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历史时期黄河河患及其治理属于全球环境变化与区域响应研究的重要问题之一。基于多源史料建立清代嘉道时期（1796—1850年）黄河下游决溢基础数据库,运用交叉谱、核密度估计、标准差椭圆等分析方法,测算了黄河下游决溢与河工治理的相关性及其滞后性特征,进一步辨识二者在不同阶段的时空特征、响应过程及驱动机制。结果显示：清嘉道时期黄河下游决溢时空变化特征显著,以1825年为节点分为先增后减的两个主要发展阶段;空间分布具有较强聚集性特征,两个阶段累计高发区集中在河南怀庆府、开封府及江苏淮安府附近,黄河下游决溢重心始终位于东河。决溢与河工治理序列年际变化具有明显正相关关系,其显著振动周期为11a,且二者的响应间隔为1a左右。清嘉庆二十三年（1818年）后,黄河下游决溢与河工治理的时空响应存在明显“错位”的独特现象,即决溢重心向“东河”推移,而河工治理重心则向“南河”扩展。二者之间时空响应关系从“一致”到“错位”的转变,不仅显示清廷治黄理念由“积极革新”转向“消极防御”,也说明黄河下游已丧失清初以来“治河保漕”的重要政治经济地位,展现了其作为黄运之交重要地理区位的解构与重塑过程;而这一过程又孕育了咸丰五... 相似文献
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黄河下游游荡性河道小水致灾研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
20世纪80年代中期以来,黄河下游游荡性河道的洪水灾害是在下游水量明显减少、洪峰流量也不断减小的情况下发生的。即使是水量比较小的普通洪水,也能造成下游滩区大面积受淹、控导工程决口、桥梁被冲毁、房屋倒塌等严重灾害。小水致灾的形成机理主要是:河道游荡,引发“横河、斜河”;小水淤积,河床抬高,行洪能力下降;人与河床争地,造成滩区阻塞。 相似文献
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Matthew D. Meko 《自然地理学》2020,41(1):83-98
ABSTRACTTree rings preserve important records of past flooding. We present the results of an examination of inter-annual tree-ring anatomical variability and vessel width in overcup oak (Quercus lyrata) and river flooding at a bottomland hardwood forest site near the confluence of the White and Mississippi Rivers. We developed two flood chronologies based on (1) visual identification of “flood-ring” anatomical anomalies and (2) a simple method for quantitative measurements of earlywood vessel width (VW). Using visual flood rings, we have developed a response index (RI) chronology of floods from 1780–2013 and, using the VW measurements, we have developed a quantitative reconstruction of spring river levels from 1800–2013. Both the RI and VW chronologies are strongly related to spring river flooding and indicate that major floods such as those in 1805, 1826, 1844, 1852, 1858, occurred in the period prior to the systematic collection of stage data, and that the frequency of extreme events has greatly varied over the past two centuries. These chronologies provide important new information about Lower Mississippi River flooding in past centuries, and our simple method of measuring VW is a potentially useful new approach to the development of tree-ring records of flooding. 相似文献
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The fluvial geomorphological development of the Tagliamento River and its flooding history is analysed using historical documents and maps, remote-sensed data and hydrological information. The river has been building a complex alluvial fan starting from the middle part of its alluvial course in the Venetia–Friuli alluvial plain. The riverbed is aggrading over its entire braided length. The transition from braiding to meandering near Madrisio has shifted downstream where the river width determined by the dikes becomes narrower, causing major problems. The flood hazard concentrates at those places and zones where flooding occurred during historical times. Prior to the agrarian and industrial revolution, land use was adjusted to the flooding regime of the river. Subsequent land-use pressure led to a confinement of the river by dikes to such an extent that the flood risk in the floodplain downstream of Madrisio has increased consistently, and represents nowadays a major territorial planning issue. The planned retention basins upstream of the middle Tagliamento will alleviate the problem, but not solve it in the medium and long term. Therefore, fluvial corridors in the lower-middle parts (from Pinzano to the sea) have been identified on the basis of the flooding history in relation to fluvial development during historical times. The result should be used for hydraulic simulation studies and land-use planning. 相似文献
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Less developed places that are affected by climatic impacts face great challenges to future development. Place-based assessments that look at both the development level and climatic impacts on development are important for understanding the current state of human well-being and generating insights into how to facilitate sustainable development in the future. We carry out an assessment of human well-being in the Poyang Lake Region of China (PLR), using GIS, remote sensing, and socio-economic data. We measure human well-being in three aspects of (i) development level, (ii) exposure of development to flooding, and (iii) sensitivity of development to flooding. Following the United Nations Development Programme's human development index, we examine development through measures of life expectancy, literacy, and income. We first use a digital elevation model and GIS data on levees to map flood hazard in PLR. Based on the flood hazard map, we then derive quantitative measures of exposure and sensitivity of the development in a town to flooding. Our assessment indicates that development in PLR overall is highly exposed and sensitive to flooding. There are significant variations in different aspects of human well-being among the 298 towns in the region. These variations suggest different sustainable development pathways and policy interventions for different places. We discuss the potential usefulness of our approach for other similar places. 相似文献
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福建长乐屏山风化坑与河流壶穴的成因及其证据 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
风化坑和壶穴是一种常见的岩石坑穴地形,其形成原因和形态完全不同,但容易被误解和混淆.结合对福建长乐三溪河地区这两种坑穴地形的实地考察,本文从地貌学,沉积学,岩石化学和矿物学等各个方面对两者的形成过程、影响因素进行了论证和对比.研究表明：风化坑形成于岩石面积水的风化作用,壶穴则是由河流的旋转水流对河床产生的侵蚀作用形成;山顶风化坑的发育与河流流水作用没有关系,河流壶穴的形成与河谷的发育过程有关,河谷中的风化坑只能在河流深切后,流水不再作用到的河床部位发育;只要条件合适,风化坑或壶穴随时可以生成;风化坑与河流壶穴的形态,坑内沉积物的磨圆度、粒度特征等反映出各自不同的形成过程.风化坑内碎屑与周边岩石的化学蚀变指数CIA 值的差异反映了风化坑的化学风化成因;风化坑内碎屑与周边岩石石英长石比例的差异说明风化坑是矿物差异风化的结果;用CIA 值和英长比均无法区分河流壶穴和风化坑中的碎屑颗粒,但两者化学元素迁移特征的差别反映了风化坑的风化作用和河流壶穴的流水搬运作用的成因差别;风化坑的风化程度达不到当地风化壳的风化程度,但不同气候带风化坑碎屑的CIA 值能反映不同气候带风化作用的强度差异. 相似文献
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Majority of rice cultivation areas in the Philippines are susceptible to excessive flooding owing to intense rainfall events. The study introduces the use of fine scale flood inundation modelling to map cultivation areas in Apalit, a rice-producing municipality located in the province of Pampanga in the Philippines. The study used a LiDAR-based digital elevation model (DEM), river discharge and rainfall data to generate flood inundation maps using LISFLOOD-FP. By applying spatial analysis, rice cultivation zone maps were derived and four cultivation zones are proposed. In areas where both depth and duration exceed threshold values set in this study, varieties tolerant to stagnant flooding and submergence are highly recommended in Zone 1, where flood conditions are least favorable for any existing traditional lowland irrigation varieties. The study emphasizes that a decline in yield is likely as increasing flood extents and longer submergence periods may cause cultivation areas for traditional irrigated lowland varieties to decrease over time. This decrease in yield may be prevented by using varieties most suitable to the flooding conditions as prescribed in the rice zone classification. The method introduced in this study could facilitate appropriate rice cultivation in flood-prone areas. 相似文献
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开封市黄河滩区土地资源规避洪水风险的安全利用 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
基于ArcGIS与ERDAS遥感影像制图软件,利用2007年SPOT2.5m分辨率遥感影像,结合实地调查,详细编绘了开封市段黄河河道边界、开封段黄河滩区土地资源的利用现状。采用1992~2007年最大洪峰时期的TM影像与沿河水文站点的观测资料,提取1992~2007年7个典型日期的河道行洪边缘线,与本底数据叠加,编制了开封段不同常遇洪水流量下滩区淹没范围。按照黄河下游二维水沙数学模型,采用2004年汛后河道大断面资料,计算生成不同流量级大洪水在滩区的可能淹没范围图(淹没区边界)。在此基础上,结合土地资源管理与河道行洪安全性的要求,总结当前黄河下游滩区利用开发的现状与存在问题,制订土地安全利用规避洪险的原则,规划土地安全利用分区,分为临河风险缓冲带、近河宜耕地带、相对稳定利用带(中风险带)和稳定利用带。提出了黄河滩区土地资源合理安全利用的对策。 相似文献
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海平面上升背景下黄浦江极端风暴洪水危险性分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
黄浦江流域是典型的风暴洪水脆弱区。随着气候变化和海平面上升,未来该区域可能遭受更为严重的灾害影响。从海平面绝对上升、构造沉降和压实沉降三个方面预测了2030 年和2050 年该区域海平面相对上升值为170 mm和390 mm。在此基础上,结合最大天文潮位值和最大风暴增水值,估算了2030 年和2050 年极端风暴洪水位将分别达到7.17 m和7.39 m。基于高精度洪水数值模型开展了2030 和2050 年两种极端风暴洪水情景模拟,结果显示黄浦江两岸地区均可能被淹没,上游地区较中下游地区受淹将更为严重。进而提出未来研究中需重点关注不确定性分析、防汛墙溃堤淹没情景分析和风暴频率—强度变化等领域。 相似文献
11.
东南沿海中小流域平原区洪水淹没模拟 总被引：17，自引：6，他引：11
我国东南沿海中小流域洪水过程短,调节能力差,洪水灾害严重。而该区洪水灾害主要发生在流域中下游冲洪积平原上,为此本文以我国东南沿海甬江流域奉化江下游为实验区,探讨了将遥感和地理信息系统应用于中小流域洪水淹没模拟研究的方法和途径。开展了基于遥感和GIS的流域降雨径流和洪水演进模型的研究,建立了基于数字高程模型的洪水淹没范围和灾情评估模型。最后利用遥感、遥测和GIS信息,对实验区洪水淹没和灾情评估进行了验证分析,并取得了较满意的成果,从而为中小流域防洪减灾决策研究提供了经验。 相似文献
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为研究城市化对城市河道的影响,论文选择处于粤港澳大湾区的典型高度城市化流域布吉河流域为研究区,基于1988—2015年10期Landsat系列遥感影像、2003—2017年9期Google Earth高分辨率遥感影像、2019年深圳市水系图以及1980年以来的河道整治相关文献,应用RS和GIS技术,构建城市河道演变特征参数,探讨了城市化进程中河道时空格局演变规律。结果表明：① 1988—2015年布吉河流域土地利用/覆被类型发生剧烈变化,流域城市化率由24.55%增至61.78%,城市化总体上表现出“先快后慢”“下游向上游”“河道两岸向周边”的时空发展特征。伴随着城市化的发展,布吉河整治经历了“整治前―防洪措施―防洪与生态措施―清淤措施”4个阶段。② 河道时空格局特征受城市化影响,人口和GDP的发展对河道时空格局的演变具有驱动作用。不同地点不同城市化进程对城市河道影响不同,城市化对布吉河干支流河道影响程度存在差异。③ 整体上,2003—2017年布吉河地表河道比例、地表河道弯曲系数、河面率分别减少了19.06%、9.63%、1.79%,各参数与城市化均呈负相关;河床硬化率增长了6.47%,与城市化呈正相关。该研究可为中国城市化地区河道保护及防洪减灾提供参考与理论支撑。 相似文献
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广东‘94特大洪水与防洪涝对策 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
本文介绍了广东自然地理概况和主要河流的洪水特点，分析了广东‘９４物大暴雨洪水的特性和防洪涝中出现的主要问题，提出了进一步采取有效的综合防治洪涝灾害的对策。 相似文献
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三江平原湿地水平衡结构研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
以三江平原沼泽湿地生态试验站为研究基地,观测沼泽湿地水平衡的要素,如降雨量、蒸发量、径流量,并与农田相对比,揭示沼泽湿地独特的水平衡结构。研究结果表明,沼泽湿地蒸发量在夏季少雨期高于农田,秋季多雨期低于农田;大面积湿地具有使河川径流年际变化加大和年内分配均化的作用,且沼泽植被能减缓洪水流速,因此可以拦蓄洪水,起到控制洪水的作用;湿地开垦后,导致湿地防洪功能下降,湿地效益减弱。 相似文献
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基于SD模型下的流域水资源-社会经济系统时空协同分析——以渭河流域关中段为例 总被引：14，自引：4，他引：14
以渭河流域关中段为例,以SD方法分别建立PRD系统线性增长模型、反馈增长模型和调水耦合模型,并采用Venp le软件进行系统仿真,结果显示:基于政府规划目标的线性增长模型是社会经济高速发展模式,但区内水资源供给与需求之间的缺口会持续加大;反馈增长模型可根据流域内水资源承载力状况调整社会经济发展目标,但难以完成关中地区所承担的发展和带动使命;调水耦合模型引入了区外水资源,地区缺水状况得到明显改善,社会经济发展保持较高的增长速度,是解决关中地区PRD问题有效途径,而调水工程和社会经济之间的协同则是近期需要解决的关键问题。 相似文献
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《湿地科学》2017,(1)
Undeniably Kelantan is one of the east coast states of Malaysia,which has faced yearly flooding catastrophe especially during north-east-monsoon season.The aims of this study are to record the land uses from upstream to downstream of Kelantan River basin,and to record the riparian vegetation that are resistance and susceptible to flood situations in affected areas along the bank of Kelantan River after December 2014 when the worst flood was recorded for decades.A serial of surveys were conducted at 9 sampling sites(S1 to S9)from the upstream to the downstream in the basin.The massive clearing in the forest in the basin particularly in the upper streams was a serious problem.Heavy loads of sedimentations greatly affected the hydrological system of Kelantan River.There were 64 plant species were recorded in this study.Most sampling sites were submerged and most of the riparian plants survived although the flood levels reached 10 m.On the other hand,some commercial tree species such as Elaeis guenensis,Lansium parasiticum and Nephelium lappaceum could not thrive in flooding conditions.It should be noted that the populations of noxious,such as Mimosa pigra and Piper aduncum had colonized most parts of riparian zones.Perhaps due to the disturbances of catchment and riparian vegetations,the river water regimes have been transformed.Therefore,the ecological assessments and socio-economic approaches were recommended in order to mitigate the flood situation. 相似文献
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遥感技术在洪涝灾害防治体系建设中的应用 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：6
本文综述了遥感技术在洪涝灾害防治体系建设中的应用 ,包括洪涝灾害背景数据的建设和更新、洪涝灾害承灾体的识别和信息提取、洪涝灾害相关模型计算以及灾害监测、减灾救灾应急系统等方面 ,并对目前应用中存在的主要问题和发展方向进行了探讨. 相似文献
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基于模型集成的北京湿地价值评价系统设计与实现 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
湿地价值评价让公众和管理者很直观了解湿地功能及价值大小,对于湿地保护宣传和湿地管理都有着重要的意义。本文在北京湿地的大气调节、气候调节、蓄水调洪、水质净化、地下水补给、控制土壤侵蚀、生物多样性、滞尘、生物产品、水源供给、文化遗产和旅游休憩等12项价值评价方法研究基础上,利用ArcGIS Model Builder等多种建模方式,构建了12项湿地价值评价模型,并基于ArcGIS Engine二次开发组件,在.NET环境下设计和实现了北京湿地价值评价系统。结果表明:(1)先建立模型及工具集,然后进行统一封装和调用,最后开发应用系统,这种湿地价值评价系统设计与开发方式快速简单、容易实现、而且稳定可靠;(2)该系统可以有效管理湿地资源数据,方便快捷地完成湿地资源各项功能价值评价和综合价值测算,快速获得北京湿地的各个湿地斑块、各种类型湿地、各行政区县和任何统计单元的湿地单项功能价值和综合功能价值量,还可以快速编制湿地价值空间图和统计报表;(3)该系统为湿地价值评价提供了一种自动化、流程化、标准化的测量方法,具有一定的推广潜力。 相似文献
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The geological and meteorological setting of the Jianghan–Dongting lake area leads to high precipitation and siltation, but poor water discharge, thus the area is frequently flooded. In the past the river–lake relationship of the Middle Yangtze has been variable but has deteriorated recently under increasing human influence. The Jianghan Plain of the Middle Yangtze becomes a waterlogged lowland under the constant threat of flooding from the perched Jingjiang River. Due to siltation and land reclamation the Dongting Lake has lost most of its regulatory function for the river and has become increasingly vulnerable to flood disasters. The Middle Yangtze River has been undergoing siltation, resulting from a downstream decline of sediment transport capacity, resulting in the elevation of the flood level above the lowlands. Heightening of the levees has caused further siltation of the channel.The Three Gorges Reservoir will provide a buffering period of 50–80 years, during which much of the silt will be trapped in the reservoir and scouring downstream may occur. We should utilize this period to work out an overall resolution to the problem. Construction of a water and silt diversion project in the Honghu Lake and surrounding areas may resolve this problem in the dangerous Chenglingji–Wuhan Segment of the Yangtze. Widening the canals connecting the Middle Yangtze and Han Rivers may function as a discharge-dividing channel of the Yangtze, which may prove to be beneficial. 相似文献