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1.
An underlying wetland surface comprises soil, water and vegetation and is sensitive to local climate change. Analysis of the degree of coupling between wetlands and the atmosphere and a quantitative assessment of how environmental factors influence latent heat flux have considerable scientific significance. Using data from observational tests of the Maduo Observatory of Climate and Environment of the Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resource, CAS, from June 1 to August 31, 2014, this study analysed the time-varying characteristics and causes of the degree of coupling(Ω factor)between alpine wetlands underlying surface and the atmosphere and quantitatively calculated the influences of different environmental factors(solar radiation and vapour pressure deficit) on latent heat flux. The results were as follows:(1) Due to diurnal variations of solar radiation and wind speed, a trend developed where diurnal variations of the Ω factor were small in the morning and large in the evening. Due to the vegetation growing cycle, seasonal variations of the Ω factor present a reverse "U" trend. These trends are similar to the diurnal and seasonal variations of the absolute control exercised by solar radiation over latent heat flux. This conforms to the Omega Theory.(2) The values for average absolute atmospheric factor(surface factor or total) control exercised by solar radiation and water vapour pressure are 0.20(0.02 or 0.22) and 0.005(-0.07 or-0.06) W/(m2·Pa), respectively. Generally speaking, solar radiation and water vapour pressure deficit exert opposite forces on latent heat flux.(3) At the underlying alpine wetland surface, solar radiation primarily influences latent heat flux through its direct effects(atmospheric factor controls). Water vapour pressure deficit primarily influences latent heat flux through its indirect effects(surface factor controls) on changing the surface resistance.(4) The average Ω factor in the underlying alpine wetland surface is high during the vegetation growing season, with a value of 0.38, and the degree of coupling between alpine wetland surface and atmosphere system is low. The actual measurements agree with the Omega Theory. The latent heat flux is mainly influenced by solar radiation. 相似文献
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塔克拉玛干沙漠近地层湍流热通量计算方法比较研究 总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3
利用2007年8月3日至10月31日在塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测试验站取得的大气边界层观测资料,比较了涡动相关法、波文比法和空气动力学法计算得到的湍流热通量,分析了塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地能量平衡各分量的日变化特征。结果表明：波文比法、空气动力学和涡动相关法计算得到的塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地湍流热通量日变化特征是一致的,整个观测期间,空气动力学方法和波文比法计算得出的湍流通量大于涡动相关法。它们的顺序分别为,波文比法计算得出的湍流热通量最大,空气动力学方法次之,涡动相关法最小;塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地能量平衡各分量基本上以12:00时为中心,呈对称分布。净辐射、土壤热通量、感热通量具有非常明显的日变化特征。净辐射日最高值324 W·m-2出现在当地时间11:30,最小值-85 W·m-2出现在当地时间18:30;土壤热通量在12:00左右达到日最高值143 W·m-2,而20:00时出现最小值-69 W·m-2;感热通量在13:30时左右达到最高值178 W·m-2,19:00时左右出现最小值-7 W·m-2;相对于上述3个能量平衡分量,潜热通量的日变化特征不太明显。每日12:30左右出现潜热通量的最大值43 W·m-2,06:00时出现日最低值－1 W·m-2。 相似文献
3.
巴丹吉林沙漠典型湖泊湖气界面水一热交换特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用2012年8月-2013年7月在巴丹吉林沙漠腹地典型湖泊上用涡动相关系统观测的湍流资料,分析了湍流方差统计特征、微气象特征,计算了湍流热通量和湖泊蒸发量,初步结论为：①湖面上局地环流复杂,湍流三维风速的标准差与稳定度(Z/L)之间满足1/3次律。②湖面辐射分量具有明显季节变化和日变化特征,结冰期和非结冰期能量分配不同,冬季湖泊将储存的能量向大气传递;潜热通量和感热通量季节变化存在差异,但均有明显的昼夜变化特征。③湖气界面的感热通量在不同的月份也存在差异,感热以湖泊向大气传递为主;潜热通量夏半年远大于冬半年,在一天中6:00-8:00时处于最低值,15:00-16:00时达到峰值,在冬季会出现潜热向下输送现象。感热通量和潜热通量日变化呈负相关,湖面有效能量主要分配给潜热,湖泊同周围环境以水汽交换为主。④湖面平均蒸发速率为3.97 mm/d,累计蒸发量为1450±10 mm/a,同期的蒸发量是降水量的20多倍,湖泊主要靠地下水补给。这些结论可为进一步研究巴丹吉林沙漠腹地湖泊群的水循环及补给来源提供参考。 相似文献
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2005年6月1日到8月30日,在中国科学院三江平原沼泽湿地生态试验站沼泽综合试验场季节性积水沼泽湿地,观测了净辐射和土壤热通量;利用Penman-Monteith公式和地表能量平衡方程式计算了潜热通量和感热通量;同时用SHAW模型对以上4个能量平衡要素进行了模拟研究,并用观测值以及模型效率、标准差和平均方差检验和评价了其模拟效果。结果表明,三江平原季节性积水沼泽湿地净辐射在6月末至7月初较大;潜热通量主要受净辐射的影响,与土壤水分关系不密切;沼泽湿地地表在6月初至8月中旬以吸收能量为主,8月末以后则开始释放能量;感热通量在植物生长季的初期和末期较大,在中期则比较小。SHAW模型能较好的模拟出沼泽湿地的净辐射、潜热通量和土壤热通量;该模型虽对感热通量的模拟结果并不理想,但能较好的模拟其变化趋势。这说明SHAW模型基本适用于对季节性浅积水沼泽湿地（水深小于10cm）能量平衡各要素的模拟。 相似文献
5.
荒漠化地区水热通量变化特征和气候学足迹对理解干旱、半干旱区气候变化及水分循环具有重要意义。以科尔沁沙地一条梯级生态带为研究区，运用2017年3-12月大孔径闪烁仪和自动气象站数据对研究区不同时间尺度水热通量和通量源区的动态变化特征进行分析。结果表明：水热通量日变化特征明显，各分支能量占比不同。晴天近地表能量各项分支曲线均呈显著单峰状，多云天水热通量变化无显著规律；水热通量季节变化显著，夏季显热通量值小于春季、秋季和冬季，潜热通量夏季最大，其次为春季和秋季，冬季最小；小时尺度和日尺度上源区变化较大；季节尺度上，源区面积春季 > 秋季 > 夏季，季节尺度间源区差异较小时尺度和日尺度降低；结合梯级生态带内下垫面类型看，生长季源区以光径中段的玉米农田占比最大，沙丘和草甸下垫面次之，光径内小型湖泊所占源区比例较小。不同月份各下垫面类型占比略有不同。 相似文献
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天山季节性积雪的能量平衡研究和融雪速率模拟 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
本文采用能量平衡法模拟计算中国西部天山山地季节性积雪的融雪速率。结果表明:在融雪期,净辐射和感热通量分别占融雪能量输入的75.3%和22.6%;用于融雪和雪面蒸发所消耗的能量分别占吸收能量的95.1%和4.9%。用能量平衡法所计算的融雪速率和实测的雪面数据吻合的较好,表明用能量平衡法估算天山山地季节性积雪的融雪速率是可行的。 相似文献
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ZHANG Yongqiang SHEN Yanjun YU Qiang LIU Changming A. Kondoh TANG Changyuan SUN Hongyong JIA Jinsheng 《地理学报》2002,12(3):295-300
Surface energy fluxes were measured using Bowen-Ratio Energy Balance technique (BREB) and eddy correlation system at Luancheng of Hebei Province, on the North China Plain from 1999 to 2001. Average diurnal variation of surface energy fluxes and CO2 flux for maize showed the inverse "U" type. The average peak fluxes did not appear at noon, but after noon. The average peak CO2 flux was about 1.65 mg m-2 s-1. Crop water use efficiency (WUE) increased quickly in the morning, stabilized after 10:00 and decreased quickly after 15:00 with no evident peak value. The ratio of latent heat flux (λE) to net solar radiation (Rn) was always higher than 70% during winter wheat and maize seasons. The seasonal average ratio of sensible heat flux (H) divided by Rn stayed at about 15% above the field surface; the seasonal average ratio of conductive heat flux (G) divided by Rn varied between 5% and 13%, and the average G/Rn from the wheat canopy was evidently higher than that from the maize canopy. The evaporative fraction (EF) is correlated to the Bowen ratio in a reverse function. EF for winter wheat increased quickly during that revival stage, after the stage, it gradually stabilized to 1.0, and fluctuated around 1.0. EF for maize also fluctuated around 1.0 before the later grain filling stage, and decreased after that stage. 相似文献
9.
The passage of subtropical cold fronts through central Australia produces the only significant mesoscale meteorological features in the region. The interaction of these cold fronts with the surface energy balance strongly affects the local weather and climate. The surface energy balance was measured at a semi-arid site in Alice Springs, central Australia, to determine how it was influenced by the passage of subtropical cold fronts. Both Bowen ratio and eddy correlation methods were used. The daytime energy balance of the site showed high net radiation that was partitioned into 75% sensible heat flux and 25% soil heat flux with little or no latent heat flux. At night there was a large net radiative loss that was balanced primarily by a loss of heat from the soil. The cold fronts predominately passed through Alice Springs at night and showed a strong surface signature. The fronts brought moister air resulting in higher water vapour pressures during their passage. The nocturnal boundary layer was often disturbed as the front passed, resulting in warm, moist air being mixed down toward the land surface. Mixing decreased the soil heat flux and increased latent heat fluxes toward the surface. Moisture that accumulated at the surface at these times was often evaporated after a return to drier conditions. During the daytime, surface signatures in soil and sensible heat fluxes were less distinct due to the strong convective mixing. Latent heat fluxes followed a similar trend to the nocturnal case. 相似文献
10.
基于HL20波文比系统获得了天山北坡低山丘陵干草原2013-2015年的能量、气象观测数据,采用波文比-能量平衡法对其生长季（4～10月）蒸散特征进行了分析。结果表明：（1）生长季蒸散日内变化总体呈现中午最高、早晚变小和夜间蒸散微弱的特征,阴雨天蒸散日内变化相对复杂,蒸散强度通常弱于晴天;2013-2015年生长季蒸散量平均值为353.2 mm,生长季蒸散量在不同年份、不同季节和不同月份差异较大;2013-2015年生长季凝结水占降水量的比例分别为9.7%,18.8%和16.8%,日均凝结水量分别为0.177 mm,0.179 mm和0.316 mm。（2）生长季潜热和感热占据了净辐射能的主体且总体上潜热小于感热,白天潜热最大值出现之前,潜热会出现短暂小幅降低的情况。生长季感热和潜热逐日对比变化与植被长势密切相关。（3）波文比在夜间波动较大,变化复杂,白天上午波文比从负值增大到<1的正值,再到>1的正值,中午波文比为>1的正值,20：00左右波文比值开始回落。 相似文献
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Using ASTER(Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiome-ter) infrared remote sensing data we inversed the parameters of urban surface heat fluxes applying the PCACA model and theoretical position algorithm,and then we analyzed the in-fluence of different land use types on the surface heat fluxes and energy balance.In this study,Kumagaya,a city in Saitama Prefecture,Japan,was selected as the experimental area.The result shows that the PCACA model is feasible for the surface heat fluxes estimation in urban areas because this model requires less parameters in the procedure of heat fluxes estimation in urban areas with complicated surface structure and can decrease the uncertainty.And we found that different land-use types have indicated the height heterogeneity on the surface heat fluxes significantly.The magnitudes of Bowen ratio in descending order are industrial,residential,transportation,institutional,dry farmland,green space,and water body.Under the same meteorological condition,there are distinct characteristics and regional differences in Bowen ratios among different surface covers,indicating higher sensible heat flux and lower latent heat flux in the urban construction land,while lower sensible heat flux and higher latent heat flux in the vegetation-covered area,the outskirt of the urban area.The increase of urban impervious surface area caused by the urban sprawl can enlarge the sensible heat flux and the Bowen ratio,so that it causes the increasing of urban surface temperature and air tem-perature,which is the mechanism of the so-called heat island effect. 相似文献
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运用涡度相关法开路系统对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地人工灌溉绿地生长季地表能量交换特征以及与环境因子的关系进行测定分析。结果表明：在典型晴天条件下,无论是沙漠区还是沙漠腹地灌溉绿地,白天感热通量在净辐射通量的分配中所占的份额最大,潜热交换仅占很小的比例,人工绿地感热通量和潜热通量的峰值为230.54 W/m2和88.5 W/m2,沙漠区为220 W/m2和17.55 W/m2,沙漠腹地人工灌溉造林后潜热交换明显增加。沙漠腹地造林后,绿地波文比日变幅和日均波文比均减小,绿地日均波文比为沙漠区的15%,人工绿地的营建促使了局地气候的改变。绿地地表能量交换受气象因子和下垫面条件的影响和制约,按相关系数的高低,环境因子对感热、潜热通量的影响依次为：Rn>△Ta>△TS>v>TS,沙漠区人工造林后地表能量交换与多个环境因子有着密切的关系。这些研究结果将加深我们对沙漠地区人工灌溉造林地近地层能量交换的认识。 相似文献
13.
Zhang Yongqiang Ph.D. Shen Yanjun Yu Qiang Liu Changming A. Kondoh Tang Changyuan Sun Hongyong Jia Jinsheng 《地理学报(英文版)》2002,12(3):295-300
Surface energy fluxes were measured using Bowen-Ratio Energy Balance technique (BREB) and eddy correlation system at Luancheng
of Hebei Province, on the North China Plain from 1999 to 2001. Average diurnal variation of surface energy fluxes and CO2 flux for maize showed the inverse “U” type. The average peak fluxes did not appear at noon, but after noon. The average peak
CO2 flux was about 1.65 mg m-2 s-1. Crop water use efficiency (WUE) increased quickly in the morning, stabilized after 10:00 and decreased quickly after 15:00
with no evident peak value. The ratio of latent heat flux (λE) to net solar radiation (Rn) was always higher than 70% during winter wheat and maize seasons. The seasonal average ratio of sensible heat flux (H) divided byR
n stayed at about 15% above the field surface; the seasonal average ratio of conductive heat flux (G) divided by Rn varied between 5% and 13%, and the averageG/R>
n from the wheat canopy was evidently higher than that from the maize canopy. The evaporative fraction (EF) is correlated to the Bowen ratio in a reverse function.EF for winter wheat increased quickly during that revival stage, after the stage, it gradually stabilized to 1.0, and fluctuated
around 1.0. EF for maize also fluctuated around 1.0 before the later grain filling stage, and decreased after that stage. 相似文献
14.
Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important parameter for water resource management. Compared to the traditional ET computation and measurement methods, the ET computation method based on remote sensing has the advantages of quickness, precision, raster mapping and regional scale. SEBAL, an ET computation model using remote sensing method is based on the surface energy balance equation which is a function of net radiance flux, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux. The former three fluxes can be computed through the parameters retrieved from remote sensing image, then the latent heat flux can be obtained to provide energy for ET. Finally we can obtain the daily ET. In this study SEBAL was applied to compute ET in the Yellow River Delta of China where water resource faces a rigorous situation. Three Landsat TM images and meteorology data of 1999 were used for ET computation, and spatial and temporal change patterns of ET in the Yellow River Delta were analysed. 相似文献
15.
绿洲-荒漠交界处蒸发与地表热量平衡分析 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：13
本文利用波文比方法对绿洲－荒漠交界处的绿洲和荒漠的蒸发和地表热量平衡过程进行了探讨．结果表明，波文比方法对于绿洲适用而于荒漠却不适用． 相似文献
16.
Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important parameter for water resource management. Compared to the traditional ET computation and measurement methods, the ET computation method based on remote sensing has the advantages of quickness, precision, raster mapping and regional scale. SEBAL, an ET computation model using remote sensing method is based on the surface energy balance equation which is a function of net radiance flux, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux. The former three fluxes can be computed through the parameters retrieved from remote sensing image, then the latent heat flux can be obtained to provide energy for ET. Finally we can obtain the daily ET. In this study SEBAL was applied to compute ET in the Yellow River Delta of China where water resource faces a rigorous situation. Three Landsat TM images and meteorology data of 1999 were used for ET computation, and spatial and temporal change patterns of ET in the Yellow River Delta were analysed. 相似文献
17.
本文利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(简称SACOL站）陆面过程综合观测资料,分析了强降水前后榆中黄土高原半干旱草地土壤温、湿特征的差异,讨论了水分状况对土壤热力参数及地表能量分配的影响。结果表明:水分胁迫条件下,黄土高原半干旱草地土壤在10 cm深度存在一个湿层;强降水过程可使土壤湿度受影响范围接近40 cm深度。水分胁迫条件下,感热通量是黄土高原半干旱草地生态系统能量分配过程中净辐射的最大消耗项;无水分胁迫条件下,潜热通量是能量平衡系统中净辐射分量的最大消耗项。降水改变了土壤湿度并使得土壤热传导率发生变化,土壤热传导系数和土壤热容量随土壤湿度增加而增大。 相似文献
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利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中2014年10月的秋季涡动通量数据，分析了塔中秋季陆面过程通量变化特征。结果表明：（1）塔中秋季10月净辐射Rn、感热通量H、潜热通量LE、地表土壤热通量G0峰值依次为273.0、141.6、5.0、105.0 W·m-2，平均日总量依次为2.85、2.68、0.08、-0.57 MJ·m-2，净辐射能量分配以感热能量输送为主。（2）不同典型天气下，净辐射日总量扬沙>晴天>阴天>降水；阴天、扬沙天气H随Rn不同程度削减而减少，降水天气潜热增多导致日变化特征有别于其他天气。（3）10月能量闭合率为79.0%，不同天气能量闭合率阴天>晴天>扬沙>降水，依次为86.8%、83.4%、79.4%、71.4%。（4）地表反照率晴天呈“U”型变化，阴天和扬沙天气地表反照率趋势变缓发生波动现象，降水天气波动较大，趋势先降低后回升。（5）月平均热通量日间为正值，夜间为负值。日间能量闭合率为73.9%，夜间为50.8%，存在较高的能量不闭合。 相似文献
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土地覆被变化过程中叶面积指数与降水量对地表能量平衡的贡献——基于SiB2的模拟结果 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土地覆被变化过程中,叶面积指数（LAI）是地表能量平衡重要的影响因素,且与降水等多种因素存在交互作用。以2003 年中国东北地区农田、森林和草地三种覆被类型和三种LAI月变化过程为研究对象,着重分离出土地覆被变化过程中LAI对地表能量平衡的作用,认清覆被和LAI 变化对地表能量平衡的相对作用。利用SiB2 模型研究不同降水条件下土地覆被和LAI 变化对地表能量平衡的影响。结果表明：① 覆被变化对净辐射的影响最大,年均14.5W·m-2左右。② LAI 主要改变净辐射对潜热和显热的分配,对农田和草地而言,LAI 增加明显提高（减小）潜热（显热）分配比例;对森林而言,LAI对潜热和显热分配的影响较弱。③ 降水对净辐射的分配起重要作用,降水增加,潜热增加。④ 表层土壤水分受降水和LAI 调控,与潜热有相反的变化趋势。 相似文献