associated with this underlying tectonic boundary. The western margin of the CNARS trends NNE–SSW where it passes under the axis of the Salina Basin in northeastern Lincoln and southeastern Mitchell counties. This area is sparsely drilled, with less than two tests per township. If an exploration program can define lower Paleozoic structural closures in this region, these structures may represent the best chance for future petroleum discoveries. 相似文献
9.
塔里木盆地局地和区域性强沙尘暴天气过程研究 总被引：21，自引：9，他引：12
利用1961-2001年塔里木盆地周边地区43站沙尘暴资料,给出了塔里木盆地局地、区域性强沙尘暴天气过程的定义,得到局地和区域性强沙尘暴天气过程1 423次和385次,分析了沙尘暴天气过程的时空分布特征和变化原因,并根据地面冷高压和沙尘暴天气的移动路径对385次区域性强沙尘暴天气过程进行普查分析。结果表明:塔里木盆地局地沙尘暴天气过程的高发中心位于柯坪和民丰,区域性强沙尘暴天气过程集中在塔里木盆地南缘的莎车至且末一线和柯坪,柯坪和民丰是盆地沙尘暴的多发中心;区域性大风天气过程的减少、年平均降水量的增加和年平均气温的升高是塔里木盆地区域性强沙尘暴天气过程趋于减少的重要原因;局地沙尘暴天气过程主要出现在3~9月;区域性强沙尘暴天气过程,集中在4~6月,春季4~5月是连续性多暴发时段,造成区域性强沙尘暴天气过程的冷空气以西进、东灌和西进加东灌为主要路径,盆地热低压的作用不可忽视。 相似文献
10.
利用NASA AVHRR NDVI 3g遥感资料计算得出河西内陆河流域植被归一化指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI）,将NDVI>0.20区域视为绿洲,通过计算绿洲区NDVI的变差系数和线性斜率分析1982—2013年绿洲面积变化,并进一步分析其对地表径流的响应特征。结果表明：河西内陆河流域绿洲整体呈扩张趋势,扩张区域主要在绿洲边缘区、河流两侧和尾闾;小规模斑块绿洲的破碎度呈增加趋势,连片的绿洲核心区相对稳定;绿洲面积随着出山径流变化呈现出阶段性特征,山区降水量对绿洲变化的贡献率约为地表径流贡献率的一半,冰川融水对绿洲面积变化的贡献率自东向西依次增加,绿洲区降水的贡献率则依次减少。 相似文献
11.
A Karst Connection model for Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Along the Asturian coast of northern Spain an uplifted wave-cut platform extends for 100 km east–west. The steep cliff which bounds the gently seaward-dipping platform to the north increases in height from 30 m in the west to 100 m in the east and reflects the overall eastward increase in platform elevation. The southern edge of the 2–4 km-wide platform runs along the foothills of the Cantabrian Mountains, as constrained by a high-resolution digital elevation model. The marine platform, which was carved into deformed Paleozoic bedrock with abundant quartzite beds, is largely covered by weathered marine and continental sediments. Quartzite samples from flat bedrock outcrops which are currently not covered by sediment or soil yield cosmogenic nuclide concentrations (21Ne, 10Be and 26Al) that demonstrate a long and complex exposure history, including periods of burial with partial or complete shielding from cosmic rays. The combination of multiple cosmogenic nuclides yields a minimum age of 1–2 Ma for the platform. Taking into account (i) the horizontal and vertical extent of the platform, (ii) the high resistance to erosion of the quartzitic bedrock, and (iii) published data on the magnitude of past sea level fluctuations, we suggest that the wave-cut platform formed in the Pliocene. Subvertical faults cutting the platform at high angles to the coastline offset the southern edge of the platform by 20 to 40 m and reactivate the pre-existing anisotropy in the Paleozoic bedrock. Uplift and crustal deformation of the coastal region have occurred after platform formation in the Pliocene and may still be active. The slow deformation of the northern edge of the Iberian plate including the Cantabrian Mountains may result from the ongoing slow convergence at an incipient subduction zone extending along the coast of northern Spain. 相似文献
12.
《Basin Research》2018,30(Z1):336-362
The subsidence evolution of the Tethyan Moroccan Atlas Basin, presently inverted as the Central High Atlas, is characterized by an Early Jurassic rifting episode, synchronous with salt diapirism of the Triassic evaporite‐bearing rocks. Two contrasting regions of the rift basin – with and without salt diapirism – are examined to assess the effect of salt tectonics in the evolution of subsidence patterns and stratigraphy. The Djebel Bou Dahar platform to basin system, located in the southern margin of the Atlas Basin, shows a Lower Jurassic record of normal faulting and lacks any evidence of salt diapirism. In contrast, the Tazoult ridge and adjacent Amezraï basin, located in the centre of the Atlas Basin, reveals spectacular Early Jurassic diapirism. In addition, we analyse alternative Central High Atlas post‐Middle Jurassic geohistories based on new thermal and burial models (GENEX® 4.0.3 software), constrained by new vitrinite reflectance data from the Amezraï basin. The comparison of the new subsidence curves from the studied areas with published subsidence curves from the Moroccan Atlas, the Saharan Atlas (Algeria) and Tunisian Atlas show that fast subsidence peaks were diachronous along the strike, being younger towards the east from Early–Middle Jurassic to Late Cretaceous. This analysis also evidences a close relationship between these high subsidence rate episodes and salt diapirism. 相似文献
13.
Thermochronology, denudation and variations in palaeosurface temperature: a case study from the North Slope foreland basin, Alaska 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
O'Sullivan 《Basin Research》1999,11(3):191-204
Integration of vitrinite reflectance (Ro ) and apatite fission track (AFT) data from well sequences can provide a direct estimate of the geothermal gradient at the time of maximum palaeotemperatures and the time at which sequences began to cool from maximum palaeotemperatures. These values, plus an understanding of the effects of cooling in response to long-term climatic changes, are particularly important when estimating the amount of denudation experienced by the sequences during cooling from maximum palaeotemperatures. In this case study, AFT data have been generated for subsurface samples from eight wells drilled within the North Slope foreland basin of northern Alaska in an effort to study the thermal history of the basin. The combination of Ro and AFT data establish that maximum palaeotemperatures were attained within the North Slope foreland basin prior to cooling beginning in the Palaeocene. Furthermore, they indicate that palaeogeothermal gradients when cooling began were close to the present-day values, and that Cenozoic surface cooling resulted in a significant amount of 'apparent' denudation. These results suggest that heating throughout the basin was largely due to deeper burial, and that cooling was due to both removal of section by denudation and a drop in the mean annual surface temperature. 相似文献
14.
地貌演化是地貌学研究的重要内容之一。通过选择若干反映地貌演化特征综合性较强的指标,以30 m分辨率的DEM数据为基础,对内蒙古十大孔兑流域的地貌演化格局进行了研究。在借助灰色GM（1,1）模型对研究区地貌演化特征的空间变化规律进行分析的同时,进一步结合构造活动、岩性特征及气候演变对孔兑流域地貌景观的成因机制及形成效应进行了探讨。结果表明：十大孔兑各流域目前除罕台川为接近壮年期的幼年地貌以及壕庆河为老年期地貌之外尚处于壮年期演化阶段,孔兑流域在未来较长时期内产沙潜力仍然巨大,其入黄泥沙中来自上游砒砂岩区的粗砂及库布齐沙漠沙分别在长短期尺度上扮演着重要角色;孔兑区所受的内外营力对抗作用或侵蚀强度以西部大于东部、中上游区表现突出为特点,其原因主要与西侧地表隆升程度较高有关,而降雨的空间差异对地貌演化效应的影响相对较小;与之相反,主沟纵剖面却以东部流域演化程度较高为特点,这主要与东部地表本身抬升程度低而慢有关,其次与东部降雨量略多以及岩性特征可能也存在一定关系。此外,从地貌景观的西高东低格局的形成时间考虑,其演化和发育时间主要集中在第四纪以来,期间由于气候变化可能经历过若干次“慢-快”发育的交互变化过程。 相似文献
15.
F.J. Davey 《Geophysical Journal International》1987,89(1):443-448
Summary. The active Australian-Pacific plate boundary passes through New Zealand. In the north, the Pacific plate subducts beneath the Australian plate with an accretionary wedge forming the eastern continental (Hikurangi) margin of the North Island. The structure of the region behind the Hikurangi margin changes from the extensional back-arc basin under central North Island to a postulated crustal downwarp under the southern North Island. A 100 km long multichannel seismic reflection profile was recorded across the region of crustal downwarp. The data show discontinuous coherent reflectors dipping westwards at the east end of the profile, and east dipping reflectors at the west end, from depths of 9 to 15 s two way time. Simple hand migration of these events indicate that the east dipping reflectors, interpreted as the base of the Australian plate crust, abut against the west dipping reflectors which are interpreted as marking the top of the subducted Pacific plate. Detailed earthquake hypocentre locations in the area show a dipping zone of high seismicity, the top of which coincides closely with the west dipping events, thus supporting this interpretation. 相似文献
16.
Migration pathways in the Central North Slope foreland basin, Alaska USA: solute and thermal constraints on fluid flow simulations 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
The North Slope foreland basin, Alaska, USA is an east–west asymmetrical trough‐shaped basin adjacent to the Brooks Range fold‐thrust mountain belt. Lower Cretaceous age rocks make up much of the sediment fill, including flysch‐like marine turbidites and shales of the Torok and Fortress Mountain formations and marine and sandstones, shales and conglomerates of the overlying Nanushuk group. Lower Cretaceous age rocks were deposited on top of a Palaeozoic and Mesozoic age passive margin sequence. We have conducted numerical simulations of fluid flow driven by topographic recharge in the Central North Slope foreland basin. These simulations are constrained by salinity estimates from well logs, location of oil and gas fields, vitrinite reflectance and heat flow measurements. Our model results indicate that there are two south to north pathways for fluid migration. The primary pathway for fluid movement is downward through the Fortress Mountain formation, then upwards along the interface between the Fortress Mountain and Torok Formation and finally northward through the permeable Nanushuk group. A smaller mass of groundwater moves along sands below the Torok formation and into offshore sediments north of Alaska. Very little meteoric water enters the underlying Palaeozoic rocks in our simulations, which could explain the presence of deep saline pore waters. Our results also show that permafrost is a primary control on the pathway and rate of fluid flow by controlling the distribution of surface recharge and discharge. For example, areas of high heat flow and low saline waters along the arctic coast may represent upward groundwater discharge because of the absence of permafrost. As surface temperatures were warmer in the Miocene, the absence of permafrost would produce a more local fluid circulation pattern and less transfer of heat energy from south to north. 相似文献
17.
Xavier Mangenot Jean‐Francois Deoninck Magali Bonifacie Virgile Rouchon Pierre‐Yves Collin Didier Quesne Marta Gasparrini Jean‐Pierre Sizun 《Basin Research》2019,31(2):361-379
Assessing the thermal evolution of sedimentary basins over time is a major aspect of modern integrated basin analysis. While the behavior of clay minerals and organic matter with increasing burial is well documented in different geological and thermal settings, these methods are often limited by the temperature ranges over which they can be precisely applied and by the available material. Here, we explore the emergent Δ47 clumped isotope geospeedometry (based on the diffusional redistribution of carbon and oxygen isotopes in the carbonate lattice at elevated temperatures) to refine time‐temperature paths of carbonate rocks during their burial evolution. This study provides a reconstruction of the thermal and exhumation history of the Upper Cretaceous thrust belt series in the western subalpine massifs (Bauges and Bornes, French Alps) by a new approach combining for the first time available data from three independent geothermometers. The investigated area presents two zones affected by contrasting thermal histories. The most external zone has undergone a relatively mild thermal history (T < 70°C) and does not record any significant clay mineral diagenetic transformation. By contrast, the internal zone has experienced tectonic burial (prealpine nappes) in response to thrusting, resulting in overheating (T > 160–180°C) that induced widespread clay mineral diagenetic transformations (progressive illitization from R0 to R1 and R3 illite‐smectite mixed‐layers), organic matter maturation (oil window) and Δ47 thermal resetting with apparent equilibrium temperatures above 160°C. The three employed geothermal indicators conjointly reveal that the investigated Upper Cretaceous rocks have suffered a wide range of burial temperatures since their deposition, with a thermal maximum locally up to 160–180°C. High temperatures are associated with the tectonic emplacement of up to 4 km of prealpine nappes in the northern part of the studied area. Finally, a forward thermal modeling using Δ47, vitrinite reflectance and clay mineral data, is attempted to precisely refine the burial and exhumation histories of this area. 相似文献
18.
Constraining the burial history of a sedimentary basin is crucial for accurate prediction of hydrocarbon generation and migration. Although the Ghadames Basin is a prolific hydrocarbon province, with recoverable oil discovered to date in excess of 3.5 billion bbl, exploration on the eastern margin is still limited and the prospectivity of the area depends on the identification of effective source rocks and the timing of hydrocarbon generation. Sonic velocity, apatite fission track (FT) and vitrinite reflectance analysis offer three complementary methods to determine burial history and provide independent analytical techniques to evaluate the timing and amount of exhumation. The results indicate that two phases of tectonic activity had the biggest influence on basin evolution: the Hercynian (Late Carboniferous–Triassic) and Alpine (Late Mesozoic/Cenozoic) tectonic events. Exhumation during the Hercynian tectonic event increases from the SE, where an almost complete Palaeozoic section is preserved, towards the NW. This study quantifies the significant regional Alpine exhumation of the southern and eastern margins of the basin, with important implications for the timing of hydrocarbon maturation and expulsion, particularly for the Silurian source rock interval. Incorporating elevated Alpine exhumation values into burial history models for wells in the eastern (Libyan) part of the basin allows calibration with available maturity (Roeq ) data using moderate values of Hercynian erosion. The result is preservation of the generation potential of Silurian (Tanezzuft) source rocks until maximum burial during Mesozoic/Cenozoic time, which improves the chance for preservation of hydrocarbon accumulations following entrapment. 相似文献
19.
Integrated analysis and modelling of apatite fission track with vitrinite reflectance (VR) data allows the timing, magnitude and pattern of Palaeogene subsidence and Neogene inversion to be established for an uplifted and largely denuded basin: the Buller Coalfield, New Zealand. At the time of maximum subsidence in the late Oligocene, the basin consisted of an extensional half graben, bounded to the west by the Kongahu Fault Zone (KFZ), with up to 6 km of upper Eocene to Oligocene section adjacent to it; currently, only a few tens of metres of basal coal measures on basement are preserved on top of a range 800–1000 m above sea level. Integrated modelling of the VR and fission track data show that the deepest parts of the basin were inverted during two Miocene compressional phases (24–19 Ma and 13–8 Ma), and are consistent with a further phase of inversion during the Quaternary that formed the present topography. Palinspastic restoration of the three phases of inversion shows that the basin was not inverted in a simple way: most of the rock uplift/denudation adjacent to the KFZ occurred during the early Miocene phase, and at the same time burial occurred in the south-eastern part of the basin (maximum temperatures were experienced at different times at different places in the basin); during the middle to late Miocene there was broad uplift in the central and eastern parts of the coalfield. Because the timing and magnitude of uplift have been derived from the zone of inversion, they can be compared independently with the timing of unconformity development and rapid subsidence in the adjacent foredeeps, particularly the Westport Trough. For the middle to late Miocene phase of inversion, we show that during the first 1–2 million years of compression, the uplift within the coalfield also involved the margins of the Westport Trough, contributing to unconformity development; subsequently, uplift continued on the inversion structure but the margins of the Westport Trough subsided rapidly. This is explained by a model of stick slip behaviour on the boundary faults, especially for the KFZ. When compression started the fault zone has locked and uplift extends into the basin, whereas subsequently the fault zone unlocks, and the inversion structure overrides the basin margin, thereby loading it and causing subsidence. 相似文献
20.
In areas of broadly distributed extensional strain, the back‐tilted edges of a wider than normal horst block may create a synclinal‐horst basin. Three Neogene synclinal‐horst basins are described from the southern Rio Grande rift and southern Transition Zone of southwestern New Mexico, USA. The late Miocene–Quaternary Uvas Valley basin developed between two fault blocks that dip 6–8° toward one another. Containing a maximum of 200 m of sediment, the Uvas Valley basin has a nearly symmetrical distribution of sediment thickness and appears to have been hydrologically closed throughout its history. The Miocene Gila Wilderness synclinal‐horst basin is bordered on three sides by gently tilted (10°, 15°, 20°) fault blocks. Despite evidence of an axial drainage that may have exited the northern edge of the basin, 200–300 m of sediment accumulated in the basin, probably as a result of high sediment yields from the large, high‐relief catchments. The Jornada del Muerto synclinal‐horst basin is positioned between the east‐tilted Caballo and west‐tilted San Andres fault blocks. Despite uplift and probable tilting of the adjacent fault blocks in the latest Oligocene and Miocene time, sediment was transported off the horst and deposited in an adjacent basin to the south. Sediment only began to accumulate in the Jornada del Muerto basin in Pliocene and Quaternary time, when an east‐dipping normal fault along the axis of the syncline created a small half graben. Overall, synclinal‐horst basins are rare, because horsts wide enough to develop broad synclines are uncommon in extensional terrains. Synclinal‐horst basins may be most common along the margins of extensional terrains, where thicker, colder crust results in wider fault spacing. 相似文献