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1.
流域地貌系统的侵蚀演化与耗散结构   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
马新中  陆中臣 《地理学报》1993,48(4):367-376
通过耗散结构的方法和概念,建立了流域地貌系统中熵产生和超熵产生的表达式。以此分析了流域系统的动力学机制,以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区为例,建立了流域地貌系统的侵蚀演化模型。定量描述了黄土高原丘陵沟壑区流域系统的侵蚀旋回,确定了流域的发育阶段。分析了流域系统侵蚀状况的空间不均匀性。  相似文献   

2.
陕北洛河流域地貌演化阶段的定量分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
郭娇  王伟  石建省 《干旱区地理》2015,38(6):1161-1168
根据洛河流域地貌南北纵向区域分布规律,并参考张宗祜先生(1986)编制的"中国黄土高原地貌类型图",将洛河流域由南至北依次划分为洛川黄土塬区、甘泉一志丹黄土梁状(为主)丘陵沟壑区及吴起黄土峁状(为主)丘陵沟壑区3个地貌区。借助于GIS的空间分析功能,对洛河流域3种不同地貌绘制了Strahler曲线,采用高程积分法、信息熵法、侵蚀积分值法进行计算。结果表明:3种地貌区均属于壮年期地貌发育数量特征值范围,说明洛河流域总体的发育状态已经开始进入壮年期,但不同地貌分区的发育阶段不尽相同;洛河流域不同地貌的面积-高程积分曲线的S值大小排列顺序为:吴起黄土峁状(为主)丘陵沟壑区< 洛川黄土塬区< 甘泉一志丹黄土梁状(为主)丘陵沟壑区,与理论情况不相符。分析认为,这可能是由于近年来洛川黄土塬区侵蚀强度增加对洛川黄土塬区的地貌发育产生了一定的影响。  相似文献   

3.
黄土高原面积-高程分析及其侵蚀地貌学意义   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
黄土高原是中国乃至世界最为著名的水土流失区之一,黄河的泥沙主要来源于此.面积-高程积分(Hypsometric integral,HI)分析常被用于侵蚀地貌区的地貌发育阶段判定.通过探讨HI与DEM分辨率、分析窗口之间的尺度效应,分析了黄土高原HI空间格局和发育阶段性,并在此基础上揭示了侵蚀产沙和地貌发育关系.研究表明:利用不同分辨率DEM计算的HI具有很好的稳定性,HI对DEM分辨率不具有依赖性;然而,利用不同分辨率的分析窗口所计算的黄土高原原HI值,表现出随着分析窗口的增大,HI表现出按照乘幂函数关系下降的趋势.黄土高原HI具有显著的空间分异特征,即汾渭谷地、宁夏内蒙沿黄冲积平原等地堑凹陷区是HI低值区,而黄土丘陵沟壑区是HI的高值区;黄土高原丘陵沟壑区地貌发育处于幼年期、壮年期和老年期的面积分别占总面积的7.9%、83.4%和8.7%,整体来看处于地貌发育壮年期;黄土高原丘陵沟壑区侵蚀产沙强度和地貌发育过程关系密切,HI与输沙模数存在显著的正相关.当前,黄土高原强烈的侵蚀产沙是其地貌发育处于壮年期的自然表现,这将是一个非常漫长的自然过程.  相似文献   

4.
水系分形维数(Fractal dimension of gully network,D_g)反映了河网分布和水系发育的复杂程度。以位于黄河上游内蒙古段十大孔兑上游丘陵沟壑区为研究对象,利用计盒维数的方法,研究其水系分形特征,同时利用水系分维数D判断流域地貌所处的侵蚀发育阶段。结果表明,(1)以毛不拉孔兑为例,利用人工判定法,相关系数检验法和拟合误差相结合的方法确定无标度区为20~370 m。且各孔兑的地貌形态在该无标度区间内均表现出很好的分形特征,计盒维数可作为流域地貌形态分形特性的量化指标。求得十大孔兑上游丘陵沟壑区的水系分维数D_g为1.08~1.14。(2)十大孔兑水系分维值在不同的汇流面积阈值下变化不大;径流模数与河网分维存在正相关关系。产沙模数与河网分维的线性正相关关系反映了地貌发育幼壮年期地形条件对产沙的影响。(3)按水系分维数与流域起伏程度、坡度及等高线分维值的关系,就十大孔兑而言,当D_g≤1.06时,流域处于幼年期;当D_g1.06时,流域进入壮年期。水系分维数、高程积分值指示十大孔兑上游流域地貌均处于壮年期。  相似文献   

5.
基于流域DEM对各个集水区进行划分,提取流域沟壑长度、平均高程、平均坡度等信息,并运用EXCEL、SPSS对这些信息进行分析处理,计算出沟壑密度、流域相对高程、面积-高程积分值,并结合流域侵蚀产沙数据以及实地考察情况,借助地貌学的相关理论,分析流域不同区域内、不同尺度流域地貌发育及侵蚀产沙情况.研究发现,流域左右两岸支流的发育数目、形状受邻近流域的影响;面积-高程积分值的大小能反应流域的地貌现状与侵蚀趋势,蛇家沟与岔巴沟的面积-高程积分值分别为0.547 5、0.463 7,但面积-高程积分值的大小及变化趋势还与流域最低点是否达到基岩有关;沟壑发育分为长度发育与宽度发育两个阶段,沟壑密度只是衡量地貌的一个重要指标,沟壑密度对流域侵蚀产沙的影响与沟壑的发育阶段有关;一般情况下产沙模数的大小与流域面积大小没有直接的关系,主要看流域内的地貌的发育阶段.  相似文献   

6.
黄土高原侵蚀产沙强度的时空变化特征   总被引:26,自引:1,他引:26  
王万忠  焦菊英 《地理学报》2002,57(2):210-217
采用“水文-地貌法”即水文站实测值与侵蚀形态类型相结合的方法,将黄土高原划分为292个侵蚀产沙单元,分别对治理前后侵蚀产沙强度的时空变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:黄土高原自70年代以来,由于降雨因素和水土保持作用的影响,侵蚀产沙强度的结构特征发生了明显变化,侵蚀模数>10000t/km^2.a的极强烈以上的侵蚀面积急剧减少(减幅71.8%),减沙幅度最大的区域主要分布在以无定河为中心的极强烈侵蚀区和汾河流域的大部分地区(减幅50%以上);黄土高原侵蚀产沙,按流域区段主要来自河龙区间(54.8%),按类型区主要来自黄土峁状丘陵沟壑区(27.4%)和干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区(23.1%),按侵蚀带主要来自暖温带半干旱草原风蚀、水力侵蚀带(34.8%)和暖温带半干旱森林草原水力侵蚀带(32.6%);以侵蚀模数>10000t/km^2.a作为标准,可将黄土高原划分为7个极强烈以上的侵蚀产沙中心,其面积虽仅占全区总面积的15.5%,但其产沙量却占到全区总产沙量的42.1%。  相似文献   

7.
无定河流域不同地貌区水沙过程对比   总被引:8,自引:5,他引:3  
王随继 《地理研究》2007,26(3):508-517
为了查明人为影响程度较低时期无定河流域内不同地貌区的水沙过程及其变化规律,选取1970年以前一段时期该流域内风沙区和黄土丘陵沟壑区河流的有关水文站的水文泥沙实测数据进行对比分析。结果表明,风沙区河流的流量变率较黄土丘陵沟壑区的小;风沙区河流的含沙量远小于黄土丘陵沟壑区河流的含沙量。黄土丘陵沟壑区河流具有极高的输沙率,而风沙区河流的输沙率微不足道。风沙区和黄土丘陵沟壑区河流的产流模数基本相近,但产沙模数非常悬殊,前者的产沙模数很小,为118.58~725.38t /km2 · a,而后者的达到1879.36~25112.15t /km2 · a。显然,无定河流域黄土丘陵沟壑区的河流是侵蚀产沙的主要来源区,因而是水土保持工作的重点区域。  相似文献   

8.
东北漫岗黑土区浅沟侵蚀发育特征   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
东北黑土区是中国重要商品粮基地之一,沟道恶性扩张,已成为导致该区土地退化主要原因之一.利用全球定位系统和传统方法测量浅沟形态参数,结合地理信息系统(GIS)平台计算流域尺度的沟蚀现状,分析东北黑土区浅沟侵蚀发育特征,并对比分析其与黄土高原浅沟侵蚀发生的地貌因子之间的异同.研究表明,研究区浅沟分布密度0.56~0.93 km、km2,年侵蚀模数达到118~199 m3/km2,浅沟破坏面积占流域面积比例达0.11%~0.19%,浅沟沟壑密度已经达到中度和强度侵蚀,处于快速发展时期;研究区浅沟的临界汇水面积大于黄土高原,分布的临界坡度小于黄土高原,这主要由黑土区坡长坡缓的特点决定.  相似文献   

9.
黄土模拟小流域降雨侵蚀中地面坡度的空间变异   总被引:12,自引:5,他引:7  
运用近景数字摄影测量方法,获得在不同人工降雨时段黄土模拟小流域高精度、高分辨率的DEM数据,并以地面坡度及其组合形态的变化为切入点,通过对比分析和理论验证探讨黄土小流域降雨侵蚀过程中地貌的发育特征。研究结果表明:1)在不同的侵蚀发育阶段,黄土地貌平均坡度及坡度组合持续变化。平均坡度在地貌发育幼年期呈加速增长趋势,到了壮年期增长幅度呈递减性变化;坡度组合以侵蚀临界角度为轴点呈持续逆转变化,侵蚀临界坡度单元所占面积基本保持稳定。2)黄土地貌地面坡度及其组合形态的变异不仅能有效表征黄土高原地貌形态的空间变异规律,也可以对黄土地貌侵蚀规律和它产生的时间规律进行高分辨率的地貌认识和划分。  相似文献   

10.
沟谷网络是黄土高原流域地貌的重要侵蚀产沙区和最主要的产沙运移通道,深入了解沟谷网络的形成过程和演化特征,对黄土高原小流域的水土保持综合治理、生态恢复和流域地貌演化过程研究具有重要意义.然而,流域内部沟谷网络的发育演化过程与整个流域地貌演化过程的相互作用机制尚未得到有效揭示.该文基于室内人工降雨试验条件下获取的9期人工模拟黄土小流域DEM数据,提出一种表征流域地貌系统内部沟谷网络演化有序程度的方法,并利用小流域地貌系统的势能信息熵及其熵变规律对沟谷网络演化过程及其变化特征进行研究.结果表明:在该实验条件下,以侵蚀为主的均质黄土小流域在地貌发育的幼年期,势能信息熵呈不断减小态势,沟谷网络有序性不断增强,在幼年期末达到最高;进入壮年期后,势能信息熵呈缓慢增加态势,沟谷网络有序性受到一定程度破坏,演化特征与该系统势能信息熵的熵变特征及流域地貌侵蚀发育阶段高度一致,流域地貌的势能信息熵和沟谷网络有序演化特征能有效指示流域地貌的侵蚀发育阶段.  相似文献   

11.
顾及地貌结构特征的黄土沟头提取及分析   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
江岭  汤国安  赵明伟 《地理研究》2013,32(11):2153-2162
沟头是黄土地貌中发育最活跃的地貌部位,沟头的个体与群体对黄土沟间地的蚕食,成为监测黄土高原地面侵蚀演化的重要标识。有效获取并分析沟头的空间分布特征,对于系统、深入地研究黄土地貌的空间形态结构具有重要的意义。以陕北黄土高原典型地貌类型区为实验样区,设计并实现了基于5 m分辨率DEM的沟头提取算法,获取了各实验样区的沟头空间信息;运用点格局分析方法,分析了沟头的空间分布特征。实验结果显示,所提出顾及沟沿线的沟头自动提取方法,具有较好的合理性与精确性;同时,从黄土塬区、黄土残塬区到黄土丘陵沟壑区,随着沟壑发育程度的增强,沟头逐步逼近分水线,其空间分布呈现“远分水线聚集—随机—近分水线聚集”的变化格局。  相似文献   

12.
陕北黄土高原水蚀沟谷多维度侵蚀特征量化研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
刘畅  周毅  雷雪 《地理科学进展》2022,41(4):707-717
沟谷地是黄土高原地貌形态特征变化最明显的区域,其发育对整个黄土高原地貌发育具有重要的控制性作用。论文基于5 m分辨率的DEM数据,在陕北黄土高原遴选包含15种地貌类型的42个样区,以沟谷密度、水平逼近度与切割深度作为纵向、横向与垂向3个维度的代表因子,分析了沟谷的多维发育进程、特征、空间分异及影响因素。研究结果显示:陕北黄土高原南北方向上沟谷发育呈现由溯源侵蚀主导转向横向溯源侵蚀主导、溯源下切侵蚀主导到横向溯源侵蚀主导,54.8%的样区各维度对整体发育进程的影响程度相近,且86.4%处于陕北黄土高原中部地区,即中部地区多维度发育均衡,南北两端以溯源侵蚀与横向侵蚀为主。结合面积—高程积分分析发现沟谷发育可划分为3个阶段:发育初期以溯源侵蚀为主,带动下切侵蚀伴有横向侵蚀;发育中期以溯源侵蚀为主,伴有持续性横向侵蚀与较强下切侵蚀;发育晚期以横向侵蚀为主,伴有一定程度的溯源侵蚀与轻微下切侵蚀。黄土厚度对沟谷系统垂向下切侵蚀的影响最大(Cv=0.164),土地利用类型对沟谷系统横向侵蚀的影响较大(Cv=0.0681),林地对于维护各个维度的抗侵蚀能力最强,生长茂密的草地和灌木林及作物次之,生长稀疏的牧草和作物较差。  相似文献   

13.
基于土壤侵蚀控制度的黄土高原水土流失治理潜力研究   总被引:11,自引:1,他引:10  
以整个黄土高原为研究对象,首先将水土保持措施容量定义为某一区域能容纳的最大适宜水土保持措施量。根据梯田、林地和草地的适宜布设区域,在地理信息系统(GIS)软件的支持下,确定了黄土高原的水土保持措施容量。使用修正通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE),计算了最小可能土壤侵蚀模数和2010年现状土壤侵蚀模数,并将水土保持措施容量下的最小可能土壤侵蚀模数与现状土壤侵蚀模数之比定义为土壤侵蚀控制度。随后使用土壤侵蚀控制度,对黄土高原水土流失治理潜力进行了研究。结果显示:黄土高原2010年现状土壤侵蚀模数为3355 t·km-2·a-1,最小可能土壤侵蚀模数为1921 t·km-2·a-1,土壤侵蚀控制度为0.57,属于中等水平。相比于现状条件,在水土保持措施容量条件下,微度侵蚀区比例从50.48%提高至57.71%,林草覆盖率从56.74%增加至69.15%,梯田所占比例由4.36%增加到19.03%,人均粮食产量可从418 kg·a-1提高至459 kg·a-1。研究成果对于黄土高原生态文明建设具有一定的指导意义。  相似文献   

14.
梯田建设和淤地坝淤积对土壤侵蚀影响的定量分析(英文)   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
To study the influences of terraced field construction and check-dam siltation on soil erosion of a watershed,we built a simplified watershed model for the Loess Plateau hilly-gully region including terraced fields,slope farmlands,steep-slope grasslands,and dam farmlands,and defined three states of watershed(i.e.,pioneer,intermediate,and climax stages,respectively).Then,the watershed soil erosion moduli at various stages were studied by using a revised universal soil loss equation.Our results show that the pioneer and climax stages are the extreme states of watershed soil-and-water conservation and control;in the pioneer stage,the soil erosion modulus was 299.56 t ha-1 a-1 above the edge of gully,136.64 t ha-1 a-1 below the edge of gully,and 229.74 t ha-1 a-1 on average;in the climax stage,the soil erosion modulus was 39.10 t ha-1 a-1 above the edge of gully,1.10 t ha-1 a-1 below the edge of gully,and 22.81 t ha-1 a-1 on average;in the intermediate stage,the soil erosion modulus above the edge of gully exhibited an exponential decline along with the increase in terraced field area percentage,while the soil erosion modulus below the edge of gully exhibited a linear decline along with the increase in siltation height.  相似文献   

15.
Threshold is a limit and marginal point when a qualitative change takes place. Since threshold principle was firstly used in landform research by S.A.Schumm in the 1970s, the quantitative research on watershed landform development stage has come true. Davis proposed a three-stage model on landform evolution: young, mature and old stages. Thereafter Strahler quantified this model by hypsometric analysis method. The authors thought that the material movement stage cannot be expressed by hypsometric method in watershed landform at development stage, because of the uncertainty on stage delimitation. To meet this shortcoming, this paper presents an integral erosion value method. A clear delimitation on landform development stage in the Loess Plateau region has been tested by this method. The result shows that gullied loessial hilly area is at the mature stage, and gullied loessial tableland area is at the young stage. It is estimated that from the point of erosion related sediment yield, natural erosion accounts for 70% of the total erosion amount, and artificial accelerating erosion is 30%. Therefore soil and water conservation is very crucial for the Loess Plateau.  相似文献   

16.
Threshold is a limit and marginal point when a qualitative change takes place.Since threshold principle was firstly used in landform research by S.A.Schumm in the 1970s,the quantitative research on watershed landform development stage has come true.Davis proposed a three-stage model on landform evolution:young ,mature and old stages.Thereafter Stahler quantified this model by hypsometric analysis method.The authors thought that the material movement stage cannot be expressed by hypsometric method in watershed landform at development stage,because of the uncertainty on stage delimitaion.To meet this shortcoming,this paper presents an integral erosion value method.A clear delimitation on landform development stage in the Loess Plateau region has been tested by this method.The result shows that gullied loessial hilly area is at the mature stage,and gullied loessial tableland area is at the young stage.It is estimated that from the point of erosion related sediment yield,natural erosion accounts for 70% of the total erosion amount,and artificial accelerating erosion is 30%.Therefore soil and water conservation is very crucial for the Loess Plateau.  相似文献   

17.
ABSTRACT Foreland basins form by lithospheric flexure under orogenic loading and are filled by surface transport of sediment. This work readdresses the interplay between these processes by integrating in a 3D numerical model: the mechanisms of thrust stacking, elastic flexural subsidence and sediment transport along the drainage network. The experiments show that both crustal tectonic deformation and vertical movements related to lithospheric flexure control and organise the basin-scale drainage pattern, competing with the nonlinear, unpredictable intrinsic nature of river network evolution. Drainage pattern characteristics are predicted that match those observed in many foreland basins, such as the axial drainage, the distal location of the main river within the basin, and the formation of large, long-lasting lacustrine systems. In areas where the river network is not well developed before the formation of the basin, these lithospheric flexural effects on drainage patterns may be enhanced by the role of the forebulge uplift as drainage divide. Inversely, fluvial transport modifies the flexural vertical movements differently than simpler transport models (e.g. diffusion): Rivers can drive erosion products far from a filled basin, amplifying the erosional rebound of both orogen and basin. The evolution of the sediment budget between orogen and basin is strongly dependent on this coupling between flexure and fluvial transport: Maximum sediment accumulations on the foreland are predicted for a narrow range of lithospheric elastic thickness between 15 and 40 km, coinciding with the T e values most commonly reported for foreland basins.  相似文献   

18.
The agricultural regional type and function are the key theoretical issues in agricultural geography research. Gully agriculture in the Loess Plateau is a new regional type of agricultural system with the coupling development of the modern gully human-earth relationship. The study of its functional changes is of great practical significance for food security, rural revitalization and sustainable development of regional agriculture in the region of interest. This paper analyses the multifunctional change of gully agriculture in the Loess Plateau and its dynamic mechanism by using large-scale remote sensing data, topographic relief amplitude model, and spatial econometric model to understand internal implications for evolution differentiation at the basin level. The results show that: (1) The spatial concentration of production and supply function of agricultural products (APF) in the gully of the Loess Plateau gully is high, while the ecological conservation and maintenance function (ECF), employment and social security function (ESF), cultural heritage and leisure function (CRF) are relatively low. The four functions’ spatial distribution has revealed an apparent regularity. (2) APF has been significantly enhanced, which is mainly distributed in point clusters and strips in the farming and pastoral areas in northern Shaanxi to the Yanhe river basin. The high-value areas of ESF are clustered around the urbanized metropolitan circles and urban-rural staggered areas along the Great Wall. ECF is concentrated in areas with significant natural endowments and excellent ecological conditions. CRF is significantly higher in the municipal districts and the surrounding regional central cities. (3) There are noticeable differences in the gully agriculture regional function (GARF) evolution process due to the geographical environment and socio-economic development stages. In this regard, natural factors have tremendously affected APF, ESF, and ECF, while socio-economic factors greatly differ in the four functions. There are still differences in the driving mechanisms of modern gully agriculture evolution types; hence many critical policies in the Loess Plateau can directly affect the function evolution paths. The dynamic evolution of GARF can reflect the general law of rural human-earth system transition in gully areas, thereby providing policy ideas for high-quality development of agriculture in the Loess Plateau.  相似文献   

19.
黄土丘陵区沟谷发育及其稳定性评价   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5  
本研究选择黄土高原北部丘陵区无定河两个支流米脂河,金鸡河,在对其流域系统河道级数,冲沟和坳沟发育时期进行划分与判断的基础上,计算了各级沟谷及坳沟的“宽深比”,并对其进行了对比分析。研究表明黄土沟谷发育中冲沟发育阶段是沟谷稳定性最差的阶段,而坳沟阶段是沟谷发展的稳定阶段,稳定性的差异可由沟谷W/D值来定量化,据此可预测黄土丘陵区尚有数十万年的沟谷不稳定时期即强水土流失期。  相似文献   

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