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1.
Abstract

The Swedish Land Data Bank System has been developed in order to rationalize handling of data on real properties and land. The system replaces earlier manual systems for property and land registration. It interacts regularly with other EDP-based information systems and serves as a land information system (LIS) in a broad sense. The system is being steadily extended to cover all parts of the country. The costs for design, implementation and maintenance of the system are covered by reductions of costs for property and land registration.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract

Geographical Information Systems can be used for processing spatial data to assess the risks of environmental contamination. Their use depends upon the amount and quality of available data, the models for interpolation and calculation of health risk, data processing procedures and interactivity. In this study, it is shown that interactive use of GIS is important for obtaining physically relevant results. Three forms of interactivity are distinguished: interactivity by means of user interfacing, interactivity requiring additional information outside GIS and interactivity when changing the use of GIS. Three stages in which interaction with GIS are crucial can be distinguished: application of geostatistics, choice of appropriate models, and decision making. This study focuses on three cases in The Netherlands dealing with soil contamination and soil stress analysis and with implications for risk assessment in which interactivity within GIS is analysed. Emphasis is given to contour volumes of polluted soil, to combine GIS with deterministic models and to apply land use scenarios. Finally, there is a discussion of how some forms of interactivity could be replaced by expert systems.  相似文献   

3.

Landowners can choose either to sell or to hold their land in areas with active rural land markets. Sellers and nonsellers are both important because their decisions shape patterns of land use. Analysis of mail survey data from 286 landowners in the Rochester, MN SMSA isolates four characteristics that distinguish sellers from nonsellers: occupation, size of landholding, recent acquisition of land, and interest in selling land. Nonsellers are often farmers with a large landholding and no interest in selling. More information is needed about their non-economic motives for holding land.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract

This article discusses the use of geographic information technologies to assist researchers in the exploration of historical databases. The case study is a pilot project in which we used geographic information systems (GIS) and global positioning systems (GPS) to study the history of the Public Waterfront Act (the “Chapter 91” program), a policy designed to balance private property rights, public interest, and environmental protection in the Massachusetts tidelands. The issues discussed range from the role of GIS in society and its limitations as a representational tool to the ability of current GIS to deal with historical data and to manage temporal attributes.

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5.
Abstract

This paper considers the use of a modern programming language (Modula-2) to develop a data model for a lot-based land information system. The emphasis is on the importance of maintaining the history of the lots, and a data model is developed which incorporates the history of each lot.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract

This paper describes the progress of the Land Titling Project in Thailand, the objectives of which are to issue titles to all eligible landholders, to improve land administration, to remap all urban areas and to establish a land valuation system. The significance of this project in the context of land information systems (LIS) is that its operations are essential preliminary steps in the development of an effective information system and its experience will therefore be of value in the many countries which are contemplating the establishment of such a system. Special features of the project which contribute to its success are outlined. The project will take twenty years and LIS will be a major activity in the second five-year phase (1990-1994), involving a multi-layer LIS in the Bangkok metropolis and parcel databases in provincial Land Offices.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

The use of remote sensing techniques, image processing, computer mapping and overlays to make inventories of land use and to improve land and water management has increasing potential. Advantages of these techniques include greater geometric resolution and potential time and money savings. The increasing capabilities of personal computers and workstations (hardware and software) and the greater availability of databases have simplified the application of these techniques. In this application, a geographical information system (GIS) was used to facilitate the identification of critical non-point source areas of pollution by sediment-related nutrients. This critical source area information might then be used to aid in the development of non-point source control strategies or for monitoring programme design. This study shows the potential of using GIS in selecting critical source areas for sediment-related water quality problems and land resource protection.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

An error model for spatial databases is defined here as a stochastic process capable of generating a population of distorted versions of the same pattern of geographical variation. The differences between members of the population represent the uncertainties present in raw or interpreted data, or introduced during processing. Defined in this way, an error model can provide estimates of the uncertainty associated with the products of processing in geographical information systems. A new error model is defined in this paper for categorical data. Its application to soil and land cover maps is discussed in two examples: the measurement of area and the measurement of overlay. Specific details of implementation and use are reviewed. The model provides a powerful basis for visualizing error in area class maps, and for measuring the effects of its propagation through processes of geographical information systems.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract

Limitations of the current land records systems in Belize, Central America, led leaders of the Ministry of Natural Resources to initiate this feasibility study for a computer-aided land information system (LIS). Land records in Belize have been based on the British Torrens land tenure system, which maintains five sets of records along with informative maps. One paper file is maintained for each title application and records are continually circulated between seven locations throughout the country, resulting in up to 3 years to complete the process of title registration. A LIS will permit quick access to land records and eliminate most of the current problems, and will merge with a geographic information system being developed for Belize.  相似文献   

10.
ABSTRACT

Urban greening is about bringing vegetation into cities in ways that produce flourishing urban ecologies whilst also making cities more liveable for human inhabitants. We focus here on greening that is done through the maintenance or establishment of gardens, parks, urban forests and informal spaces. We argue that in contexts with established property law systems, such as Australia, making urban ecologies through greening is shaped heavily by relations of property tied to land. This includes constraining the extent to which urban greening can contribute to socio-ecologically just cities. We suggest that progressing greening that is more attentive to the geographies and temporalities of more-than-human life requires us to trouble the hold of property over greening. To do this we explore the possibilities opened up by the lens of urban commons/commoning. We engage with the emerging concept of more-than-human commoning as a way of attuning urban greening to nonhuman agency and affordances. We also grapple with the risk of obscuring or concealing difference between humans in the way commoning makes room for more-than-humans, especially in the context of settler-colonialism. We conclude by calling for a more overt politics of urban greening that encompasses diverse human and more-than-human experiences of the city.  相似文献   

11.
东北松嫩平原生态系统服务价值损失的的估算   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
1IntroductionEcosystems around the globe create and maintain an environment suitable for the continuation of human life. Ecosystems supply goods such as timber, pharmaceuticals, and seafood, and so provide services including purification of air and water,…  相似文献   

12.
Abstract

Error and uncertainty in spatial databases have gained considerable attention in recent years. The concern is that, as in other computer applications and, indeed, all analyses, poor quality input data will yield even worse output. Various methods for analysis of uncertainty have been developed, but none has been shown to be directly applicable to an actual geographical information system application in the area of natural resources. In spatial data on natural resources in general, and in soils data in particular, a major cause of error is the inclusion of unmapped units within areas delineated on the map as uniform. In this paper, two alternative algorithms for simulating inclusions in categorical natural resource maps are detailed. Their usefulness is shown by a simplified Monte Carlo testing to evaluate the accuracy of agricultural land valuation using land use and the soil information. Using two test areas it is possible to show that errors of as much as 6 per cent may result in the process of land valuation, with simulated valuations both above and below the actual values. Thus, although an actual monetary cost of the error term is estimated here, it is not found to be large.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

Geographical information systems are not as popular in Japan as they are in North America, but they have recently been attracting keen interest from national and local governments. This paper reviews (I) the present status of the introduction and use of geographical information systems in Japan, (2) national and local digital geographical information systems in Japan.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

Understanding the use and value of geographical information in decision making has been identified as crucial to the further development of geographical information systems and related spatial analysis techniques. Research into the use of geographical information will be through surveys and case studies. A taxonomy for investigating the use of geographical information and its associated value is needed to structure the surveys and case studies. This paper presents an initial attempt at such a taxonomy, intended to support continuing research into the use and value of geographical information. The survey methodology to be supported will be mostly telephone and/or mail questionnaires, and this has influenced the structure of the taxonomy. The goal of this work is to create a taxonomy suitable for use in surveys that will enhance the understanding of the use and value of geographical information in decision making.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

Abstract This paper provides an overview of developments and applications of geographical information systems (GIS) in North America over the past 20 years, together with some indications of lessons learned and prospects for the future. Most developments in this field have been confined to a small number of sectors, including forestry, land registry, transport and facility planning, civil engineering, agriculture and environment, although progress has been variable. The wider use of GIS has been (and will probably continue to be) inhibited by a number of factors, such as lack of digital base mapping, limited digital data, unawareness among potential users and resistance to new technology, coverage of data, assessment of costs and benefits, technological developments affecting GIS and sources of funds for research to political structures, availability of skilled staff, lack of proper advice, the unwisdom of ‘going it alone’ and management problems (which are as important as technical problems, if not more so). A successful programme of GIS depends on a coordination of effort relating to applications, trained personnel, governmental involvement in R. &D. and development of a source of independent advice.  相似文献   

16.
In this ‘Thinking Space’ essay we revisit Maurie Daly’s 1982 book Sydney Boom, Sydney Bust, fuelled by concern for how Australian cities are being transformed by financialised real estate. Daly's insights remain highly relevant to Sydney and other cities around Australia and the world today. Poorly planned densification, inflated property markets, land speculation, and housing poverty are all outcomes of the (global) capitalist intersection of finance and land in Australia. The overwriting of Aboriginal country with colonial-capitalist systems of land ownership set in train a process of land and housing booms, bubbles and busts that are better understood by their circular continuity rather than as a set of ephemeral ruptures. It is the property and finance system itself, rather than any ruptures to it, that reproduces unequal and alienating social relations. Researchers investigating property speculation, global capital, urban planning and financialisation, we argue, ought to revisit this key text to inform their contemporary analyses. Moreover, those wielding power over Australian urban affairs would do well to read it too, lest its lessons be ignored for another generation.  相似文献   

17.
ABSTRACT

Coastal mapping provides information for coastal zone protection. Land foreshore-border mapping is important, since it is related to land and property management, raising the need for an automated foreshore delineation framework. This research develops a multi-scale GEographic Object-Based Image Analysis method for foreshore identification from single-date very high-resolution imagery and DTM. Foreshore interpretation criteria were provided by the Greek Cadastral Office; however, they defined the foreshore-borders in an ill-defined manner. Thus, an ontology was designed and implemented to formalize the implicit spectral, geometric, and spatial relationships described in the interpretation criteria, and employ them during identification. The final ontology was delivered after three design phases: specification, conceptualization, and knowledge formalization. Imagery preprocessing through anisotropic morphological levelings reduced undesired spatial detail and noise. A three-level segmentation and ontological classification approach was developed to compute proper objects and assign them into semantic categories. Class definitions were created through fuzzy restrictions, representing value ranges of the employed properties. Evaluation of the extracted foreshore area with human-interpreted reference data showed a 77.9% quality, which was satisfactory. Evaluation by comparing the extracted foreshore border to the reference data showed an average deviation of 2.4 m, which is within Greek Cadastral Office specifications.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

This paper presents a methodology which provides a practicable solution to a specific class of areal interpolation problems. The method allows for the transformation of the areal basis of land use data from a set of reporting units to a set of land capability classes within each of which land use mix is assumed to be homogeneous. Three alternative procedures, based on least squares criteria, are suggested for estimation of the land use mix in each land class. Although these are shown to produce similar and broadly plausible results in an empirical application, choice of procedure may be guided by consideration of the particular application and computational ease.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

Einevoll, O. 1968. Land Classification Maps of Areas Basic to Agricultural Production. Norsk geogr. Tidsskr. 22, 264–270.

In Norway, a detailed land survey, based on photogrammetry, is now proceeding for land classification maps of the scale 1:5,000 (for certain minor areas 1:10,000) covering agricultural areas and including forest land. The areas to be mapped are classified according to land capability and general conditions of management. Containing a great deal of additional information as well, these maps will serve as a valuable aid in land use planning. The survey is designed to be completed in 12–15 year's time.

More roughly designed maps for the entire country on the scale 1:100,000 and 1:250,000, printed in colour, will be produced within two years' time. Intermediate maps of 1:20,000, containing an extended number of land types, will be undertaken gradually, after the appearance of the large scale map series. Property boundaries recorded in connexion with the surveying for the large scale maps will serve as the basis for a complete land register containing exact information about size and land properties of individual holdings.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

Many geographical information systems offer the possibility of converting vector data to raster data and using the raster pattern for analysis. This conversion process is already well known and has been used for many years. This paper shows how a selection of eight geographical information systems convert vector test data to a raster pattern. Each system handles this process in its own way, giving results that differ both in number and in the location of assigned raster cells in the raster pattern. The results of the conversions are compared with a desired raster pattern based on five simple principles. Suggestions are made about standardizing the process of conversion for all geographical information systems to make it possible to create and exchange data more safely.  相似文献   

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