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1.
东南极大陆沿岸的维斯特福尔德丘陵(68°22'～68°40'S,77°55'～78°30'E)和西南极乔治王岛南端的菲尔德斯半岛(62°08'～62°20'S,58°45'～58°58'W)的气候条件不同。前者属于极地大陆性气候,气温低,冬季严寒,干燥、风大,夏季较短;后者属于极地海洋性气候,气温不很低,湿润、风小,夏季较长。因此,两地的冰缘地貌的组合类型及其发育过程存在明显的差异。前者冰缘地貌单一,发展速度较慢;后者冰缘地貌复杂多样,发展速度较快。 本文根据实地观测资料,对极地大陆型和极地海洋型两类冰缘地貌作一些比较,并且提出,年冻融日数是决定冰缘作用强弱的最重要指标。 相似文献
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为了解南极淡水生态系统的水化学特征，完成了拉斯曼丘陵地区１３个湖泊和菲尔德斯半岛１０个湖泊以及雪样的调查分析。西南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛和东南极拉斯曼丘陵的气候条件不同，前者属于极地海洋性气候、气温不很低、湿润、风小、夏季较长；后者属于极地大陆性气候、气温低，冬天严寒、干燥、风大，夏季较短。因此，两地区的湖泊地貌、成因、发育、水生生物种群结构以及水化学状态存在较明显的差异，虽然水化学类型均比较单一，但矿化度却相差甚大。本文还对两区饮水水源进行了评价。 相似文献
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青藏高原极大陆型多年冻土和冰缘若干问题探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
水分条件是极大陆型多年冻土分布、发育和冰缘作用过程及其地貌类型组合的关键因素。极大陆型多年冻土下界高程最高,年平均气温最低;冰缘作用强度较弱,冰缘地貌类型单调,冰缘带下界高于多年冻土下界。 相似文献
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基于遥感与SRTM的青藏高原冰缘地貌信息提取方法——以1 ∶ 100万标准分幅拉萨幅(H46)为例 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
根据模型和分布函数,本文首先依据多年平均气温、地温和SRTM等数据对研究区域冰缘地貌的分布范围进行分别提取,并利用遥感数据和人工解译方式对其进行了修正。在此基础上,采用一定指标,利用SRTM数据对冰缘地貌次级类型(如起伏度、海拔高度和坡度等)进行了提取,从而完成研究区域冰缘地貌信息的提取。研究结果表明:①研究区域冰缘地貌总面积约5.15×104km2,主要分布在研究区域的西北部和西南部,另外在东北部也有少量分布;通过提取,研究区域中最重要的冰缘地貌类型是冰缘作用的中起伏缓极高山,面积约0.82×104km2,分布范围较广。②冰缘地貌的分布与海拔高度、气温和地温等有密切的关系,基于此提取的结果可为冰缘地貌的解译提供一定的参考;由于青藏高原气象站点较少,数据精度较低,自动提取精度受到很大限制,因此进行人工解译修正是非常重要和必不可少的。 相似文献
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从地-气温差的长期变化检测中国北部土壤荒漠化 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过研究对比中国北方地区(35°N以北,100°E以东)1956～2000年间496个台站的观测气温(Ta)和0 cm地温(Ts)的变化特征,使用Ta-Ts的距平值建立了一个土壤荒漠化指标.研究表明:1956～2000年的45年间,土壤荒漠化最为严重的是我国西北东部(35°～45°N,100°～110°E),这一地区的土壤荒漠化从20世纪70年代开始逐步加剧,进入80年代以后呈现显著的恶化趋势;东北地区(45°～52°N,120°～135°E)春季从20世纪90年代以后也出现了微弱的荒漠化倾向;尽管华北地区(35°～45°N,110°～120°E)的夏季降水明显减少,但是并没有发现这一地区土壤植被的恶化趋势.在年际变动尺度上,土壤荒漠化指数与降水变化有着良好的对应关系,说明降水仍是影响我国北方土壤状况的主要因素.在西北东部的夏季和华北地区的春夏两季,土壤荒漠化指数与归一化土壤植被指数(NDⅥ)的良好关系进一步表明使用Ta-Ts作为土壤荒漠化指数的可行性. 相似文献
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云南逐月雨量和气温的格点数据资料场建立 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：8
根据云南各气象台站的逐月雨量和气温观测数据资料,采用距离平方加权平均的格点插值方法,建立了云南(98.0°E～106.0°E、21.0°N～29.0°N)1951年1月～2002年12月0.25°×0.25°经纬度分辨率的逐月格点降水和气温数据资料场。应用该格点数据资料场,分析得到了云南年降水量场和年气温场变化的一些基本空间分布特征和时间演变特征。 相似文献
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巴尔喀什湖水位变化及其原因 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
巴尔喀什湖位于哈萨克斯坦东南部,东经73°20′～79°11′,北纬45°00′～46°44′之间。萨雷伊希科特劳半岛把巴尔喀什湖分为东西两部分,西部称西巴尔喀什湖,东部称东巴尔喀什湖,其形态特征见表1。巴尔喀什湖地区光热资源充足,气温变幅大,蒸发能力强,降水稀少,属于极端干旱的大陆性气候。多年平均太阳辐射总量(578-611)×10~3J/cm~2,7月辐射量82.9×10~3/cm~2,12月辐射量(15.1-17.6)×10~3/Cm~2。多年平均气温西部为7.0℃,东部5.3℃。7月平均气温24℃～25℃,1月平均气温-13℃～-16℃。哈萨克斯坦地理研究所根据湖边水文气象站的实测资料 相似文献
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白城地区位于吉林省西北部,北纬46°18'-43°59',东经121°38'-126°11'30"。土地总面积47011平方公里。人均耕地8.7亩,人约草地8.6亩,人均林地2亩,森林覆盖度8.4%。气候特点是:春季干燥多风,夏季温热多雨,秋季凉爽温差大,冬季温长而寒冷,属于温带季风气候。据地区农业气象试验站1985年5月"农业气候资料分析及区划",在三岔河口-新庙-让字-金山-线西北为半干旱地区,此线以南为半湿润地区。 相似文献
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本文介绍了近期南极冰架-海洋相互作用的研究进展。冰架底部融化速率大于前缘崩解通量,成为南极冰盖质量损失的首要途径。冰架下的海洋按照底部融化驱动因素的不同,可以分为由高密度陆架水驱动的冷冰腔和由变性绕极深层水驱动的暖冰腔。威德尔海的菲尔希纳-龙尼冰架和罗斯海的罗斯冰架属于冷冰腔,占南极冰架总面积的2/3,却只贡献了15%的净融化;东南太平洋扇区阿蒙森海和别林斯高晋海等若干属于暖冰腔的小型冰架,虽然只占南极冰架总面积的8%,却贡献了超过一半的冰架融水。以往看做冷冰腔的东南极托滕冰架和埃默里冰架,也相继发现有变性绕极深层水进入冰腔并造成底部融化。冰架对海洋有冷却和淡化的作用。冷冰腔输出的冰架水具有海洋中最低的温度,对南极陆架水性质乃至南极底层水的形成都有影响。冰架融化加剧,可能是近期观测到的南极底层水淡化的原因。 相似文献
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南极区域潮汐是计算南极物质平衡和南极冰架表面冰流速的重要影响因素,同时对于研究冰架崩解和全球气候变暖具有重要作用。南极潮汐测量的方法从最初的实时测量,发展到了卫星测高和遥感监测以及建立数值模型预测的阶段。已有研究表明潮汐周期与冰架表面流速间存在一定关联,例如Filchner-Ronne冰架和Ross冰架的潮汐变化与冰流速度的联系为:在大潮时冰流速度达到最快,小潮时冰流速度达到最慢。研究还对南极典型冰架区域潮汐特征及对冰架表面冰流速、高程变化等的影响进行了总结。今后的研究不仅需要继续关注西南极和南极半岛的潮汐变化,更加需要对东南极稀疏的区域进行潮汐观测,这对于构建整个南极潮汐数据库和提高数值模型的精度具有重要意义。 相似文献
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Reconstruction of the Ross Ice Drainage System, Antarctica, at the Last Glacial Maximum 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
George H. Denton & Terence J. Hughes 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2000,82(2-3):143-166
We present here a revised reconstruction of the Ross ice drainage system of Antarctica at the last glacial maximum (LGM) based on a recent convergence of terrestrial and marine data. The Ross drainage system includes all ice flowlines that enter the marine Ross Embayment. Today, it encompasses one-fourth of the ice-sheet surface, extending far inland into both East and West Antarctica. Grounding lines now situated in the inner Ross Embayment advanced seaward at the LGM (radiocarbon chronology in Denton and Marchant 2000 and in Hall and Denton 2000a, b), resulting in a thick grounded ice sheet across the Ross continental shelf. In response to this grounding in the Ross (and Weddell) Embayment, ice-surface elevations of the marine-based West Antarctic Ice Sheet were somewhat higher at the LGM than at present (Steig and White 1997; Borns et al. 1998; Ackert et al. 1999). At the same time, surface elevations of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet inland of the Transantarctic Mountains were slightly lower than now, except near outlet glaciers that were dammed by grounded ice in the Ross Embayment. The probable reason for this contrasting behavior is that lowered global sea level at the LGM, from growth of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, caused widespread grounding of the marine portion of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, whereas decreased LGM accumulation led to slight surface lowering of the interior terrestrial ice sheet in East Antarctica. Rising sea level after the LGM tripped grounding-line recession in the Ross Embayment, which has probably continued to the present day (Conway et al. 1999). Hence, gravitational collapse of the grounded ice sheet from the Ross Embayment, accompanied by lowering of the interior West Antarctic ice surface and of outlet glaciers in the Transantarctic Mountains, occurred largely during the Holocene. At the same time, increased Holocene accumulation caused a slight rise of the inland East Antarctic ice surface. 相似文献
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Wisconsinan and Holocene Climate History from an Ice Core at Taylor Dome, Western Ross Embayment, Antarctica 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Eric J. Steig David L. Morse Edwin D. Waddington Minze Stuiver Pieter M. Grootes Paul A. Mayewski Mark S. Twickler & Sallie I. Whitlow 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2000,82(2-3):213-235
Geochemical data and geophysical measurements from a 554-m ice-core from Taylor Dome, East Antarctica, provide the basis for climate reconstruction in the western Ross Embayment through the entire Wisconsinan and Holocene. In comparison with ice cores from central East and West Antarctica, Taylor Dome shows greater variance of temperature, snow accumulation, and aerosol concentrations, reflecting significant variability in atmospheric circulation and air mass moisture content. Extreme aridity during the last glacial maximum at Taylor Dome reflects both colder temperatures and a shift in atmospheric circulation patterns associated with the advance of the Ross Sea ice sheet and accounts for regional alpine glacier retreats and high lake levels in the Dry Valleys. Inferred relationships between spatial accumulation gradients and ice sheet configuration indicate that advance of the Ross Sea ice sheet began in late marine isotope stage 5 or early stage 4. Precise dating of the Taylor Dome core achieved by trace-gas correlation with central Greenland ice cores shows that abrupt deglacial warming at Taylor Dome was near-synchronous with the ∼14.6 ka warming in central Greenland and lags the general warming trend in other Antarctic ice cores by at least 3000 years. Deglacial warming was following by a warm interval and transient cooling between 14.6 and 11.7 ka, synchronous with the Bølling/Allerød warming and Younger Dryas cooling events in central Greenland, and out of phase with the Antarctic Cold Reversal recorded in the Byrd (West Antarctica) ice core. Rapid climate changes during marine isotope stages 4 and 3 at Taylor Dome are similar in character to, and may be in phase with, the Northern Hemisphere stadial–interstadial (Dansgaard–Oeschger) events. Results from Taylor Dome illustrate the importance of obtaining ice cores from multiple Antarctic sites, to provide wide spatial coverage of past climate and ice dynamics. 相似文献
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ShengKai Zhang DongChen E Fei Li JiFeng Huang YuanSheng Li ZeMin Wang XiaoHong Zhang 《寒旱区科学》2010,2(3):0198-0202
Tidal motion is the source of short-term vertical motion that an ice shelf experiences, and hence has a significant impact on ice shelves. During the 2003/2004 Austral summer season, five days of GPS measurements were carried out on the front of the Amery Ice Shelf （AIS）, East Antarctica, by the 20th Chinese National Antarctica Research Expedition （CHINARE）. The GPS data was processed using GAMIT/GLOBK software with 2-hour static data segment and the vertical precision is less than 0.18 m. To verify our results for the vertical component, we compare the ice shelf GPS tidal signal with a tidal result derived from tide gauge measurements at China＇s Zhongshan Station on Antarctica. Comparison of the GPS results with the tide gauge were in good agreement in amplitude at the few cm level, which indicates that the tide under the front of Amery Ice Shelf is irregular semidiurnal tide, the maximal tidal differences is approximately 2 m. GPS data can be used to validate the ocean tide model around the Antarctic area and such studies are important to improve our knowledge of the Antarctic ice shelf mass balance and dynamical models of ice sheet/ocean interaction. 相似文献
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《极地研究》1992,3(2):56-68
The extension of ice sheet on King George Island during the last glaciation was an environment event since the last glaciation. At that time South Shedlands Islands were a large unified island and the ice mass on King George Island might come from the Antarctic Peninsula. The model of ice retreat and ice advance events in the Holocene show that the ice sheet was separated into three small ice caps and then dispeared gradually. At present the retreating velocity of glacier is about 1.3m each year. After the retreat of ice sheet the isostatic compensation appeared in the crust there, and then 5-6 steps of the uplifted marine terraces have been developed along the coast. The uplift rate of the crust may be 6-10mm/a. 相似文献
17.
Climatic trend and the retreat and disintegration of ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula: an overview 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Pedro Skvarca Wolfgang Rack Helmut Rott Teresa Ibarzábal Donángelo 《Polar research》1999,18(2):151-157
Observation of the retreat and disintegration of ice shelves around the Antarctic Peninsula during the last three decades and associated changes in air temperature, measured at various meteorological stations on the Antarctic Peninsula, are reviewed. The climatically induced retreat of the northern Larsen Ice Shelf on the east coast and of the Wordie, George VI, and Wilkins ice shelves on the west coast amounted to about 10 000 km2 since the mid-1960s. A summary is presented on the recession history of the Larsen Ice Shelf and on the collapse of those sections north of Robertson Island in early 1995. The area changes were derived from images of various satellites, dating back to a late 1963 image from the recently declassified US Argon space missions. This photograph reveals a previously unknown, minor advance of the northern Larsen Ice Shelf before 1975. During the period of retreat a consistent and pronounced warming trend was observed at the stations on both east and west coasts of the Antarctic Peninsula, but a major cause of the fast retreat and final collapse of the northernmost sections of the Larsen Ice Shelf were several unusually warm summers. Temperature records from the nearby station Marambio show that a positive mean summer temperature was reached for the first time in 1992-93. Recent observations indicate that the process of ice shelf disintegration is proceeding further south on both sides of the Antarctic Peninsula. 相似文献
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到目前为止 ,陨石学者已考察了约 2 5 0 0km2 的南极蓝色冰区 ,并在南极冰盖不同的地区回收到约 30 0 0 0个陨石样品。在过去 2 0年 ,主要根据36Cl或1 4 C的浓度测定了几百个南极陨石的居地年龄。每个搁浅区的陨石显示不同的居地年龄分布 ,并提供陨石局部堆积机制的信息 ,在蓝色冰表面南极陨石的密度取决于许多因素 ,如陨石的降落率、冰的消融率、雪的堆积率等。大多数南极陨石的居地年龄范围从小于 1 0ka到 1 0 0 0ka ,Yamato山地冰区陨石的居地年龄可高达 2 0 0ka,而LewisCliff及AllanHills陨石的居地年龄分别高达 5 0 0ka和 1 0 0 0ka,新近发现两个陨石的居地年龄分别为 2Ma及 2 .35Ma,表明它们深埋于靠近冰川底部 ,且冰流率比表面低得多 ,同时也表明陨石堆积进入目前的搁浅区至少始于 2Ma以前 ,这与东南极冰盖为稳定和持续性假设是一致的。陨石的居地年龄是确定陨石历史的一个重要参数 ,同时也可用以估计陨石的搬运时间及平均风化寿命。 相似文献