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1.
南京都市区就业空间结构与区位模式演变研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
就业空间是城市空间的重要组成部分,映射出城市经济与社会现象的多样性。论文采用经验贝叶斯克里金、非参数局部加权回归、多中心密度函数等方法综合刻画南京都市区就业空间结构特征,并从就业结构化分散、就业中心增长转型、就业异质性集聚与土地混合利用3个方面剖析其就业区位模式特征。研究发现：① 南京都市区就业郊区化与多中心化并存,“分散化集聚”的结构性特征显著;② 就业中心决定着就业空间的整体结构与密度分布,然而城市中心影响力开始减弱而次中心则逐渐增强;③ 就业中心出现增长转型,服务化转向与高技能化趋势明显;④ 就业分布呈现异质性集聚模式且与混合土地利用存在正向关联;⑤ 城市就业空间格局演变是自组织与他组织2种力量、市场行为与政府行为2种机制相互作用的结果,集聚经济、城市规划、土地市场开发等均是重要的影响因子。 相似文献
2.
Pannell C 《The Journal of geography》1995,94(3):394-403
This article describes recent changes in urban patterns in Shanghai-Nanjing, Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan, Canton-Hong Kong, and Dalian-Shenyang. The urban patterns in these metropolitan areas are viewed as part of an urban transition that is responding to population growth, a structural shift in employment, relaxed rules on migration and household registration, and foreign investment and trade. It is argued that these metropolitan coastal areas will form the key growth centers and will lead China's economic development. Urban transition is defined as the shift from rural to urban and from agricultural employment to industrial, commercial, or service employment. China's large cities always dominated as important centers of politics and trade. The recent shift is from interior to coastal cities due to a new world view and a movement away from the isolationism of prior centuries. It is assumed that cities are formed to take advantage of economies of scale in production, consumption, and distribution and to conform to regional specialization. Governments can intervene in growth processes. China's development of cities reflects state controls and market forces. The size and scale of China's population influenced the development process, which resulted in differences in the shape and process of the urban transition. It was under Chinese communism that cities became more than a set of discrete regional urban systems. Reference is made to Oshima's model of change that is specific to monsoon countries. Oshima argues that monsoon agricultural conditions require a distinct strategy based on full employment in order to achieve industrial transition. Rice cultivation requires a large and disciplined labor force. The discussion focuses on other models as well, such as the McGee's model of the extended metropolis and its extension by Zhou Yixing to China. China's changes may not follow Skeldon's models of urbanization in developing countries, because of state control of migration. However, the longer migrants remain in cities the more likely Skeldon's models of early European transitions apply to China's urban transition. 相似文献
3.
1984 年以来北京零售业空间发展趋势与特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在采用虚拟变量对密度函数进行调整的基础上, 借助扩展方法引入时间变量构建计量经济模型测度北京零售业空间发展的分异与趋势, 并利用GIS技术研究了新型零售业的空间布局特征。结果表明:① 1984-2010 年, 近郊区零售业保持着强劲的增长势头, 增速是远郊区的近两倍, 而远郊区快于中心区, 说明中心区零售业地位的相对下降, 类似于20 世纪中期美国大都市区的发展特征。② 2000 年以来, 远郊区零售业增速下降, 近郊区小幅提升, 而中心区发展速度明显回升, 说明部分学者提出的20 世纪90 年代末期旧城区零售业“空洞化”、“边缘化”的发展趋势并未延续。③ 紧随人口的郊区化, 90 年代中期兴起的连锁超市以三环路为基础外向发展, 三、四环路和五、六环路之间数量较多, 而传统百货商店则主要布局在三环路以内。④ 以超市为代表的新型零售业空间布局呈现大分散、小集聚的特征, 没有表现出明显的等级性, 集聚区域既包括近郊人口密集区, 也包括远郊新城和城郊大型居住区。零售业的空间发展趋势与超市的空间特征共同显示, 北京应进一步提升远郊零售业的连锁化水平, 提高服务水平和质量, 促进居住与消费的空间平衡。 相似文献
4.
《Urban geography》2013,34(4):316-339
This paper addresses the role of the Atlanta metropolitan area as a telecommunications center based on the use of fiber optics. The major focus is on the intrametropolitan layout of this network, including fiber-optic access points, downtown and suburban fiber loops, and the location of data service and teleservice centers. The aim is to identify congruence between high-technology firms and fiber-optic lines that produce clustering within the metropolitan region. Atlanta has a dense fiber-optic infrastructure in place in the CBD-Midtown area and in several corporate clusters in the suburbs. A number of fiber-optic carriers compete in the Atlanta market—including BellSouth, with approximately 400,000 miles of fiber-optic cable—giving Atlanta more miles of optic fiber than any other metropolitan area in the United States. This extensive fiber network bestows fresh advantages to old downtown property and businesses and creates burgeoning opportunities in the suburbs as it literally undergirds the growth of edge cities at such locations as Perimeter Center and Cumberland-Galleria. Long-established Atlanta firms such as Coca-Cola have drawn fiber sites to themselves, whereas sites on fiber-optic loops attract new businesses seeking ready backbone and broadband access to other metropolitan areas in the United States and cities around the globe. This study also focuses on Atlanta's position within the U.S. intermetropolitan telecommunications hierarchy, where the metropolitan area ranks sixth in total number of backbone connections with other U.S. Metropolitan areas. [Key words: Atlanta, fiber optics, telecommunications.] 相似文献
5.
作为一种新的城市功能地域形态,都市圈是城镇化发展到一定阶段的产物。论文以东京都市圈为研究对象,借助人口密集地区(Densely Inhabited District,DID)、人口净迁入率、产业区位商、空间基尼系数等指标,系统梳理20世纪60年代以来东京都市圈人口集疏格局演化、人口流动时空变迁以及产业结构转换和空间重组特征。研究表明,从人口集疏格局来看,东京都市圈人口分布逐渐从“孤岛式集聚”走向“连绵式展开”,但核心辐射范围仍集中于50 km半径内,此外,DID人口集聚趋势持续强化。从人口流动格局来看,东京都市圈始终表现出强大的人口集聚态势,成为日本人口困境中的一枝独秀,内部大规模郊区化基本结束,“都心回归”趋势明显。从产业结构调整来看,东京都市圈三产比重持续上升、二产比重大幅下滑、第一产业持续萎缩,已逐步实现从工业主导向服务业主导转变。从产业空间重组来看,东京都市圈逐步形成梯度发展、阶层趋于固化的产业空间结构,服务业和高附加值轻工业中心集聚,技术密集型重工业外围布局。 相似文献
6.
The suburbanization of poverty? An alternative perspective 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
A popular and powerful narrative focuses on a crisis of suburban decline in the United States. However, a consensus regarding the scope and scale of one dimension of suburban decline—poverty—is hindered by the use of contradictory definitions of suburban space. This research presents an alternative approach to measuring suburban poverty that is less computationally intensive yet capable of capturing complex shifts in the spatial distribution of poverty within metropolitan areas. An analysis of the distribution of poverty in the largest 100 metropolitan areas between 1990 and 2007–11 concludes that while poverty is increasing in the low-density suburbs of a handful of large metropolitan areas, the more general trend in most other metropolitan areas is an increase in poverty in moderately dense residential areas. Implicated in these trends are long-term trends in metropolitan area economic growth, a secular decline in inner-ring suburbs, and the impact of gentrification on housing opportunities for at-risk populations in large cities. 相似文献
7.
《Urban geography》2013,34(3):223-245
It is now well established in geographic research that women commute shorter distances to work than men. This paper attempts to explore the common features that have emerged from the last two decades of research in various places within a metropolitan context. Three main sets of factors that may cause women to commute shorter distances are recognized: residence, employment, and transportation—each containing both social and spatial aspects. The analysis is centered around the spatial aspect. Most research on employed women seems to be characterized by distinguishing between the central city and the suburbs and thus the conclusions focus mostly upon this. An international comparison of different places shows that gender differences in commuting almost always are greater in the suburbs, from the point of view of both residential and employment dispersions. Directions for future research are suggested. Comparable methodologies will enable the inclusion of additional cities and will broaden the comparison. The examination of gender differences from the perspective of the dispersion of workplaces in metropolitan space should be further developed and analyzed according to a finer spatial scale than that used in looking at the central city vs. the suburbs. It also is suggested that factors of employment and residence should be analyzed differently so that qualitative methods may generate a greater significance for the factors associated with the domestic context. Finally, the investigation of gender differences in commuting and in the location of both residence and employment could lead to consideration of new conceptual frameworks for possible interaction between land used for both purposes within urban space. 相似文献
8.
《Urban geography》2013,34(3):277-296
Attention has shifted to the role of subsidiary urban centers as the new “spatial nodes” within metropolitan areas as manufacturing employment has dispersed away from its traditional central city locations over the past decades. Understanding the character and evolving functions of these new “centers” is crucial to predicting (or influencing) future metropolitan spatial patterns. This paper explores the nature and role of the principal employment centers within the Dallas-Fort Worth region from the perspective of locational choices by firms in three-digit SIC Manufacturing. First the centers are empirically identified via a methodology that “maps” employment land-use polygons onto a zip code-level geography. The industrial attributes of firms choosing such centers are then investigated using multinomial logit. The general attractiveness to firms in manufacturing of various spatial characteristics of these centers are next studied through a discrete choice framework. Finally, a “mixed” conditional logit model is specified and implemented to identify special affinities between a type of firm and a kind of location. Results of the exercise enable judgment on the utility of the employment center concept and on industrial location behavior in a modem urban context. 相似文献
9.
FDI企业的空间集聚已经成为重要空间现象,但其对FDI企业规模的影响尚未引起学者的重视。既有研究发现的国家尺度集聚对制造业企业规模扩张的促进效应,是否适用于制造业和服务业共存的大都市区尺度?这也需要进行再商榷。论文基于企业内部生产技术条件、企业外部交易行为,搭建了大都市区范围内企业规模分异的解析框架,利用在京日企微观数据,分析了其空间集聚特征,讨论了其就业规模与分工的时空间变动特征,解析了集聚对在京日企的就业规模影响。研究发现：① 在京日企围绕集聚中心,呈现清晰的中心-外围分异特征。1995—2016年,集聚程度增强,集聚区重心外移,集聚空间规模扩大。2016年时形成了使馆区-CBD集聚区、BDA亦庄集聚区、首都机场集聚区、Z-Park中关村集聚区。② 在京日企的单环节化、服务化空间分异特征明显。单环节日企更临近分布重心,复合环节日企更趋外;服务型日企更趋中,生产型日企更趋外。集聚区内服务功能型日企更多,集聚区外生产功能型的日企更多。③ 新增日企,无论单环节还是复合环节日企,就业规模均显著减小。越是临近分布重心、越是位于集聚区内的日企,平均就业规模越小。④ 大都市区范围内,集聚更利于吸引中小日企扎堆布局,更利于抑制其规模扩张冲动;日企主营业务的技术经济特点会影响分工作用的显现,隶属行业、进驻时长和独合资模式等也有显著性影响。 相似文献
10.
Spatial barriers to employment limit women's job opportunities, but their effects differ among racial/ethnic minority groups. This study evaluates the degree of spatial mismatch for minority women and men by comparing the commuting times of African American, Latino, and white workers in the New York metropolitan region. Using Public Use Microdata for 1980 and 1990, we perform a partial decomposition analysis to assess the role of spatial mismatch in lengthening commuting times for minority workers. The results show that African American men and women living in the center of the region have poorer spatial access to employment than their white counterparts. In the suburbs, African American women and Latinas suffer no spatial mismatch; rather, their longer commuting times reflect greater reliance on mass transit. Comparison with 1980 findings reveals little change in spatial mismatch over time despite significant economic and social restructuring in the 1980s. Spatial barriers still limit employment prospects for the majority of minority women living at the core of the region. 相似文献
11.
《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):420-431
Spatial barriers to employment limit women's job opportunities, but their effects differ among racial/ethnic minority groups. This study evaluates the degree of spatial mismatch for minority women and men by comparing the commuting times of African American, Latino, and white workers in the New York metropolitan region. Using Public Use Microdata for 1980 and 1990, we perform a partial decomposition analysis to assess the role of spatial mismatch in lengthening commuting times for minority workers. The results show that African American men and women living in the center of the region have poorer spatial access to employment than their white counterparts. In the suburbs, African American women and Latinas suffer no spatial mismatch; rather, their longer commuting times reflect greater reliance on mass transit. Comparison with 1980 findings reveals little change in spatial mismatch over time despite significant economic and social restructuring in the 1980s. Spatial barriers still limit employment prospects for the majority of minority women living at the core of the region. 相似文献
12.
In this article, we use local indicators of spatial association (LISA) and other spatial analysis techniques to analyze the distribution of centers with high employment density within metropolitan areas. We examine the 359 metropolitan areas across the United States at three points in time (1990, 2000, and 2010) to provide a spatio-temporal panoramic of urban spatial structure. Our analysis highlights three key findings. (1) The monocentric structure persists in a majority of metropolitan areas: 56.5% in 1990, 64.1% in 2000, and 57.7% in 2010. (2) The pattern of employment centers remains stable for most metropolitan areas: the number of centers remained the same for 74.9% of metropolitan areas between 1990 and 2000 and for 85.2% between 2000 and 2010. (3) Compared with monocentric metropolitan areas, polycentric metros are larger and more dense, with higher per-capita incomes and lower poverty rates. 相似文献
13.
中国大都市多中心空间演化过程的非均衡动态模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
构建了一个基于垄断竞争、规模经济、空间成本、消费者多样化偏好以及商品和服务差异化的大都市多中心空间结构模型,并整合基于agent的建模,借助非均衡(out-of-equilibrium)动态模拟,探讨了人口规模和消费需求、区域间和区域内商业产品及服务的替代弹性、固定成本投入、区位和交通条件等因素的"持续"变化对的大都市空间结构演化的影响过程。模拟表明:以商业为代表的经济活动往往集聚在具有区位优势、规模经济和消费能力的大都市传统中心,而交通条件的持续改善、新兴郊区次中心与传统城市中心之间以及城区内部商业产品和服务的不断差异化对大都市的多中心空间结构有重要影响,但影响的程度不同。更重要的是,大都市的人口规模和消费能力对新兴郊区次中心的形成作用显著。 相似文献
14.
基于第三、四、五和六次人口普查资料,利用数学模型对1982~2010年广州市近30 a来的人口增长与空间分布规律深入探讨。得出以下结论：① 近30 a来广州市人口保持稳定增长,人口分布总体上趋于分散,人口变化趋于缓和,尤其是近10 a来广州中心城区人口密度缓慢降低,近郊区人口密度较快增长,远郊区人口密度逐步增加的特征更加明显;② 人口空间分布由“峰值单中心+外围小中心”结构演变为“扁平化多中心+外围小中心”;③ 广州市人口发展已进入成熟晚期阶段向老年阶段的过渡时期,但中心城区人口缺口尚未出现;④ 广州市人口郊区化始于20世纪90年代末,2000年以来郊区化明显加快,属于市中心发展型郊区化。 相似文献
15.
《Urban geography》2013,34(4):330-359
The question of how home and workplace are linked through commuting is at the heart of much recent work on metropolitan areas. However, the emphasis tends to be either on spatial-economic models or on the impact of empirically measured individual, household, neighborhood, and transport mode characteristics; relatively little work has focused on job characteristics and place of employment as they relate to travel to work. In this article, I investigate whether people travel different distances to access different types of job location, with particular attention to the different distances traveled by men and women. My points of reference are the major employment centers (poles) in the Montreal region. After controlling for a wide range of explanations that may account for different travel distances, I conclude that differences in commuting length between different places of work are, by and large, independent of possible explanatory factors such as residential location, economic sector, occupation, income, and participation in household earnings—some places of work generate longer commutes than others. Men and women behave differently in relation to these places: women will travel farther to access jobs in centers whereas men will not; and despite their shorter average overall commutes, women travel farther than men to reach jobs in the CBD. This suggests, at the metropolitan scale, that each job location may have its own local culture or "milieu," and that men and women react differently to them. 相似文献
16.
城市行政中心区位选择与迁移类型
——以深莞惠都市区为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
行政中心迁移作为重要行政决策,对城市发展战略和近期建设重心有显著影响作用。本文采用层次演进分析法,对珠三角东岸中心城市深圳、东莞和惠州进行行政中心的分布规律与影响要素实证研究。研究结果表明：我国行政中心概念出现演化,形成服务中心与配套设施逐步分离的需求;行政中心迁移可分为区域一体化发展、空间管治的驱动和新增长极的创造等类型。对珠三角深莞惠都市区城市行政中心迁移模式进行研究,结果显示：深圳选择行政中心跨区迁移,其迁移核心体现在与珠三角合作的区域一体化和深港同城化2个层面;东莞行政中心迁移源于空间管治驱动,以达成新旧中心城市功能的置换;惠州行政中心跨江迁移,为的是促进新城市增长极的形成。3种迁移模式的成功实现有助于探索都市区行政中心与经济中心的耦合互动发展路径,对我国都市区发展有借鉴和启示作用。 相似文献
17.
北京公交就业可达性及其地区和人群差异 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
运用经济普查、人口普查数据和基于百度地图的公交出行时间数据,分析北京都市区基于公共交通的就业可达性及其在城市不同人群和地区间的差异。结果表明：北京都市区的居民可在60分钟内通过公共交通到达18.3%的都市区工作岗位,这比美国100个最大的都市区的平均就业可达性水平要高,接近于美国纽约都市区的就业可达性水平。同时,由于就业郊区化程度有限和以中心—放射式布局的公交网络,北京都市区内的公交就业可达性存在着巨大的区域差异,中心城区的就业可达性远远高于郊区。此外,人口居住的郊区化程度远远高于就业的郊区化程度,导致北京都市区宏观层面的职住不平衡。随着人口居住郊区化程度的提高,公共交通如何服务居住日益分散的人口,提高就业可达性,是一项巨大的挑战。研究还发现,由于城市中心区的大部分就业为高技术的就业岗位,因此高受教育程度人口能更多地享受目前公共交通系统的便利,而受教育程度低的人口和外来人口公交就业可达性较低。为解决弱势群体所面临的就业可达性的不平等问题,需要更多的规划与政策干预。 相似文献
18.
我国中部地区都市经济区空间组织体系研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
区域经济发展水平的提高客观上要求生产要素和产业格局在空间上合理配置, 以形成高 效的空间组织形态。面对国内外竞争, 如何构建高效的空间结构, 使之形成富有活力的组织体系, 是“中部崛起战略”的热点问题和亟待解决的重大课题。本研究结合中部地区的社会经济基础及 发展潜力, 指出在现有人口- 产业集聚区基础上构建多层次、高效运转的都市经济区空间组织体 系是增强中部地区竞争能力的关键。文章在城市中心性和交通运输联系分析的基础上, 提出武汉 大都市经济区, 长沙、郑州中等都市区, 太原、合肥、南昌基本都市区的等级体系与划分方案。 相似文献
19.
上海中心城就业中心体系测度————基于手机信令数据的研究 总被引：17，自引：2，他引：15
利用手机信令数据识别上海市域内手机用户的工作地和居住地,获取就业者的通勤数据,测度上海中心城的就业中心体系.首先用就业者工作地数据生成就业密度分布图,基于中心城的就业密度识别就业中心.随后,用就业者工作地和居住地数据分别从就业密度和通勤联系两方面测度各中心的能级,分析各中心的腹地和势力范围.研究发现:① 上海中心城的就业中心呈主中心强大的弱多中心体系;② 就业密度越高的中心与其他地区的通勤联系一般也越强,但通勤联系在各中心间的差异更显著;③ 能级越高的中心腹地面积越大,但势力范围不一定越大;④ 相比于能级,职住功能混合度对职住平衡的影响更大;⑤缺少就业中心的地区势力范围呈交替状.本研究一定程度上能有助于解决既往就业中心体系研究因空间单元较大,缺少通勤数据在中心识别,通勤联系测度等方面受到的局限,希望能为构建上海中心城就业多中心体系提供帮助. 相似文献
20.
北京市生产者服务业聚集特征 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
国际发展经验表明, 大都市生产者服务业具有强烈的向中心商务区聚集的特征, 同时 随着产业分工深化和技术进步, 也具有向郊区扩散的趋势。利用空间基尼系数、经济计量模 型分析等方法分析北京市的金融服务业、信息咨询服务业、计算机服务业三大类生产者服务 业在城市中尤其是在中心城区和近郊区的的空间分布和聚集情况, 发现北京市的生产者服务 业呈现明显的聚集特征, 而向郊区扩散的趋势并不明显, 并且金融业、信息咨询业、计算机 服务业三类生产者服务业的聚集特征有所差别。北京市生产者服务业空间区位选择是由市场 规律、政府规划、城市特色共同作用的结果。总结国内外的研究结果发现, 生产者服务业的 空间分布主要由经济活动的联系特征、生产要素特征和区位条件三个要素所决定。 相似文献