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1.
农业市场化对农户种植效益的影响——基于沪苏皖农户调查的实证研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过沪苏皖3省16个村的分层抽样农户调查发现,农业市场化的发育程度决定着农户种植经济收益的高低,不同农产品基本遵循高投入、高产出的规律,地区差异明显。根据定量分析和CD扩展模型检验表明,生产要素市场和农产品市场共同影响农户土地种植效益。为提高土地产出,农户更重视种子、化肥、农药等农资的增产性投入,劳工和机械投入随家庭非农活动情况而变化。农产品市场销售行为对农户种植效益的提高呈较明显的正向刺激作用,市场价格是关键要素,销售率和销售成本对商品型农产品影响更显著。另外农户素质及收入结构对种植效益也产生显著影响,人力资本水平与种植效益成正相关关系。 相似文献
2.
The role of drought among agro-pastoral communities in a semi-arid environment: The case of Botswana
Agro-pastoral livelihoods in semi-arid Botswana have evolved and adapted to recurrent droughts endemic to the region. Droughts, more than any other phenomena, have shaped and influenced rural communities' interaction with their environment on which they eke a living. The physical aspect of droughts and their effects are well known, but the often subtle and complex dynamics emanating from drought outbreaks are less understood among communities. A study was conducted during the 2009/2010 season to investigate how communities in Kgalagadi North and Bobonong Sub-districts perceive droughts, anticipate droughts and which sections of the respective communities were most vulnerable to drought shocks. An extensive agro-ecological knowledge base, in form of environmental indicators, was used by communities to predict imminent droughts. Preparations included storing excess crop harvests during good years, storing crop residues for livestock, buying commercial feed to supplement livestock and seeking alternative sources of income outside the agricultural sector. In spite of these efforts, drought still affected the communities negatively mainly through increased livestock mortalities and crop failure-especially among poorer households. Subsequently, it is recommended that any effective aid interventions ought to understand and appreciate these dynamics to enhance resilience to future droughts and ensure sustainable rural development. 相似文献
3.
WILLIAM G MOSELEY 《The Geographical journal》2005,171(1):36-55
This study examines the hypothesis that poor households engage in less sustainable soil management practices than rich households in a similar socioeconomic environment. This broad objective is explored in Mali's southern cotton belt through three specific research questions. First, is there empirical evidence to support the claim that poor households engage in less sustainable soil management practices than rich households? Second, what local and extra-local factors influence household agricultural management approaches in southern Mali? Third, what broader scale political and economic processes are linked to the factors that influence local-level agricultural management approaches? The author reports that soil quality measures on the farms of rich and poor households are not significantly different, refuting the conventional wisdom that the wealthy are better managers of the environment. A variety of environmentally deleterious practices are associated with export-oriented cotton production, an activity more vigorously pursued by wealthy than poor farmers. Finally, the focus on poverty in international environment and development discourse has allowed the government of Mali to avoid a serious debate on the sustainability of cotton production. The study's findings are based on household interviews describing agricultural management practices, an analysis of farm field soil measures, and discussions with donors and national policymakers. 相似文献
4.
水城县沙坡村农户经济行为调查研究 总被引：22，自引：4，他引：18
通过对贵州省水城县沙坡村 80家农户的抽样调查分析 ,发现农户的经济行为是农民适应周围自然、资源环境和社会经济结构的反应。重点讨论了农户的就业方式及其就业结构、农户在农业和非农业领域的就业行为特征及其形成原因。由于农民掌握的知识、技能主要集中在农业生产领域 ,限制了他们在非农领域的经常性就业。临时性的非农就业虽然能够在一定程度上增加农户的家庭收入 ,增强农民与外部世界的接触和交流 ,但对于贫困山区的资源配置、环境保护和农村社会经济结构转型的作用还不明显。作者对此提出了相关建议。 相似文献
5.
劳动力转移的行为和经历对贫困农（牧）户的生计产生了并继续产生着复杂而深远的影响,并构成了留守家庭成员进行新的生计选择的背景和前提条件。在资本变动和要素约束下,西部民族地区农（牧）户进行着不同的生产决策,并形成不同类型的生计策略。以甘南牧区为例,通过解析劳动力转移的特征变量,总结典型的劳动力转移农（牧）户家庭主要的生计策略模式,揭示了甘南牧区劳动力转移对留守农（牧）户生计策略选择的作用关系,并得出相应的结论。结果表明：转移劳动力文化水平、劳动力转移的外出时间、务工去向与转移劳动力工种类型在一定程度上影响了留守农（牧）户生计策略的选择。这可为西部民族地区政府部门制定科学、合理、可持续的劳动力资源利用政策,促进当地农（牧）户生计的可持续发展提供参考依据。 相似文献
6.
《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):516-530
Current agrarian reforms in Ghana, sponsored by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, are based on the notion that pricing incentives from markets are the key to agricultural investments. The turnaround in the production of the principal agricultural export, cocoa, seems to vindicate this view. However, this perspective is silent on the question of why many farmers continued to produce cocoa in the period preceding the reforms when prices were at their lowest in the country's history. Based on research on the comparative investment patterns of migrant and citizen cocoa farmers in two districts in the Western region of Ghana, this article suggests a holistic approach to comprehending investments. It indicates that the economic behaviour of cocoa farmers is complexly linked to the politics of land tenure, and cultural expectations and obligations. 相似文献
7.
Louis Awanyo 《The Professional geographer》1998,50(4):516-530
Current agrarian reforms in Ghana, sponsored by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, are based on the notion that pricing incentives from markets are the key to agricultural investments. The turnaround in the production of the principal agricultural export, cocoa, seems to vindicate this view. However, this perspective is silent on the question of why many farmers continued to produce cocoa in the period preceding the reforms when prices were at their lowest in the country's history. Based on research on the comparative investment patterns of migrant and citizen cocoa farmers in two districts in the Western region of Ghana, this article suggests a holistic approach to comprehending investments. It indicates that the economic behaviour of cocoa farmers is complexly linked to the politics of land tenure, and cultural expectations and obligations. 相似文献
8.
S. B. Kendie 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》1996,16(1):42-57
The implementation of structural adjustment programmes has not paid sufficient attention to the environmental effects of prescribed reforms. Agriculture is often the largest sector contributing significantly to the generation of export revenue and the gross domestic product in many adjusting countries, including Ghana. Structural adjustments in this sector aim at removing constraints to productivity. In Ghana, these reforms include producer price increases, market liberalisation and exchange rate reforms. This paper examines the environmental effects of raised farmgate prices for cocoa and cotton cultivation. It argues that these policies have encouraged agricultural extensification, particularly given the main type of farming (slash and burn agriculture) practised in Ghana. Environmental degradation is occurring in many areas. Furthermore, cuts in public expenditure and the institution of cost-recovery schemes for previously subsidised services such as rural water supply may reduce farmers’ disposable incomes and their ability to pay for these services. Consumption of unsafe water exposes farmers to preventable water and hygiene related diseases which, given the high cost of medical services, may worsen poverty and further encourage agricultural extensification. 相似文献
9.
西藏自治区农牧民收入结构分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
依据入户调查资料 ,文章重点分析了现阶段西藏农牧民的收入结构 ,包括收入来源、收入性质、现金收入等内容 ,探索了不同地区 (农区、牧区、半农半牧区、一江两河农业开发区、城郊区等 )及不同收入段农牧民收入结构和收入来源的差异。通过分析发现西藏农牧民收入有以下特征 :①收入以实物为主 ,现金收入和可支配收入少 ;②城郊区农牧民收入多样化指数高 ,农牧民收入高 ,收入多样化指数与农牧民收入正相关 ;③低收入农户收入来源单一 ,抗风险能力弱 ,收入增加困难 ;④从生活质量看农区优于牧区 ,半农半牧区农牧民生活质量最差 ;⑤影响农牧民人均收入的主要因子为人均生产性投入、区域通达度等。 相似文献
10.
Marco P Maneta Purnendu N Singh Marcelo Torres Wesley W Wallender Stephen A Vosti Lineu N Rodrigues Luis H Bassoi Julie A Young 《Area》2009,41(1):94-106
Reducing poverty in rural areas of developing countries requires sustained and sustainable increases in agricultural water productivity. However, aside from traditional measures of precipitation, little is known about water available to farmers or how productively they use it. We present a crop-water productivity index (a ratio of the value of annual crop production to a dimensionless potential water availability index) for large water basins using readily available low-resolution data. The index is transferable, permits direct inter-basin comparisons, and is simple to calculate. We calculate the index for each municipality in the São Francisco river basin in Brazil. No clear patterns linking water availability and value of agricultural output are evident, even though clusters of municípios with high- and low-crop-water productivity emerge, and the former may be useful in guiding policies aimed at increasing water productivity. Finally, analyses of the effects of information uncertainty on the crop-water productivity index suggest that the returns to agricultural investments in certain places in the São Francisco river basin are more risky than others. Improvements in data quality and quantity can help refine estimates of the index and reduce their uncertainty. 相似文献
11.
石羊河下游农户的土地利用行为及效率 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
农户的土地利用行为不仅决定着土地资源能否可持续利用,更影响着农村生态环境质量。本文以石羊河下游484户农户的问卷调查为基础,采用多独立样本和数据包络分析(DEA)法分析不同区域和不同类型农户土地利用行为的差异性和土地利用效率及影响因素。结果表明:(1)越向石羊河尾闾,粮食作物的种植比例越小,而经济作物种植比例越大;(2)坝区种植多样化指数最高,湖区农户土地的投入和产出最高,坝区与湖区土地利用的综合技术效率和规模效率均高于泉山区;(3)随着非农化水平的提高,农兼户的种植多样化指数最高,纯农户、农兼户和兼农户的土地投入与产出、综合技术效率、规模效率依次降低;(4)家庭规模、户主年龄、非农业收入与土地利用效率呈显著负相关性,劳动力受教育水平、农业总投入、农业收入与土地利用效率呈显著正相关性。最后,提出改善石羊河下游农户的土地利用行为、提高土地利用效率的对策建议。 相似文献
12.
Ecological compensation plays an important role in promoting ecological protection. Identifying factors affecting the willingness of farmers to accept eco-compensation has become a focus of ecological economics. The Qianxi traditional chestnut agricultural heritage system is a typical agroforestry system in China and adapts the local environment well. However, local farmers concentrate on chestnut monocultures, driven by short-term profits. The local ecological environment is very fragile. We surveyed 100 local rural households. Based on face-to-face interviews and questionnaires and model assessment, we analyzed factors affecting the willingness of farmers to accept eco-compensation in the Qianxi chestnut agroforestry system of Hebei. We found that many factors influence farmer willingness to accept, including education level, household income, environmental awareness, environmental protection practices and knowledge of ecological compensation. This research provides helps clarify the mechanism of farmer participation in eco-compensation and provides a basis for further development of compensation standards that benefit the local environment. 相似文献
13.
《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(1):21-31
In this study some light is shed on farmers' changing land-use and management practices in two mountain watersheds located in the Western Hills of Nepal. The study is based on a survey of 300 households, group discussion, interviews of key informants, and field observation in project and non-project watersheds conducted from April to September 1999. Confronted with shrinking landholding size, owing to a steadily growing population and scarcity of non-farming employment opportunities, farmers in both watersheds have gradually intensified land use and cultivated new crops to increase farm production and income. They are shifting from cereal crops to livestock husbandry, particularly along the road in the project watershed, and to vegetables and other cash crops in the accessible foothills of the non-project watershed. They have also adopted various structural and biological measures to control soil erosion, landslides, gully expansion and soil nutrient loss in order to maintain or enhance land productivity. The degree of adoption of the structural and biological measures is higher in the project watershed than in the non-project watershed. Contrary to the traditionally held belief of some researchers, population pressure on a finite land resource has brought about positive changes in land-use and management practices. Farmers have innovated and adopted different land management technologies to increase farm production as they are exposed to the risk of food insecurity because of shrinking landholding size and land degradation. 相似文献
14.
基于农户生计策略的土地利用/覆被变化效应综述 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
农户生计策略变化是农户面对环境变化和自身生计资产所作出的一种理性选择,它直接影响到人类活动与自然环境之间的相互作用,并在很大程度上驱动着农村人地系统的演化。通过对国内外农户生计策略变化研究进展的系统阐述和理论总结,重点阐明农户生计策略内涵、可持续生计框架、生计策略变化对土地利用/覆被变化的影响等方面,提出生计非农化和农业集约化是当前发展中国家和地区农户生计策略变化的主要趋势。最后,结合当前社会经济需求和科学研究需求,展望未来农户生计策略变化的研究趋势。 相似文献
15.
王秀红 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2016,7(4):269-274
由于蔬菜需求量的增加,中国的蔬菜产量不断增加;然而蔬菜地的化学污染会威胁到中国的食品安全。基于蔬菜和粮食作物的播种面积和产量、农业生产投入价格指数、单位面积的农业物质投入、蔬菜和粮食作物生产者价格指数和净利润等数据,本文计算分析了蔬菜地污染造成的中国潜在食品安全风险的变化趋势。研究表明,由于改革开放以来对蔬菜饮食的公共需求的不断增加和蔬菜高的市场价格,蔬菜的播种面积和产量显著增加;然而由于研究时段内蔬菜种植比例的增加,农业物质投入增加所带来的潜在污染风险也在不断增加。通过控制蔬菜地污染,中国的食品安全问题可以得到较大改善。 相似文献
16.
太湖流域的水环境质量呈现严重恶化趋势,农业污染物的排放是太湖流域水体环境恶化的主要原因之一。农业污染物主要来源于种植业、畜禽养殖业和水产养殖业的生产过程,不同于以往分开论述三者对水环境的影响,本文基于全国第一次污染普查数据,运用污染足迹模型定量分析了湖州市农业面源(种植业、畜禽养殖业和水产养殖业)对水环境的影响。研究结果表明:(1)农业生产产生的污染物对水环境的影响排序为:磷>氮>有机物;(2)各农业生产类型对水环境的影响排序为:水产养殖业>种植业>畜禽养殖业;(3)湖州市各区县对水环境的影响也存在着明显的空间差异。通过对湖州市农业污染足迹评估,可以明确地提出哪种污染物类型、农业生产类型和区域是湖州市农业面源污染治理的重点。研究结果可以为太湖流域农业的可持续发展和水资源的可持续利用提供一定的参考价值。 相似文献
17.
重庆市山区农户耕地转入特征及其影响因素 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
耕地流转有利于缓解耕地撂荒和闲置问题,促进土地规模化经营,但已有山区的研究侧重耕地转出,且未深入分析农户耕地转入的特征.本文运用重庆市“两翼”地区12 个典型村的1015 份农户调查问卷,从地块尺度详细分析了农户耕地转入的特征,并通过Tobit 模型,定量分析了农户转入耕地面积的影响因素.结果表明:①农户多无偿转入耕地,但仍主要转入质量好、坡度小、离家近的地块;因受地形影响,转入地块又多为旱地,且难灌溉、面积小,并存在“去粮化”和粗放化经营.②农户特征方面,转入耕地的农户多为普通农户,经营耕地规模小、效益低,且地块细碎化程度高.③影响因素方面,农业劳动力比例、农业收入、农具数量和耕作面积对农户转入耕地面积有显著正向影响,而户主年龄、地块平均面积和地区哑变量则武隆县有显著负向影响. 相似文献
18.
《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(1):42-53
The article analyses the effects of changes in land cover and land use changes together with population changes on the livelihood of rural households, and also farming households' responses to these changes, in typical rural settings of north-eastern Ethiopia. The study shows that the immediate impact of shrubland and forest increase since the late 1970s, coupled with population increase, is an exponential fall of per capita cropland and grazing land, which are the principal physical assets of livelihoods of the rural farming community in the area. Furthermore, the study reveals that the scarcity of cultivated land in the area neither brings about agricultural intensification nor leads to diversification into non-farm activities, and farmers did not respond to the scarcity of cultivated land through large out-migration. In general, the Boserupian assumption of land-use intensification through improved labour and land productivity did not happen in the region. Rather, the Malthusian thesis seems appropriate. The majority of farming households are destitute, unable to satisfy their own food demands, and live in absolute poverty. This situation has been brought about not only due to population pressure but also as a result of the policies that have been applied in all systems since the 1950s. 相似文献
19.
帮扶措施不仅是构建稳定脱贫长效机制的关键举措,更是推进脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴有效衔接的客观要求。论文构建了帮扶措施对农户生计策略选择的影响分析框架,利用入户调查数据,在辨明帮扶措施及生计策略选择特征的基础上,探讨了影响陇南山区脱贫户生计策略选择的关键因素。结果表明：① 陇南山区有59.84%的脱贫户享受了多元帮扶措施,其中,享受最多的多元帮扶措施为产业扶贫+生态补偿扶贫,享受最多的单一帮扶措施为生态补偿扶贫;② 陇南山区脱贫户的生计策略以务工主导型为主,呈农业特色化、非农化和多样化的特点;③ 陇南山区脱贫户生计策略选择的路径依赖性整体呈中等水平,其中,川坝河谷区农户、老年农户和低生计资本禀赋的农户生计策略选择的路径依赖性较强,且帮扶措施对其有调节作用;④ 社会资本、人力资本、金融资本和区位条件对农户的生计策略选择有显著影响;产业扶贫和电商扶贫对农户的特色务农型生计策略选择有正向影响,生态补偿扶贫和就业扶贫对农户的非农化生计策略选择有正向影响。最后,提出了优化农户生计策略的政策建议。 相似文献
20.
农户行为视角下的乡村生产空间系统运行机制及重构启示 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
农户行为转变是乡村生产空间系统量变或从量变到质变的重要驱动力,乡村生产空间系统的运行实质上是农户行为作用的外在表现,厘清农户行为可为诠释乡村生产空间系统的运行机制提供平台。本文在剖析农户行为转变与乡村生产空间系统运行响应的理论框架基础上,从农户行为转变和乡村生产空间系统响应入手构建指标体系,建立模糊综合评价量化模型,并以重庆市江津区恒和村作为实证,诠释乡村生产空间系统运行机制。主要研究结论为：不同农户行为对乡村生产空间系统运行的影响程度各异,大体为生产大户>合作社农户>传统农户;不同农户行为对系统运行响应结果的作用差异明显,生产大户行为主要影响乡村生产空间的利用效率,合作社农户行为对提升生产空间系统经济效益作用明显,传统农户行为对生产空间系统环境改善的贡献作用最小。并从经济、社会、空间重构视角提出发展多种形式的适度规模化经营、培育新型农业经营主体和职业农民、合理引导农户技术和资本投入等建议,以实现乡村生产空间系统协调与均衡发展。 相似文献