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1.
全球变暖与广东气候带变化 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
根据广东省各气候带13个代表站1960-2007年的气象资料,研究了48年来广东省各气候带的温度、 云量和日照的变化特征以及与全球地面温度(GST)的关系.结果表明:(1)广东省各气候带温度变化与GST变 化呈准同步变化趋势,两者相关系数均通过99.9%的显著性检验;(2)南亚热带北区、南区和北热带的增温速率 高于全球,中亚热带低于全球;其中增温速率最高的是南亚热带南区,比GST增温率高出0.07～0.08℃/10 a,中 亚热带增温速率比全球低0.01～0.03℃/10 a;(3)从季节分布看,各气候带增温速率冬季最大,其次是秋季,其 中南亚热带南区各个季节的增温速率都为最大;(4)低云量的年变化各气候带均呈上升趋势,其中中亚热带上升 最明显;低云量与气温有明显的正相关;(5)日照的年变化各气候带均呈下降趋势,其中中亚热带下降最明显. 相似文献
2.
气候变暖对中国亚热带北界位置的影响 总被引：12，自引：4，他引：8
在全球气候变暖的背景下,中国气候带也有相应的变化。亚热带北界是暖温带与北亚热带的交界,是中国气候带上的一个重要分界线。论文讨论了气候变暖对中国亚热带北界的影响。数据资料来自于中国气象局,采用中国740个站点1951~2005年的日平均温度资料。根据《中华人民共和国气候图集》中气候区划的第一级气候带定义指标,以≥10℃天数为主导指标,≥10℃积温、1月平均温度为辅助指标,定义亚热带北界为≥10℃天数为218天,≥10℃积温为4500~4800℃,1月平均气温为0℃。分别统计1951~2005年暖温带与亚热带指标的年代变化及亚热带北界在1951~1970、1971~1990、1991~2005年的位置演变,结果表明:34°N附近55年来≥10℃天数、≥10℃积温、1月平均温度都呈上升趋势。20世纪50年代至今,亚热带北界西段几乎没有变化;亚热带北界中东段向北推移幅度较大,到本世纪初向北已推移到35°N附近,较1951~1970年向北推移2~3个纬度。亚热带北界位置的向北推移是对全球气候变暖的一种响应,这将对我国农业布局和生态环境有重要影响。 相似文献
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近40a来长江流域≥10℃积温的时空变化特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
基于1970―2013 年长江流域131 个气象站点的日平均气温数据,采用气候倾向率、累积距平、M-K 检验及滑动T 检验等方法分析了该区≥10℃积温的时空变化特征。结果表明：1）突变时间较早的区域主要有嘉陵江流域,中游干流区,太湖流域和下游干流区（1997 年）;而岷江、沱江流域,鄱阳湖流域和洞庭湖流域较晚（2001年）;长江源头的金沙江流域最晚（2002 年）。2）在区域尺度上,1970 年以来,北亚热带、中亚热带和高原气候区日平均气温≥10℃积温的初日分别以-1.25、-1.39、-0.8 d/10 a 提前,终日分别以1.52、1.43、1.47 d/10 a 推后,持续日数以2.97、2.92、4.62 d/10 a 幅度延长。积温总体上分别以113.5、88.8、77.3℃/10 a 增加。3）≥10℃积温的年际变化存在明显的空间差异,积温增加幅度较大的地区主要集中在汉中―奉节―五峰―吉首―武冈―道县以东的长江中下游地区以及四川盆地、云贵高原、青海高原的个别站点。 相似文献
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西藏高原农业界限温度的变化特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据西藏1971～2000年≥0℃、10℃界限温度资料,建立了小网格推算模式,应用GIS推算出500m×500m网格点上的农业界限温度值,分析了界限温度的空间分布特征、趋势变化、年代际变化和气候异常。结果表明:界限温度持续日数及积温总的分布趋势自东南向西北减小,并随着海拔高度的升高、纬度的增大而减小。过去30年,西藏大部分站点≥0℃表现为初日提早、终日推迟、持续日数延长、积温增加的趋势。20世纪70年代,各站点≥0℃积温偏少,持续日数较短;主要农区≥10℃积温呈逐年代增加趋势,90年代热量最充足。前20年西藏各站点≥0℃的积温未出现过异常偏高年,90年代后期大部分站点发生了异常偏高年。 相似文献
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云龙天池自然保护区垂直气候带划分 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以位于纵向岭谷区核心区域的云龙天池自然保护区为研究对象,通过分析保护区气温及降水两大要素的垂直变化,依据气候要素变化特征,结合云南省热量资源区划指标系统及山地热量带划分原则,将保护区划分为6个垂直气候带:澜沧江河谷南亚热带半湿润气候带、澜沧江河谷中亚热带湿润气候带、低中山山麓北亚热带湿润气候带、中山南温带湿润气候带、高中山中温带湿润气候带、高山寒温带潮湿气候带。对各垂直气候带内气候、生物特征进行分析,结果表明:各气候带界限明确,发育符合本气候带热量水分条件的植被及土壤;山麓底部发育有符合水平地带性规律的基带,基带垂直向下的河谷地带发育负向气候带;保护区南温带及以上的气候带,气温偏低,生态系统脆弱。 相似文献
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1957—2011年中国中部不同气候带气候变化及其与ENSO的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《地域研究与开发》2015,(5)
依据湖北、河南与山西三省的气象资料,以湖北中部、河南中部、晋东南豫北和晋西北作为典型区域,研究1957—2011年中国中部亚热带湿润、温带半湿润、温带半干旱3个气候带气候变化特征及其与ENSO事件的关系。研究结果显示:研究区气候差异显著,自南向北降水集中程度增强、集中期明显缩短。湖北中部、河南中部降水年际波动大且无明显变化趋势,晋东南豫北地区、晋西北降水呈波动减少趋势。自20世纪80年代以来升温趋势显著,在90年代出现升温突变并呈持续上升趋势,且南北增温快,河南中部增温慢。暖事件(El Nio)具有使中部地区各气候带不同程度的降水减少和气温升高作用,冷事件(La Nia)则相反。暖事件使半干旱区和湿润区降水减少较多,使半湿润区减少幅度较小;冷事件使半湿润区的河南中部降水增加较多,使湿润区和半干旱区增幅较小。暖事件使半干旱区升温幅度最大,半湿润区的河南中部升温幅度最小;冷事件使气温下降幅度均较小,且不存在明显区域差异。 相似文献
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利用1961-2006年的日照资料,分析了近46年来乌鲁木齐市及同一气候区的周边邻近城市和郊区的日照时数变化特征.结果表明:随着城市化的发展,大、中城市的年日照时数是趋于减少,且减少的倾向率与城市发展的速度和规模呈正相关.大城市乌鲁木齐和中等城市昌吉、米泉的日照时数距平百分率分别以4.1%/10 a、2.2%/10 a和2.0%/10 a的趋势递减,米泉的日照时数距平百分率1998年以后呈现为剧减的趋势;而小城镇达坂城的年日照时数距平百分率则以0.8%/10 a趋势递增.城市中日照时数减少最明显的季节为污染排放量大、逆温层厚而强的冬季,其中又以1月份日照百分率减少趋势最为明显.达坂城四个季节的日照百分率均随着年代的推移而增加,其中春季和夏季增加趋势最明显,增加速率分别为1.64%/10 a和0.63%/10 a.在乌鲁木齐及昌吉两城市,除气候变化和天气因素外,影响日照时数变化的主要因子是大气环境. 相似文献
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依据秦岭南北地区80个站点1980-2009年气象数据,主要应用空间分析方法对半干旱与湿润区、暖温带与亚热带界限的位置变动特征进行了分析。结果表明：（1）近30 a来,秦岭南北地区的气候干燥度呈明显的纬向分布,由北向南湿度依次增加,其线性趋势除商洛东北部,和西安中部地区呈增加变湿的趋势外,其余部分呈减少趋势;≥10 ℃积温天数呈纬向分布,由北向南依次增加,其线性趋势均为增加趋势,空间分布特征呈同心分布;（2）半干旱与湿润界限在20世纪80年代位置最北,在90年代最南,21世纪前10 a次之;暖温带与亚热带界限在20世纪80年代的位置最南、 90年代略有北移,且在21世纪前10 a位置最北;（3）秦岭南北地区的半干旱与湿润、暖温带与亚热带界限最大波动分别为1.2、0.5 个纬度,且两者30 a平均位置均在34 °N附近;（4）秦岭南北地区近30 a气候暖干化趋势明显,该区的半干旱与湿润区、暖温带与亚热带界限的北移可能会对该地区的种植制度产生较大影响。 相似文献
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应用地统计学方法定量评价森林截留的地理变化规律 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
收集大量森林生态系统类型林冠截留功能研究资料,应用地统计学方法模拟了我国主要森林生态系统类型林冠截留的地理变化规律。结果表明:我国主要森林生态系统类型林冠截留与环境因素经度和纬度之间存在一定的地理变化规律,地统计学方法模拟的回归优度达88.15%,明显优于前人提出的三因素多元地理空间模型的模拟效果(回归优度为56.42%),能更真实反映我国主要森林生态系统类型林冠截留的地理变化规律,从而为我国主要森林生态系统林冠截留时空分布的模拟与分析提供可靠方法。这些主要森林生态系统包括:寒温带、温带山地落叶针叶林;寒温带、温带山地常绿针叶林;亚热带、热带东部山地常绿针叶林;亚热带、热带西部山地常绿针叶林;亚热带西部高山常绿针叶林;温带山地落叶与常绿针叶林;温带、亚热带山地落叶阔叶林;亚热带山地常绿阔叶林;亚热带山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林;亚热带竹林;南亚热带山地季风常绿阔叶林;热带半落叶季风雨林;热带山地雨林。 相似文献
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1951-2010 年中国主要气候区划界线的移动 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
根据采用同一区划方法、指标体系划分的1951-1980 年及1981-2010 年中国气候区划结果,对比分析了过去60 年中国气候区划的主要界线变化特征。结果表明：1951-1980 年至1981-2010 年,我国寒温带界线西缩、北移;暖温带北界东段北移,其中最大北移幅度超过1个纬度;北亚热带北界东段平均北移1 个纬度以上,并越过淮河一线;中亚热带北界中段从江汉平原南沿移至了江汉平原北部,最大移动幅度达2 个纬度;南亚热带北界西段北移0.5~2 个纬度;青藏高原亚寒带范围缩小,高原温带范围增加。东北湿润、半湿润区虽转干与趋湿并存,但其中温带地区的湿润-半湿润东界东移,大兴安岭中部与南部的半湿润-半干旱界线北扩;其他地区的干湿分界线虽未出现明显移动,但北方半干旱及华北半湿润区总体转干,河西走廊、新疆及青藏高原的干旱、半干旱区总体转湿;而南方湿润区则趋干与转湿并存。 相似文献
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《The Professional geographer》1988,40(4):471-499
Books reviewed in this article: USA, Eine Geographische Landeskunde , Vol. I, Der Grossraum in Strukturellem, Wandel, 3rd Ed. Helmut Blume . Introduction to Remote Sensing . James B. Campbell . The Sounds of People and Places: Readings in the Geography of American Folk and Popular Music . George O. Carney , ED. Development and Underdevelopment . John Cole . Mobility and Employment in Urban Southeast Asia: Example from Indonesia and the Philippines . Michael A. Costello , Thomas R. Leinbach , AND Richard Ulack . Soviet Asia: Economic Development and National Policy Choices . Leslie Dienes . The Third World City . David Drakakis -Smith . Scholars' Guide to Washington, DC for Cartography and Remote Sensing Imagery (maps, charts, aerial photographs, satellite images, cartographic literature and geographic information systems). Ralph E. Ehrenberg . Population and Development in the Third World . Allan AND Anne Findlay . The Early Mapping of Hawaii . Gary L. Fitzpatrick . Energetics of Physical Environment: Energetic Approaches to Physical Geography . K. J. Gregory , ED. Wildland Recreation: Ecology and Management . William E. Hammitt and David N. Cole . Agricultural Commercialization and Government Policy in Africa . J. Hinderink AND J. J. Sterkenburg . The Dynamics of American Housing . James W. Hughes AND George Sternlieb . Thailand: Buddhist Kingdom as Modern Nation State . Charles F. Keyes . Resolving Locational Conflict . Robert W. Lake , ED. Lands at Risk in the Third World: Local-level Perspectives . Peter D. Little and Michael M. Horowitz , EDS. Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and the Culture of American Science . David N. Livingstone . Regions: The Economics and Politics of Territory . Ann R. Markusen . Wetlands . William J. Mitsch and James G. Gosselink . Historical Geography: Progress and Prospect . Michael Pacione , ED. Loess and Periglacial Phenomena . Marton P$eacsi and Hugh M. French , EDS. Regional Management of Metropolitan Floodplains, Experience in the United States and Abroad . Rutherford H. Platt , ED. Human Cartography: Mapping the World of Man . Janos Szegö . Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History . Helen H. Tanner , ED. The Botany of Mangroves . P. B. Tomlinson . Urban Spatial Traffic Patterns . Rodney Vaughan . The Night After … Climatic and Biological Consequences of a Nuclear War . Yevgeni Velikhov , ED. Industrial Geography . H. D. Watts . Dictionary of Quotations in Geography . James O. Wheeler and Francis M. Sibley . Vermont Townscape . Norman Wiliams , Jr. , Edmund K. Kellogg and Peter M. Lavigne . 相似文献
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P. Guilizzoni A. Marchetto A. Lami N. G. Cameron P. G. Appleby N. L. Rose Ø. A. Schnell C. A. Belis A. Giorgis L. Guzzi 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1996,15(3):245-264
A palaeoecological study of an oligotrophic alpine lake, Paione Superiore (Italy), provided a record of historical changes in water quality. Historical trends in lake acidification were reconstructed by means of calibration and regression equations from diatoms, chrysophycean scales and pigment ratios. The historical pH was inferred by using two different diatom calibration data sets, one specific to the alpine region. These pH trends, together with the record of sedimentary carbonaceous particles and chironomid remains, indicate a recent acidification of this low alkalinity lake.Concentration of total organic matter, organic carbon, nitrogen, biogenic silica (BSiO2), chlorophyll derivatives (CD), fucoxanthin, diatom cell concentration and number of chironomid head capsules increased during the last 2–3 decades. When expressed as accumulation rates, most of these parameters tended to decrease from the past century to c. 1950, then all except P increased to the present day. A marked increase in sedimentary nitrogen may be related to atmospheric pollution and to the general increases in output of N in Europe. High C/N ratios indicate a prevailing allochthonous source of organic matter.Finally, the increase in measured air temperature from the mid-1800's appeared to be related to lake water pH before industrialization: cold periods generally led to lower pH and vice-versa. The more recent phenomenon of anthropogenic acidification has apparently decoupled this climatic-water chemistry relationship. 相似文献
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K. F. Walker I. G. Dunn D. Edwards T. Petr H. Z. Yang 《International Journal of Salt Lake Research》1995,4(3):169-222
Quinghai Hu is a large, high-altitude, saline lake in north-western China, and supports a fishery based on an endemic species of naked carp (snow trout). The fish take seven years to attain maturity and a marketable weight of 300 g, and have a lifespan of 14–21 years under the present fishery regime. They seasonally migrate from the lake to spawn over the gravel beds of inflowing rivers, but these areas have been reduced by weirs and irrigation diversions and recruitment may have declined. The population may have been affected also by a 1.85-m fall in the lake level over the past 30 years, and by associated changes in salinity. The fishery was opened to large-scale exploitation in 1958. Yields declined sharply (max. 28,523 tonnes, 1960) as the larger, older fish were removed, and then more slowly (min. 2523 tonnes, 1983). Since 1987 the fish factory has been limited to an annual quota of 1200 tonnes, taken by a fleet of four pair trawlers. Another 800 tonnes are taken by licensed fishermen, mainly using gill nets, and perhaps 1000 tonnes are taken illegally. The estimated total catch in 1992 was 3000 tonnes. New trawlers introduced in 1989–90 substantially increased the factory's catch per unit effort, and in 1990 the quota was virtually filled in one month in a zone within 20 km of the factory. Although this could suggest that the stocks will be conserved if the quota is retained, at least half of the catch in 1989–92 consisted of immature individuals. Trawling operations recently were suspended following a further decline in the catch after 1992. While the new trawlers are capable of a major increase in effort, neither the changing environment, the fish stocks or the present markets favour intensified pressure. Gillnets may provide better control over the minimum size limit and may cause less damage than trawling. Other options to improve the viability and profitability of the fishery include improvements in handling, processing and marketing. Failure to develop the fishery may encourage attempts to introduce exotic fish, at some risk to survival of the local species. 相似文献
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Chironomidae (Diptera) remains in surficial lake sediments from the Canadian Cordillera: analysis of the fauna across an altitudinal gradient 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The altitudinal distribution of Chironomidae (Diptera) in the southern Canadian Cordillera was analyzed by means of head capsules preserved in surficial sediments of 30 lakes. Taxa characteristic of late-glacial deposits of southern, coastal British Columbia are extant at high elevations, particularly in the Rocky Mountains, and in large, deep, low-elevation lakes. Many chironomid taxa common at low elevations in the southern Canadian Cordillera were not found in alpine and upper subalpine lakes. These faunal differences are probably climatically related. The differences in fauna between high and low-elevation lakes parallel differences between arctic and temperate lakes. 相似文献
18.
MATT K. MATSUDA 《Geographical review》2007,97(2):230-243
ABSTRACT. Narratives concerning Pacific Ocean territories are often historically derived from European and American mainland visions of great, empty oceans dotted with deserted and uninhabited islands. However, research by indigenous and outlander scholars, along with struggles for political and cultural autonomy in the Pacific, has brought attention to vital island communities and 6has raised questions about a Pacific‐island way of understanding the world. This understanding is traced through scholarly and artistic engagements with history, island‐community studies, and navigational philosophies and is framed by a growing theoretical literature on epistemologies of place from the disciplines of geography and oceanography. 相似文献
19.
Precipitation is an important component of global water and energy transport and a major aspect of climate change. Due to the scarcity of meteorological observations, the precipitation climate over Tibet has been insufficiently documented. In this study, the distribution of precipitation during the rainy season over Tibet from 1980 to 2013 is described on monthly to annual time scales with meteorological observations. Furthermore, four precipitation products are compared to observations over Tibet. These datasets include products derived from the Asian Precipitation-Highly-Resolved Observational Data(APHRO), the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre(GPCC), the University of Delaware(UDel), and the China Meteorological Administration(CMA). The error, relative error, standard deviation, root-mean-square error, correlations and trends between these products for the same period are analyzed with in situ precipitation during the rainy season from May to September. The results indicate that these datasets can broadly capture the temporal and spatial precipitation distribution over Tibet. The precipitation gradually increases from northwest to southeast. The spatial precipitation in GPCC and CMA are similar and positively correlated to observations. Areas with the largest deviations are located in southwestern Tibet along the Himalayas. The APHRO product underestimates, while the UDel, GPCC, and CMA datasets overestimates precipitation on the basis of monthly and inter-annual variation. The biases in GPCC and CMA are smaller than those in APHRO and UDel with a mean relative error lower than 10% during the same periods. The linear trend of precipitation indicates that the increase in precipitation has accelerated extensively during the last 30 years in most regions of Tibet. The CMA generally achieves the best performance of these four precipitation products. Data uncertainty in Tibet might be caused by the low density of stations, complex topography between the grid points and stations, and the interpolation methods, which can also produce an obvious difference between the gridded data and observations. 相似文献
20.
Jean-Claude Plaziat 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1993,8(2):163-169
Potamids generally live in estuaries, lagoons, and along protected sea shores. However, their ability to colonize intracontinental lakes has been underestimated due to non- or misidentifications. Potamides conicus, the only present lacustrine Potamid currently found in North Africa, belongs to a lagoon-type (thalassoid) malacofauna, dominated by the Cardium Cerastoderma glaucum: this fauna occurs in association with Foraminifera (especially Ammonia beccarii) and Ostracoda (Cyprideis gr. Torosa). Potamids have been found 250 to 900 km from the nearest sea shore: passive dispersal (probably through birds) is the primary dispersal mechanism. Shell morphology and ornamentation can be used to characterize life environment (lacustrine versus marine) but not distance from sea shore. The presence of Potamid-Foraminifera fauna in the fossil record has been interpreted as providing evidence for a sea connection (e.g., gulfs, lagoons). However, more recent paleoecological studies have demonstrated that such assemblages span an ecological gradient from freshwater to hypersaline lacustrine environments. Thus, the occurrence of modern Potamids in lacustrine (in addition to maritime) environments has important implications for Quaternary and Tertiary paleogeographic investigations. Lacustrine Potamids have been recorded from the European Tertiary (France, Spain) and from the Sahara Holocene. More research is required for the better understanding of the distribution and ecology of Potamids in modern and fossil lakes of other continents.This publication is the fifth of a series of papers presented at the Conference on Sedimentary and Paleolimnological Records of Saline Lakes. This Conference was held August 13–16, 1991 at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. Dr Evans is serving as Guest Editor. 相似文献