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新疆塔城地区雷暴时空分布及变化特征 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
运用线性趋势法、小波分析等方法,对塔城地区1961-2005年实测雷暴资料进行分析,结果表明:(1)塔城地区中部有一条呈东北-西南走向的雷暴高发区,多发中心为庙尔沟,(2)雷暴主要发生期为5月～8月,约占总数的92.8%,其中7月最多,6月次之,(3)塔城地区雷暴日变化表现为单峰型,峰值多出现在16～23时,(4)塔城地区雷暴异常偏少年为1974年,雷暴活动频繁年为1961、1964、1966、1990年,少雷暴年为1986、1996、1997、2004年,(5)近45 a塔城地区雷暴日数在波动中呈显著减少的趋势,线性倾向率为-1.4 d/10 a,(6)小波分析显示塔城地区年均雷暴日数存在着6～7、3 a的振荡周期.在塔城地区北部、中部、南部三个区域中各选取1个昼夜守班的基准(本)站,做为塔城地区的代表站(塔城、托里、乌苏),对塔城地区雷暴日变化进行讨论,得出以下结论:塔城地区雷暴日变化十分明显,雷暴日变化表现为单峰型,塔城、乌苏峰值范围较托里大,且峰值出现时间比托里晚3～6 h.托里站雷暴多发时段出现在14～20时,占总数的67.6%,峰值出现在16、17时,占12.1%;塔城站多发时段为16～22时,占57.5%,峰值出现在20时,占总数的9.3%,次高峰值出现在18时,占总数的8.9%;乌苏站多发时段出现在19～01时,占总数的69.6%,峰值出现在23时,占总数的11.6%,次高峰值出现在21时,占总数的11.3%,与相关研究所述北疆沿天山一带的雷暴多在傍晚至午夜(18～24时),高峰期在晚上(21～22时)的结论一致.乌苏站01～03时雷暴出现频率明显高于塔城、托里两站. 相似文献
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45 a来宁夏雷暴气候统计特征及趋势分析 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
利用1961—2005年宁夏逐日雷暴资料,利用数理统计、小波分析等方法,揭示出了宁夏雷暴天气气候统计特征和演变趋势。结果表明,宁夏总体上属中雷区,年平均出现雷暴日为86.62 d,年际变化幅度大,多、少雷暴年均有7 a,雷暴日最多年为118 d,最少年为65 d;45 a来雷暴的发生有逐渐减少的趋势,并以3.072 d/10a的气候倾向率递减,且存在3~4 a的较短周期和8 a左右的较长周期振荡;雷暴多发生在3—10月,主要集中出现在夏季,尤以7月突出,有明显的季、月变化,冬季雷暴出现的概率非常低;初雷日平均出现在4月中旬,终雷日平均出现在9月中旬,全区平均雷暴初终日间日数为139 d左右;雷暴发生有明显的日变化特征,有双峰型和单峰型之分,集中出现在11:00—22:00时,其中,15:00时前后为雷暴发生高频时;雷暴的发生与地形、地势有密切关系。 相似文献
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利用1961-2011年甘肃省63个测站的雷暴观测资料,采用气候倾向率趋势系数和小波分析方法,研究了甘肃省雷暴气候变化特征。结果表明:年平均雷暴日数呈东北-西南走向,东北少、西南多,全省平均为24 d,有3个雷暴高发中心,地形是影响甘肃雷暴空间分布的主要因子。近51年中,1961-1990年为多雷暴期,1991-2011年为少雷暴期,雷暴日数总体呈减少趋势,其中甘南高原减少速率最快,每10年约减少4 d,这可能与对流有效位能和700 hPa相对湿度的下降有关。在春、夏、秋三季中,夏季雷暴日数减少的趋势最为明显,每10年减少3.4 d,尤以6月最甚。初、终雷暴日的地区差异较大,甘南高原初雷暴日出现最早,终雷暴日结束最晚,河西走廊初雷暴日出现最晚,终雷暴日结束最早,因此甘南高原是甘肃雷暴期最长的地区,达204 d,河西走廊则最短,为105 d。近51年来甘肃雷暴期的缩短主要是初雷暴日的显著推后和终雷暴日的提前所致。小波分析表明甘肃雷暴日数存在24 a和8 a的周期震荡,当前雷暴的发生正处在一个偏少的周期内。 相似文献
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This study integrates past research methodologies, data from the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN), and geographic information system techniques to assess the lightning and severe weather hazard relationship for the 27–28 April 2011 United States tornado outbreak. NLDN and Doppler radar data are used to examine the cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning characteristics associated with seven supercell thunderstorms that produced long-track, significant and/or violent tornadoes. Analyses indicate that CG lightning flashes alone do not provide enough information for the detection of a lightning jump prior to tornadogenesis. All seven supercells were dominated by negative-polarity CG lightning flashes; which is expected due to the geographic location and elevated low-level moisture found in the outbreak environment. The correlation between low-level mesocyclone strength and total CG lightning flash rate was varied and inconsistent among all storms despite their formation and sustenance in similar environmental and geographic space. Additional case studies, as well as climatological approaches, are required to discover if the varying lightning–tornado relationships found in this study are consistent with other tornadic environments. 相似文献
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选取香港雷暴活动异常年作为研究对象,分析了1960―2013年香港地区雷暴发生规律,利用可公度法对其未来雷暴异常年进行趋势判断,在此基础上探讨了太阳活动、ENSO事件与雷暴活动的关系。结果表明：1）1960―2013年香港地区雷暴活动呈现增加趋势,增长速率为2.6 d/10 a,与中国内陆大部分地区雷暴日数呈下降趋势相比,香港雷暴活动异常增强。2）香港雷暴活动异常年具有明显的可公度性,未来10年中,2017年的随机性概率为86.67％,不漏报的置信水平为81.25％;2018年的随机性概率为93.33％,不漏报的置信水平为87.50％,2017和2018年雷暴多发趋势信号较强,有可能为雷暴活动异常年。2017年可公度结构系表现为以1、3、5、8、15 a为主周期的平移对称;2018年表现为以1、4、5、8、12、15 a为主周期的平移对称。3）太阳黑子、ENSO与香港雷暴异常活动具有相关性。当太阳黑子处于低值区时,香港地区雷暴活动强烈,赤道太平洋海温异常偏暖时（厄尔尼诺）,香港雷暴活动异常偏多。 相似文献
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利用阿克苏地区1960—2010年雷暴资料,采用气候倾向率、保证率等气候诊断方法,探讨了阿克苏地区雷暴的时空分布规律、气候变化趋势等。结果表明,阿克苏地区雷暴空间分布表现为西多东少、北多南少,位于该地区西部的乌什县为雷暴多发中心;全区年平均雷暴日数为18.7~52.0 d;阿克苏地区每10 a雷暴日数减少2.8 d;雷暴主要集中在3—11月,7月达到最大值,11月下旬至翌年2月基本无雷暴;80%的保证率下雷暴初日出现在5月中旬至下旬之间,雷暴终日出现在9月下旬至10月中旬之间;阿克苏地区一日当中雷暴主要发生在午后至前半夜,雷暴高峰值出现在16—19时,雷暴平均持续时间在35~47 min,雷暴出现最多的方位是W和N。 相似文献
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This article analyzes lightning/landscape interactions across the State of Colorado. Ten years (2003–2012) of warm season cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning activity are mapped at 500 × 500 m2 to characterize the distribution of thunderstorm activity. Geospatial analyses quantify lightning activity by elevation, physiographic region, and mountain range, and time-series animations outline the general movement of thunderstorms. From these spatio-temporal perspectives, our objective is to elucidate lightning/landscape interactions as they occur over a topographically and climatologically diverse landscape. The information aids meteorologists by exposing orographic and rainshadow effects, mesoscale meteorological effects, fluxes of moisture sources, thunderstorm initiation zones, and thunderstorm movements. Other benefits extend to wildland fire managers, those who maintain lightning-vulnerable infrastructures, and, from a human risk perspective, an overall awareness to those who work and play outdoors. Major findings include (1) elevation alone does not determine the degree of lightning activity, (2) across the state's mountain ranges, lightning density varies considerably, but the number of lightning days does not, and (3) the time of lightning initiation and maxima varies by elevation, with higher mountain elevations experiencing most activity 1 h before lower mountain elevations, and 3 h before lower Great Plains locations. 相似文献
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重庆市雷暴气候变化特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用重庆市34个观测站1951―2009年雷暴日资料,通过数理统计、小波分析、EOF分析等方法,研究重庆市雷暴气候变化特征、周期性规律以及时空分布特征。结果显示:重庆市年平均雷暴日数为37.48 d,一年中任何月份都可出现雷暴,以7、8月份为最多,雷暴主要发生在夏季。过去59年,雷暴日数年代际差异较大,并呈波动减少趋势,平均每10年减少3.403 d。从morlet小波分析结果看,重庆雷暴具有5 a短周期、8～9 a中周期和18 a长周期振荡变化。从空间分布来看,渝东南年平均雷暴日数最多,渝中和渝东北次之,渝西最少,雷暴分布呈现出从东部高山向中部、西部丘陵低山逐渐递减的特征。根据EOF分析,重庆雷暴异常空间分布可划分为全市一致型、局部型、经向型、纬向型等类型。 相似文献
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Flood inundation is a common natural disaster and a growing development challenge for many cities and thousands of small towns around the world. Soil features have frequently altered with the rapid development of urbanised regions, which has led to more frequent and longer duration of flooding in urban flood-prone regions. Thus, this paper presents a geographic information system (GIS)-based methodology for measuring and visualising the effects on urban flash floods generated by land-use changes over time. The measurement is formulated with a time series in order to perform a dynamic analysis. A catchment mesh is introduced into a hydrological model for reflecting the spatial layouts of infrastructure and structures over different construction periods. The Geelong Waurn Ponds campus of Deakin University is then selected as a case study. Based on GIS simulation and mapping technologies, this research illustrates the evolutionary process of flash floods. The paper then describes flood inundation for different built environments and presents a comparison by quantifying the flooding extents for infrastructure and structures. The results reveal that the GIS-based estimation model can examine urban flash floods in different development phases and identify the change of flooding extents in terms of land-use planning. This study will bring benefits to urban planners in raising awareness of flood impact and the approach proposed here could be used for flood mitigation through future urban planning. 相似文献
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A synoptic-scale climatology of precipitation amounts from thunderstorms was developed by analysis of amounts from individual storms for 220 stations in the conterminous United States for the period 1948-1977. The probability of having a thunderstorm without rainfall was assessed for each station. For storms which did produce precipitation, the probability distribution of amounts was found to be well summarized by the incomplete gamma distribution. Sets of seasonal maps of the probability of receiving any measurable amount, less than 4 mm, and more than 20 mm of precipitation are presented. Consistent spatial patterns are found. Thunder without precipitation is most likely in the west. The greatest probability of heavy precipitation occurs along the Gulf Coast, extending in the summer throughout the mid-section of the nation. Topographic effects are apparent, with mountainous areas generally having less intense precipitation than surrounding regions. [Key World: thunderstorms, precipitation probabilities, gamma distribution.] 相似文献
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《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(5):288-298
Bryndal, T. 2015. Local flash floods in Central Europe: A case study of Poland. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift–Norwegian Journal of Geography. Vol. 69, 288–298. ISSN 0029-1951.The article focuses on the seasonality, geographical distribution, and hydrometeorological aspects of local flash floods in Poland, in Central Europe. Scientific articles describing local flash flood events were studied and a database of such floods in Poland was developed and analysed. The results revealed that local flash flood events were usually generated by rainfall lasting less than two hours, with a mean intensity in the range 20–80 mm·h-1. The triggering threshold for local flash floods was P = 20 mm·h-1. Local flash floods may occur from April to October, with higher frequencies in May, June, and July. The floods usually affect mountain and uplands areas differently to lowland and basins regions, and this might be explained by heavy rainfall distribution and topographical conditions. The maxima of the unit discharge (Qs) describe an envelope curve according to the equation Qs = 47A-0.4 (where A is the catchment area in km2). The maxima appear very consistent with envelope curves proposed for other inland continental European countries. The authors conclude that local flash floods in Poland are similar to those recorded in inland continental areas of Europe, but differ from the floods in the Mediterranean part of the continent. 相似文献
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天山北坡高山林线分布的生态地理特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
综合利用多源遥感影像和实地勘察资料识别天山北坡高山林线分布格局,结合区域气象数据和土壤理化性质,分析天山北坡林线分布的生态地理特征。结果表明:①天山北坡林线分布高度大约在2 600～2 850 m,从西向东林线分布高度呈上升趋势,奇台至巴里坤段林线高度上升最为显著;伊犁河谷段与玛纳斯段林线垂直宽度较宽。②影响天山北坡林线分布高度的关键气候因子为生长季温度（如年生物学温度3.35 ℃,最热月均温10.49 ℃,生长季均温8.26 ℃）,特别是年生物学温度,能较好的指示天山北坡高山林线分布位置,且各气候指标均在全国均值范围之内,而影响巴音布鲁克地区森林发育的主要原因为冬季低温干旱。③伊犁林线过渡带和玛纳斯林线过渡带有机质、全氮及全磷的含量最高;酸碱性大致以阜康林线为界,向西呈酸性,向东呈碱性;土壤营养物质主要分布于表层（0～10 cm）,深层(30～80 cm)含量低且变化不显著,具有明显的“表聚现象”;下层土壤pH值从西向东逐渐由弱酸性向弱碱性过渡;电导率空间变异性较强,各层变化特征不显著。 相似文献
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山洪灾害具有广泛性、突发性、破坏性等特征,开展山洪易发区的社区韧性评估,从而提高灾害应对能力是当前防灾减灾的前沿热点和难点。论文提出了一套多学科的综合方法：① 利用中介效应明晰了山洪视角下社区韧性评价体系各指标间的定量化传递关系;② 构建了基于决策实验室分析和解释结构模型的耦合数学模型,确定社区韧性影响因素的多级递阶解释结构模型,分析社区韧性的差异化影响因素;③ 采用信息扩散方法,定量分析山洪灾害社区韧性的变化趋势并排序。以粤北山洪易发区为例,从城镇、村落、城乡结合部3种类型社区进行灾害韧性分析。结果表明：山洪视角下的社区韧性指标体系是一个多维度多层次的复杂网络系统,包括环境、社会、心理、制度和信息沟通5个方面;不同类型社区灾害韧性的直接影响因素呈差异化特征,而供排水设施建设和洪灾应急演练为社区韧性的根本影响因素,对增强山洪视角下社区韧性发挥本质性作用;由于调研村落多位于山洪频发区,居民防范灾害、减轻灾害影响的意识较强,村落较城镇和城乡结合社区呈现出更高的韧性。研究可为提升粤北山洪易发区社区韧性及社区防灾减灾能力提供科学参考,该综合分析方法亦可为其他类型灾害的精细化防灾减灾提供支持。 相似文献
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我国中部五省雷暴日时空分布特征 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为研究中部五省雷暴日时空分布特征,利用1961―2010年中部五省85个气象台站雷暴日资料,采用小波分析和EOF分析等数理统计方法,对其雷暴日时空分布特征进行了统计分析。结果表明：近50年来,中部五省初雷日期和终雷日期没有表现出提前或推迟的趋势,年平均雷暴日整体呈下降趋势,夏季雷暴日的减少是影响年雷暴日减少的主要原因。中部五省年平均雷暴日为41 d,其中春季占全年雷暴日的30.3%,夏季占57.6%,秋季占8.5%,冬季占3.6%;五省平均初雷日期在3月1日或2日,从南至北初雷日期依次推迟,南北最大相差近3个月;终雷日期在10月4日或5日,终雷日期是南晚北早,南北最大相差近2个月;雷暴日月变化曲线呈双峰型,主峰在7月或8月,次峰在4月;通过小波分析,年平均雷暴日主要呈11 a、17 a和6 a、4 a左右的振荡周期;长江以北地区,20 d＜年平均雷暴日≤40 d,属多雷暴地区;长江以南地区,年平均雷暴日＞40 d,属于高雷区或强雷区,其中赣南和湘南少部分地区年平均雷暴日＞60 d,属强雷区。根据EOF分析,将五省年平均雷暴日空间分布划分为：一致型、南北反相型、梅雨型和局地型等4种类型。年平均雷暴日整体呈下降趋势的原因,可能与夏季风的强弱和大气环流突变有关。 相似文献
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Pankaj Bhardwaj Omvir Singh Dinesh Kumar 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2017,38(3):293-312
Thunderstorms are one of the most dangerous convective weather events. Despite the recent advances in prediction of convective storms worldwide, thousands of casualties occur annually. In the present study, the authors highlight specifically, thunderstorm‐related casualties reported in India from 1978–2012. Analysis of long‐term data have revealed about 16 308 casualties resulting from 1381 thunderstorm events with an average of 465 casualties occurring annually. The maximum number of casualties were concentrated in north‐eastern and central north‐eastern states. About 80 per cent of total casualties were recorded in West Bengal (23 per cent), Assam (20 per cent), Orissa (14 per cent), Bihar (13 per cent) and Jharkhand (8 per cent) states. The national casualties rate per million population per year and casualties density standardized by area has been found to be 0.50 and 5.07, respectively. Male casualties were found to be more prominent than female and children casualties, probably due to the larger proportion of males performing their work outdoors. The number of thunderstorm events and casualties was observed to be highest during pre‐monsoon season and lowest during winter. It is believed that the findings from this study will help policy makers to draw strategies to cope with the perils of thunderstorms. 相似文献
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Sun An-Jian 《自然地理学》2013,34(1):26-35
Thunderstorms and hail are important features in the climatology of China. Using occurrences of thunderstorm days or hail days, the spatial and temporal distribution of these phenomena are described. Location, relief, thermal activity, and air mass convergence all contribute to seasonal variations and peak concentrations. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in summer is the most active thunderstorm area of the Northern Hemisphere at 30° to 35° of latitude, but extreme occurrence occurs in Yunnan Province, with thunderstorms experienced on more than 43% of days during the year. Hailstorms in China usually pioduce small hail which causes minimal damage. Occurrences of squalls, however, may form extensive hailswaths accompanied by large hailstones. These long duration hailswaths are potentially very destructive. Middle and eastern areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau may experience over 30 days a year on which hail occurs. The extreme occurrence of 53 hail days was recorded at Nagu. Although thunderstorm days tend to follow seasonal variation of winter and summer monsoon shifts, hail days correlate more to shifts in air mass convergence. 相似文献
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雷电活动参数作为反映区域雷电活动特征的重要指标,地形对其影响不容忽视。利用2014—2018年青海省地闪数据、数字地形高程数据以及HWSD土壤数据集,定量分析海拔、坡度、坡向以及土壤电阻率对青海省地闪分布特征的影响。结果表明：（1） 青海省地闪主要集中在海拔3150~4850 m、坡度0~35°的地区,其中东北坡向地闪次数最多,东南坡向地闪次数最少,地闪对应的土壤电阻率主要集中于100 Ω·m。（2） 地闪密度随海拔的升高先增大后减小,随坡度的增大而减小;地闪平均强度随海拔的升高先减小后增大,随坡度的增大而增大。（3） 选取92°27′00″~97°44′24″E、31°40′48″~34°16′48″N地闪活跃区域,对其1 km×1 km网格内地闪数据与地理参量平均值进行相关性分析,所选区域内地闪密度与平均海拔呈正相关关系,与平均坡度呈负相关关系;而地闪强度与平均海拔呈负相关关系,与平均坡度呈正相关关系。 相似文献
20.
西南地区山洪灾害时空分布特征及其影响因素 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
山洪灾害时空特征和影响因素是山洪评估与管理的重要内容。根据1960-2015年中国西南地区历史山洪资料,采用线性回归、标准差椭圆、空间自相关和Logistic回归模型,深入分析了西南地区山洪灾害时空分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明：① 西南地区年度山洪灾害频次呈指数增长,年际变化呈现出稳定（1960-1980年）、缓慢波动增加（1981-1998年）、快速增加（1999-2015年）3个阶段;月际特征明显,山洪主要发生在每年6-8月,尤以7月频次最高;② 西南地区山洪灾害空间差异性显著,灾害高密度区主要集中于滇中高原地区、四川盆地和周边山地单元,山洪灾害数量分布呈显著的空间正相关,空间集聚特征明显（Moran's I指数为0.127、Z = 5.784、P = 0.007）;③ 西南地区历史灾害点的重心在年内存在明显的向正西方向移动的趋势,年内标准差椭圆转角均逐渐弱化,长轴逐渐变长,短轴逐渐变短;④ 降雨因子对山洪的影响度最高,人类活动因子次之,地表环境因子最低,降雨因子中1 h降雨量对山洪的影响最强,优势比值达到3.654。研究结果可为西南地区山洪灾害形成机理、监测预警研究,实施防灾减灾措施等提供科技支撑。 相似文献