共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 109 毫秒
1.
起伏地形下黄河流域太阳直接辐射分布式模拟 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
基于数字高程模型(DEM)数据和气象站观测资料建立了起伏地形下太阳直接辐射分布式计算模型,模型充分考虑了地形因子(坡向、坡度、地形相互遮蔽)对起伏地形下太阳直接辐射空间分布的影响;以1km×1km分辨率的DEM数据作为地形的综合反映,计算了起伏地形下黄河流域1km×1km分辨率太阳直接辐射的空间分布;深入分析了起伏地形下太阳直接辐射受地理、地形因子影响的变化规律。结果表明:受地形起伏和坡向、坡度等局地地形因子的影响,山区年太阳直接辐射量的空间差异比较明显,向阳山坡(偏南坡)的年直接辐射量明显高于背阴山坡(偏北坡) 相似文献
2.
基于数字高程模型(DEM)数据和气象站观测资料建立了起伏地形下太阳直接辐射分布式计算模型,模型充分考虑了地形因子(坡向、坡度、地形相互遮蔽)对起伏地形下太阳直接辐射空间分布的影响;以1km×1km分辨率的DEM数据作为地形的综合反映,计算了起伏地形下黄河流域1km×1km分辨率太阳直接辐射的空间分布;深入分析了起伏地形下太阳直接辐射受地理、地形因子影响的变化规律.结果表明受地形起伏和坡向、坡度等局地地形因子的影响,山区年太阳直接辐射量的空间差异比较明显,向阳山坡(偏南坡)的年直接辐射量明显高于背阴山坡(偏北坡). 相似文献
3.
天文辐射是辐射计算、太阳能资源评估及其他相关研究领域重要的起始参量,由于坡度、坡向和地形之间相互遮蔽等局地地形因子的影响,使实际起伏地形下获得的天文辐射与水平面上获得的天文辐射有一定差异。确定实际起伏地形下天文辐射是比较困难的。应用数字高程模型(DEM)数据和地理信息系统(G IS),建立起伏地形下天文辐射分布式计算模型,计算了起伏地形下贵州高原100 m×100 m分辨率天文辐射精细空间分布,分析了局地地形因子对起伏地形下天文辐射的影响。结果表明:(1)贵州高原起伏地形下天文辐射的空间分布具有明显的地域分布特征。(2)贵州高原起伏地形下天文辐射年总量平均为481.7~13 041.8 M J/m2,1月、7月天文辐射分别为0.0~1 244.7 M J/m2、0.0~1 264.8 M J/m2。(3)局地地形因子对起伏地形下天文辐射空间分布的影响随季节和纬度变化,虽然坡度、坡向和地形遮蔽对天文辐射的影响,在太阳高度角较低的1月比太阳高度角较高的7月相对较大,但因为7月水平面获得的天文辐射的强度相对较大,7月局地地形对天文辐射的影响依然显著。因此,贵州高原起伏地形对天文辐射的影响是不容忽视的。 相似文献
4.
复杂地形下长江流域太阳总辐射的分布式模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用长江流域气象站1960-2005年的观测资料(包括常规气象站点资料和辐射站点资料)、NOAA-AVHRR遥感数据(反演地表反照率),以1km×1km的数字高程模型(DEM)反映地形状况的主要数据,通过基于DEM数据的起伏地形下天文辐射模型和地形开阔度模型,分别建立了长江流域太阳直接辐射、散射辐射和地形反射辐射分布式模型,实现了长江流域太阳总辐射模拟,并对总辐射模拟结果进行了时空分布规律分析和对其受季节、纬度、地形因子(高度、坡度和坡向等)影响的局部规律分析,以及模拟结果的误差分析和站点验证分析。结果显示:太阳总辐射在季节上受影响的程度依次是春季>冬季>夏季>秋季;随着高度、坡度、纬度的增加,太阳总辐射受坡向影响的程度呈增强趋势,从坡向上看,向阳山坡(偏南坡)对太阳总辐射量明显高于背阴坡(偏北坡)。模拟的平均绝对误差为13.04177MJm-2,相对误差平均值3.655%,用站点验证方法显示:模拟绝对误差为22.667MJm-2,相对误差为4.867%。 相似文献
5.
山区地形开阔度的分布式模型 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地形开阔度是影响山地辐射平衡及其分量的重要地形因子,是山区散射辐射、地形反射辐射等计算的重要参数。在复杂的地形条件下,地形开阔度的计算很难用数学公式描述。 利用数字高程模型（DEM）,全面考虑了坡地自身遮蔽和周围地形相互遮蔽的影响,提出了山区地形开阔度的分布式模型和算法。以1 km×1 km分辨率的DEM数据作为地形的综合反映,计算了起伏地形下中国地形开阔度的空间分布。同时,利用100 m和1 km两个分辨率的DEM数据,从不同DEM分辨率和不同地貌类型两个方面探讨了地形开阔度的空间尺度效应,阐明了区域地形开阔度随地形地貌和空间分辨率的变化规律。所提供的山地开阔度的数据可作为基础地理数据供相关研究应用。 相似文献
6.
贵州高原复杂地形下太阳总辐射精细空间分布 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
海拔、坡度、坡向以及周围地形遮蔽作用,造成山区各部位接受到的太阳辐射能有很大差异. 在前人研究的基础上,对以前的模型进行了一些改进,考虑了坡度、坡向和地形相互遮蔽作用对复杂地形下天文辐射的影响,基于数字高程模型(DEM)数据,研制了以复杂地形下天文辐射为起始数据的复杂地形下太阳总辐射的分布式模型,在模型中还考虑了散射辐射的各向异性及坡地反射辐射对复杂地形下太阳总辐射的影响.应用100 m×100 m分辨率的DEM数据及气象站常规观测气象资料,计算了贵州高原复杂地形下100 m×100 m分辨率的复杂地形下太阳总辐射.结果表明:(1) 局地地形因子如坡度、坡向、地形遮蔽等对太阳总辐射影响显著,地形对复杂地形下太阳总辐射的影响是不容忽视的.(2)在缺乏复杂地形下坡面考察资料的情况下,建立以常规气象站观测资料为主的物理经验统计模型是实现细网格辐射资源计算的可行途径. 相似文献
7.
天文辐射、干洁大气总辐射和湿洁大气总辐射是太阳辐射模拟的3种重要起始数据。依托Iqbal Model C和起伏地形下干/湿洁大气总辐射模型,实现了水平面和起伏地形下干/湿洁大气总辐射分布式模拟。以DEM数据作为地形的综合反映,结合常规气象资料,计算了水平面和起伏地形下中国1 km×1 km分辨率日天文辐射量、干洁大气总辐射量、湿洁大气总辐射量的空间分布,并对3种太阳辐射起始数据的时空分布特征做了对比分析。结果表明:3种辐射量均遵循随纬向变化的宏观分布规律;水平面干/湿洁大气总辐射量的分布体现了海拔的影响,水平面湿洁大气总辐射量的分布还体现了水汽分布的影响;起伏地形下的3种辐射量能很好的体现坡度、坡向和地形之间相互遮蔽等局部地形特征对辐射量的影响;以干/湿洁大气总辐射作为起始数据,将有助于提高太阳总辐射的模拟精度。 相似文献
8.
中国三种太阳辐射起始数据分布式模拟 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
天文辐射、干洁大气总辐射和湿洁大气总辐射是太阳辐射模拟的3种重要起始数据。依托Iqbal Model C和起伏地形下干/湿洁大气总辐射模型,实现了水平面和起伏地形下干/湿洁大气总辐射分布式模拟。以DEM数据作为地形的综合反映,结合常规气象资料,计算了水平面和起伏地形下中国1 km×1 km分辨率日天文辐射量、干洁大气总辐射量、湿洁大气总辐射量的空间分布,并对3种太阳辐射起始数据的时空分布特征做了对比分析。结果表明：3种辐射量均遵循随纬向变化的宏观分布规律;水平面干/湿洁大气总辐射量的分布体现了海拔的影响,水平面湿洁大气总辐射量的分布还体现了水汽分布的影响;起伏地形下的3种辐射量能很好的体现坡度、坡向和地形之间相互遮蔽等局部地形特征对辐射量的影响;以干/湿洁大气总辐射作为起始数据,将有助于提高太阳总辐射的模拟精度。 相似文献
9.
任意地形实际天气条件下小时入射短波辐射模型——以黑河流域为例 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
建立了一个任意地形和实际天气条件下,能够计算大范围、长时间、高时空分辨率的太阳入射短波辐射模型,模型采用简化的辐射传输参数化方案和NCEP/NCAR资料相结合的方法,并成功应用于黑河流域2002年度每小时、1 km×1 km分辨率的总辐射、直接辐射和散射辐射的计算,所应用的地面资料仅为流域的地形信息。鉴于模型中总辐射是根据直接辐射和散射辐射推算的,而黑河流域2002年度缺乏直接辐射和散射辐射实测资料,模型采用分别位于黑河山区西水、中游临泽和下游额济纳旗3套自动观测仪器的总辐射资料进行验证,西水实测总辐射与计算总辐射的R2＝0.71,而临泽和额济纳旗R2分别为0.90和0.91,但各站点均出现部分结果相差很大的情况。出现地域差异和部分结果相差很大的主要原因是由于总云量资料时空分辨率低造成的,另外计算和实测数据空间尺度的不一致也部分造成山区计算效果较差。 相似文献
10.
陕西省山地太阳总辐射分布式模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于数字高程模型数据,全面考虑了天空因子和地形因子对太阳短波辐射各辐射分量的影响,分别建立了太阳直接辐射、散射辐射和反射辐射分布式模型,最终确定山地太阳总辐射分布式模型;依据该模型计算了陕西省100 m×100 m分辨率下月、季、年平均太阳直接辐射、散射辐射、反射辐射和总辐射,并分析其时空分布特征,最后探讨了局地地形因子对山地太阳总辐射的影响规律. 相似文献
11.
Based on the developed distributed model for calculating astronomical solar radiation (ASR), monthly ASR with a resolution of 1 km×1 km for the rugged terrains of Yellow River Basin was calculated, with DEM data as the general characterization of terrain. This model gives an all-sided consideration on factors that influence the ASR. Results suggest that (1) Annual ASR has a progressive decrease trend from south to north; (2) the magnitude order of seasonal ASR is: summer>spring>autumn>winter; (3) topographical factors have robust effect on the spatial distribution of ASR, particularly in winter when a lower sun elevation angle exists; (4) the ASR of slopes with a sunny exposure is generally 2 or 3 times that of slopes with a shading exposure and the extreme difference of ASR for different terrains is over 10 times in January; (5) the spatial differences of ASR are relatively small in summer when a higher sun elevation angle exists and the extreme difference of ASR for different terrains is only 16% in July; and (6) the sequence of topographical influence strength is: winter>autumn>spring>summer. 相似文献
12.
1IntroductionDistributed watershed hydrological model has become one of the hot topics in hydrology for its predominance in reflecting the influence of the spatial distributed features of terrains on hydrological processes (Wan etal., 2001; Abbott etal., 1986; Beven etal., 1992). However its demands on the spatio-temporal changeful surface elements such as solar radiation, precipitation, temperature etc. are strict. Being the limitations of observation techniques, data availability and study … 相似文献
13.
Based on the developed distributed model for calculating astronomical solar radiation (ASR), monthly ASR with a resolution of 1 km× 1 km for the rugged terrains of Yellow River Basin was calculated, with DEM data as the general characterization of terrain. This model gives an all-sided consideration on factors that influence the ASR. Results suggest that (1) Annual ASR has a progressive decrease trend from south to north; (2) the magnitude order of seasonal ASR is: summer＞spring＞autumn＞winter; (3) topographical factors have robust effect on the spatial distribution of ASR, particularly in winter when a lower sun elevation angle exists; (4) the ASR of slopes with a sunny exposure is generally 2 or 3 times that of slopes with a shading exposure and the extreme difference of ASR for different terrains is over 10 times in January; (5) the spatial differences of ASR are relatively small in summer when a higher sun elevation angle exists and the extremedifference of ASR for different terrains is only 16% in July; and (6) the sequence of topographical influence strength is: winter＞autumn＞spring＞summer. 相似文献
14.
Intensive grazing in spring–summer has been responsible for environmental degradation of the Gurbantunggut Desert in recent years. The coverage of plants and biological crusts, sand surface stability and physicochemical characteristics of soil on the dune surface were conducted in 2002 (winter grazing) and 2005 (spring–summer grazing). The results showed that over 80% of the total area of the dune surface was covered by well-developed biological crusts and plants in 2002, when the interdune and middle to lower part of dune slopes were stabilized and only the crest had 10–40 m wide mobile belt. Affected by spring–summer grazing in 2005, over 80% of the total cover of biological crust was destructed and the plant coverage only reached 1/5 of that in 2002, especially the ephemeral plant cover had a great change. The value of sand transport potential in 2005 only reached 1/3 of that in 2002, but the total surface activity in 2005 was 1.6 times stronger than that in 2002. Meanwhile the mobile area began to expand from the dune top to the whole dune surface following spring–summer grazing. Compared with 2002, medium sand content of the dune surface soil increased by 13.9%, while that of fine and very fine sands decreased by 7.4% and 8.0% respectively in 2005 and the soil organic matter in 2005 was only about 1/2 of that in 2002. It is obvious that the presence of snow cover and frozen soil in winter could avoid the surface structure destruction in winter, while spring–summer grazing made excessive damage to biologic crusts and ephemeral plants. Spring is the main windy season in Gurbantunggut Desert and therefore intensive activity of dune surface occurred following spring–summer grazing, which led to a great loss of fine sand and organic matter. It can be seen that grazing season have a significant influence on the sustainable development of the desert ecosystem in Northwest China. 相似文献
15.
Xueqin Wang Yuanming Zhang Jin Jiang Weikang Yang Hongxu Guo Yongfeng Hu 《地理学报(英文版)》2009,19(3):299-308
Intensive grazing in spring–summer has been responsible for environmental degradation of the Gurbantunggut Desert in recent
years. The coverage of plants and biological crusts, sand surface stability and physicochemical characteristics of soil on
the dune surface were conducted in 2002 (winter grazing) and 2005 (spring–summer grazing). The results showed that over 80%
of the total area of the dune surface was covered by well-developed biological crusts and plants in 2002, when the interdune
and middle to lower part of dune slopes were stabilized and only the crest had 10–40 m wide mobile belt. Affected by spring–summer
grazing in 2005, over 80% of the total cover of biological crust was destructed and the plant coverage only reached 1/5 of
that in 2002, especially the ephemeral plant cover had a great change. The value of sand transport potential in 2005 only
reached 1/3 of that in 2002, but the total surface activity in 2005 was 1.6 times stronger than that in 2002. Meanwhile the
mobile area began to expand from the dune top to the whole dune surface following spring–summer grazing. Compared with 2002,
medium sand content of the dune surface soil increased by 13.9%, while that of fine and very fine sands decreased by 7.4%
and 8.0% respectively in 2005 and the soil organic matter in 2005 was only about 1/2 of that in 2002. It is obvious that the
presence of snow cover and frozen soil in winter could avoid the surface structure destruction in winter, while spring–summer
grazing made excessive damage to biologic crusts and ephemeral plants. Spring is the main windy season in Gurbantunggut Desert
and therefore intensive activity of dune surface occurred following spring–summer grazing, which led to a great loss of fine
sand and organic matter. It can be seen that grazing season have a significant influence on the sustainable development of
the desert ecosystem in Northwest China.
Foundation: National Basic Research Program of China, No.2009CB421303; National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40771032; National
Science Supporting Program, No.2007BAC17B03
Author: Wang Xueqin (1964–), Ph.D and Associate Professor, specialized in aeolian sand geomorphology, desertification and its control. 相似文献
16.
长江三角洲城市带扩展对区域温度变化的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Based on non-radiance-calibrated DMSP/OLS nighttime light imagery from 1992 to 2003, urban land area statistical data, meteorological data and land surface temperature data retrieved by MODIS and NOAA/AVHRR data, the influence of urbanization on regional cli- matic trend of temperature in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) was analyzed. Conclusions are as follows: 1) There is a significant urbanization process from 1992 to 2003 in the YRD. Four city clusters of Nanjing–Zhenjiang–Yangzhou, Suzhou–Wuxi–Changzhou, Shanghai and Hangzhou Bay form a zigzag city belt. The increase rate of annual mean air temperature in city-belt is 0.28–0.44℃/10a from 1991 to 2005, which is far larger than that of non-city-belt. 2) The urban heat island (UHI) effect on regional mean air temperature in different seasons is summer>autumn>spring>winter. 3) The UHI intensity and the urban total population logarithm are creditably correlated. 4) The UHI effect made the regional annual mean air temperature increased 0.072℃ from 1961 to 2005, of which 0.047℃ from 1991 to 2005, and the annual maximum air temperature increased 0.162℃, of which 0.083℃ from 1991 to 2005. All these indicating that the urban expansion in the YRD from 1991 to 2005 may be regarded as a serious climate signal. 相似文献
17.
秦岭—大巴山高分辨率气温和降水格点数据集的建立及其对区域气候的指示 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
本文建立了秦岭—大巴山高分辨率（~29 m×29 m）的气候格点数据集,包括逐月气温和降水、年均温和年降水、春夏秋冬气温和降水。空间插值方法采用国际上较为先进的ANUSPLIN软件内置的薄盘光滑样条函数,以经度、纬度和海拔为独立变量。空间插值结果与流行的WorldClim 2.0气候格点数据集具有一致性,但是比后者更精确、分辨率更高、细节更突出。本文揭示和证实：秦岭南麓是最冷月气温的0 ℃分界线。秦岭—大巴山气温具有明显的垂直地带性。6月气温直减率最大,为0.61 ℃/100 m;12月气温直减率最小,为0.38 ℃/100 m;年均气温直减率为0.51 ℃/100 m。夏季和秋季降水从西南向东北递减,强降水中心出现在大巴山西南坡。冬季降水从东南向西北递减。大巴山是年降水1000 mm分界线,夏季降水500 mm分界线;秦岭是年降水800 mm分界线,夏季降水400 mm分界线。与大尺度大气环流对比揭示：秦岭—大巴山气温和降水空间分布主要受到东亚季风和地形因子的控制。本文进一步明确了秦岭和大巴山的气候意义：大巴山主要阻挡夏季风北上,影响降水空间分布;秦岭主要阻挡冬季风南下,影响冬季气温空间分布。本文建立的高分辨率气候格点数据集,加深了对区域气候的认识,并将有多方面的用途。 相似文献
18.
1960-2009年西南地区极端干旱气候变化(英文) 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
Based on the daily data of temperature and precipitation of 108 meteorological stations in Southwest China from 1960 to 2009, we calculate the monthly and yearly surface humid indexes, as well as the extreme drought frequency. According to the data, the temporal and spatial characteristics of the extreme drought frequency in inter-annual, inter-decadal, summer monsoon period and winter monsoon period are analyzed. The results are indicated as follows. (1) In general, the southwestern Sichuan Basin, southern Hengduan Mountains, southern coast of Guangxi and northern Guizhou are the areas where the extreme drought frequency has significantly increased in the past 50 years. As for the decadal change, from the 1960s to the 1980s the extreme drought frequency has presented a decreasing trend, while the 1990s is the wettest decade and the whole area is turning wet. In the 2000s, the extreme drought frequency rises quickly, but the regional differences reduce. (2) During summer monsoon period, the extreme drought frequency is growing, which generally occurs in the high mountains around the Sichuan Basin, most parts of Guangxi and "the broom-shaped mountains" in Yunnan. It is distinct that the altitude has impacts on the ex-treme drought frequency; during winter monsoon period, the area is relatively wet and the extreme drought frequency is decreasing. (3) During summer monsoon period, the abrupt change is observed in 2003, whereas the abrupt change during winter monsoon period is in 1989. The annual extreme drought frequency variation is a superposition of abrupt changes during summer monsoon and winter monsoon periods. The departure sequence vibration of annual extreme drought frequency is quasi-5 years and quasi-12 years. 相似文献