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1.
A. John Arnfield 《自然地理学》2013,34(2):97-122
The principles of radiation geometry and the Lambertian assumption are employed to construct a numerical model of the multiple reflection effects within an urban canyon of variable geometry and surface materials. The canyon model is used to estimate the reflection coefficients for the direct and diffuse short-wave and incoming longwave radiative fluxes and the longwave emissivity of an urban surface. The procedures described are applied to various land-use zones in Columbus, Ohio, for the solstices and equinoxes. The diurnal variation of shortwave reflection coefficients is illustrated; daily values generally increase from the CBD to the residential suburbs. Longwave radiative properties differ little between zones. Radiation budgets are synthesized for each land-use type, assuming negligible atmospheric pollution, and are compared with those for appropriate rural surfaces. Net longwave radiation varies little between zones but net shortwave and net radiation decrease from the CBD to the residential areas at the city periphery. Net radiation gradients in cities are shown to depend critically on the relative effects of urban atmospheric pollution on the incident fluxes of longwave and shortwave radiation. 相似文献
2.
利用陆面过程模式BATS,引入地表发射率及两种大气发射率参数化方案,同时引入不同的地表粗糙度参数化方案,对比各种参数化方案对沙漠下垫面地面温度及能量收支的模拟状况。结果表明：采用Van Bavel等发展的地表发射率及Chung等发展的大气发射率方案可以明显改进地面温度及向上长波辐射的模拟,Chung等方案在夜间与正午的模拟效果更好,减小了1 ℃左右的地面温度模拟偏差,减小了10 W·m-2左右的向上长波辐射模拟偏差。晴天地面温度及向上长波辐射的模拟结果优于阴天。利用Zhang等发展的裸土粗糙度参数化方案也会提高模式对地表感热通量模拟的准确性。 相似文献
3.
A. John Arnfield 《自然地理学》2013,34(3):220-239
A simulation model for surface cooling in urban street canyons under calm conditions is described, based upon a simplified energy budget for the canyon facets containing only the net longwave and substrate heat flux densities. The former term is evaluated from the canyon radiation budget model of Arnfield (1976), the latter by numerically approximating the Fourier heat conduction equation. Equilibrium temperatures evolve through the nocturnal period for specified canyon and incoming longwave irradiance characteristics. Numerical experiments conducted with the model show that canyon geometry alone exerts a significant effect on cooling rates and, hence, on heat island intensity. Construction materials and internal building climate control tend to enhance spatial variations in nocturnal temperatures. The effects of wall thickness, sky radiance distribution and cloud cover also are investigated. Results show qualitative and quantitative correspondences with previous field and scale-model studies. Sources of error and desirable model refinements are discussed. [Key words: urban climatology, heat island, heat flux, nocturnal cooling, simulation model.] 相似文献
4.
T. NEWTON T.R. OKE C.S.B. GRIMMOND M. ROTH 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2007,89(4):331-347
Summertime measurements of local scale energy balance of a suburban site in west Miami, Florida, in 1995 are presented. All of the radiation and turbulent heat fluxes were measured directly. In addition several derived surface characteristics are calculated including the albedo, radiation temperature, emissivity, aerodynamic and canopy resistances, Bowen's ratio, Priestley‐Taylor and McNaughton‐Jarvis coefficients. The results are used to test parameterizations to calculate several heat fluxes. Most radiation fluxes can be calculated with simple schemes in cloudless conditions but the spatial and temporal variability of cloud degrades results greatly. This highlights the value of observing incoming solar radiation since it can form an excellent surrogate for daytime net all‐wave radiation in all sky conditions. The heat flux results for this warm, wet subtropical site demonstrate similarities with those from similarly developed locations in temperate climates. Interestingly this finding includes the fraction of energy used in evaporation. It is thought that this may be related to the relatively large heat storage in Miami which may reflect the presence of wet soils and free‐standing water, the persistently low vapor pressure deficits (7‐14 hPa) typical of this humid climate and the relatively poor coupling between the surface and the whole planetary boundary layer due to relatively low surface roughness. 相似文献
5.
The data utilized in this analysis consisted of extraterrestrial radiation, global radiation, diffuse radiation, direct radiation, total cloud cover and relative sunshine. The annual variations and trend were analyzed for monthly mean daily total global, direct, and diffuse radiation on a horizontal surface and for the relations between global, direct, diffuse radiation and relative sunshine, total cloud cover. The climatological calculation equations of global and direct radiation are put forward. The results show that global and direct radiations are characterized by decrease and diffuse radiation by increase. The main causes are due to the increase of concentration of suspended particles and atmospheric turbidities rather than cloud cover variations. 相似文献
6.
南京地区近40年来太阳辐射变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The data utilized in this analysis consisted of extraterrestrial radiation,global radiation,diffuse radiation,total cloud cover and relative sunshine.The annual variations and trend were analyzed for monthly mean daily total global,direct,and diffuse radiation on a horizontal surface and for the relations between global,direct,diffuse radiation and relative sunshine,total cloud cover.The climatlolgical calculation equations of global and direct radiation are put forward.The results show that global and direct radiations are characterized by decrease and diffuse radiation by increase.The main causes are due to the increase of concentration of suspended particles and atmospheric turbidities rather than cloud cover variations. 相似文献
7.
利用中国首次北极科学考察队观测的气象资料 ,初步分析研究了 1 999年 8月 1 9～ 2 4日北冰洋浮冰 ( 75°N,1 60°W)上的温、压、湿、风、云量、辐射、海表温度、冰面及冰中温度等气象要素变化特征 ,并结合 50 0 h Pa高度场分析了该期间的天气过程。结果表明 :在考察期间海面与冰面温度日变化差异明显。除晴天夜间出现逆温外 ,气温随高度增大而减小 ,冰面为热源 ,不断有向上的热量输送。海温则稳定少变。冰中热交换主要发生在冰下 0～ 40 cm深度。由于有海上湿平流等影响 ,存在“逆湿”现象。晴天反射率具有明显日变化 ,早晚大 ,中午小。海冰表面平均反射率约为 0 .76。辐射与云量特别是低云量的关系密切 相似文献
8.
随着环境变化,草原地表状态也会改变,尤其是近地面能量收支过程变化更明显。为深入理解半干旱草原地表辐射能量平衡过程对放牧的响应特征,利用内蒙古正镶白旗典型退化草原2020年生长季（6—10月）的辐射通量观测资料,对比分析了禁牧、放牧草地太阳总辐射、地表反射辐射、大气长波辐射、地表长波辐射、净辐射以及地表反照率的日变化和生长季变化规律的差异。结果表明：在生长季,太阳总辐射随着时间推进逐月递减;禁牧区的地表反射辐射总体小于放牧区;各月大气长波辐射日变化幅度很小,处于130—370 W·m-2;禁牧、放牧条件下地表长波辐射存在明显的季节变化规律,但是二者之间的差异甚微。内蒙古典型退化草原生长季近地面辐射通量有显著单峰型日变化特征。禁牧、放牧草地地表反照率都呈现“U”型日变化规律。生长季放牧草地的反照率明显高于禁牧草地。在禁牧区,辐射分量（地表反射辐射、大气长波辐射）和植被指数（归一化差异植被指数）对净辐射的影响是正向极显著的;而地表反照率和另一辐射分量（地表长波辐射）对净辐射有显著的负向作用。在放牧区,地表反射辐射和大气长波辐射对净辐射有极显著的正向作用;而地表反照率和地表长波辐射对净辐射的作用则是负向显著的。植被状况是影响内蒙古典型退化草原近地表辐射能量收支过程的首要因子。 相似文献
9.
Ben W. Brock 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2004,86(1):53-65
Abstract An analysis of ten‐minute albedo variations, recorded on Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland, over an 11 day period in the 1999 ablation season is presented. Most of the short‐term (<1 day) albedo variability is caused by variations in cloud cover, while solar zenith angle variations in the range 25° to 75° are of minor importance, probably due to the predominantly cloudy conditions during the measurement period. A new method to calculate albedo variation as a function of cloud cover is developed. Short‐term albedo variations are expressed by the ratio of the measured albedo to the daily albedo ‘minimum’, defined as the albedo under cloud‐free conditions when the solar zenith angle is <50°. Variations in cloud cover are quantified by the ratio of the measured incoming shortwave radiation flux to the theoretical direct‐beam shortwave radiation flux. The resulting relationships are successful, explaining 83% and 87–90% of short‐term albedo variation on snow and ice respectively, and may be incorporated into albedo parameterizations already used in numerical energy balance melt models, without the need for additional data. Simulations with a glacier energy balance model suggest that melt rates are overestimated by between 1 and 3 mm water equivalent per day if a correction is not made for the increase in albedo under cloudy conditions. Other causes of albedo variation are identified and evidence is found for the removal of fine debris from the glacier surface by intense rainfall, leading to an albedo increase. The implications for energy balance models and satellite‐derived albedo measurements are discussed. 相似文献
10.
利用东南极Panda-1站2011年2月至2012年1月期间的辐射观测资料,检验了四种再分析资料在该地区的适用性。结果表明:对各辐射分量ERA interim在Panda-1地区的适用性都明显好于其他三种再分析资料,这主要归因于其四维变分(4D-VAR)数据同化系统的应用、新的云预报方程和改进的参数化方案以及同化了更多的卫星资料雷达等非常规探测资料。对于向下短波辐射,NCEP-1与实测值之间偏差最大(18.7 W·m-2),可能原因是模式对大气透明度的高估和对云量的低估。对反射率模拟的偏差直接导致了各模式对净短波辐射模拟偏差。NCEP-1与JCDAS都低估了Panda-1地区的地表反射率,模式中,地表吸收了更多的向下短波辐射,最终导致对净短波辐射模拟偏高。对向下长波辐射,四种再分析资料都存在不同程度的低估,冬季偏差大于夏季,其中NCEP-1与NCEP-2偏差最大(分别为-62.6 W·m-2和-37.3 W·m-2)。四种再分析资料均不能很好地反映Panda-1地区净辐射的年变化情况,一般而言,夏季偏差小,冬季偏差大。虽然再分析资料存在明显的缺陷和不足,在广袤的东南极高原地区,观测站点稀少,实测资料无法满足需要,再分析资料仍不失为研究东南极地区气候的一种有效工具。 相似文献
11.
A preliminary analysis of some characteristics of the radiation components is made by using the surface radiation data obtained from February 1990 to January 1991 at Zhongshan Station. The result shows that the fluxes of direct radiation and global radiation are strong with higher atmospheric transparency,and the surface can absorb large amount of radiation energy in warm season. The surface loses heat energy in cold season due to the seasonal variations of the surface albedo and shortwave radiation. The variation of net longwave radiation is related to cloud amount and surface air temperature. The property of net radiation is similar to other Antarctic coastal stations but differs greatly from Antarctic inland area. 相似文献
12.
利用2008年春季中美沙尘暴联合观测实验中张掖站晴朗少云天正午的地表辐射和太阳光度计资料,计算分析了沙尘气溶胶对太阳辐射和大气逆辐射的影响,结果表明：沙尘对太阳总辐射有一定程度的削弱作用,经估算,大气浑浊度每增加0.1,太阳总辐射平均减少约10.45 W·m-2;当大气浑浊度一定时,沙尘粒子越小,对太阳总辐射的削弱效率就越高;大气浑浊度小于0.3时,大气逆辐射有随大气浑浊度的增加而增加的趋势,大气浑浊度大于0.3时,大气逆辐射随大气浑浊度增加有减小的趋势。 相似文献
13.
This paper performs a climatological investigation of the surface radiation budget (SRB) in Svalbard, on the basis of the Norwegian Polar Institute's radiation measurements from Ny-Ålesund (1981-1997) and the NASA/Langley Surface Radiation Budget Dataset (1983-1991). The radiation climate is related to meteorological conditions and surface properties, and compared to surface radiation fluxes measured from space. The natural variability of the short-wave and long-wave radiation fluxes in Ny-Ålesund is generally governed by the large annual variation in the incoming light with polar night and polar day conditions, the large changes of surface albedo - especially during spring - and the atmospheric circulation with frequent cyclone passages during winter with alternating periods of warm, humid maritime air from the south and cold, dry Arctic air from the north.
Comparison with the satellite derived surface radiation fluxes shows that NyÅlesund is to a large extent influenced by the "ocean" climate to the west of Svalbard during the summer and autumn, but has a more "continental" radiation climate representative of the more central parts of the island during winter and spring. Ny-Ålesund is located in a fiord on the north-west coast of Svalbard, where the ocean cloud cover and the Arctic sea fog play an important role during the summer. During the winter and spring, however, the fiords are frozen and the drift ice covers a large extent of the surrounding ocean. 相似文献
Comparison with the satellite derived surface radiation fluxes shows that NyÅlesund is to a large extent influenced by the "ocean" climate to the west of Svalbard during the summer and autumn, but has a more "continental" radiation climate representative of the more central parts of the island during winter and spring. Ny-Ålesund is located in a fiord on the north-west coast of Svalbard, where the ocean cloud cover and the Arctic sea fog play an important role during the summer. During the winter and spring, however, the fiords are frozen and the drift ice covers a large extent of the surrounding ocean. 相似文献
14.
风云三号D星（FY-3D）是我国新一代极轨气象卫星，中分辨率光谱成像仪Ⅱ（MERSI-Ⅱ）是其携带的核心传感器之一，MERSI-Ⅱ实现了云、气溶胶、水汽、陆地表面特性、海洋水色等大气、陆地、海洋参量的高精度定量反演。选取2018年7、8月无云时相的FY-3D/MERSI-Ⅱ数据对天山中段终年积雪进行归一化积雪指数（NDSI）的计算。结合高分辨率Landsat-8影像，利用混淆矩阵对FY-3D/MERSI-Ⅱ数据计算结果与同期MODIS日积雪产品数据MOD10A1进行精度对比分析。结果表明：FY-3D/MERSI-Ⅱ图像平均总体精度为0.855，MOD10A1图像平均总体精度为0.820，FY-3D/MERSI-Ⅱ积雪覆盖提取平均总体精度比MOD10A1积雪覆盖提取平均总体精度高0.035。FY-3D/MERSI-Ⅱ的Kappa系数平均值为0.659，MOD10A1的Kappa系数平均值为0.558，FY-3D/MERSI-Ⅱ的Kappa系数平均值大于MOD10A1的Kappa系数平均值。故FY-3D/MERSI-Ⅱ数据提取积雪覆盖面积精度更高，更接近高分辨率Landsat-8影像目视解译结果。 相似文献
15.
复杂地形任意天气情形下太阳直接辐射量模拟 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
以太阳辐射传输参数化模型为基础,结合MODIS影像两次白天的云产品和水汽产品及DEM,构建了复杂地形任意天气情形下每日太阳直接辐射量模型。选取代表不同气候类型与地形起伏状况的3个典型站点（拉萨、北京、额济纳旗）,以2007年每日实测值对模拟结果进行了验证,其相关系数分别为0.77、0.77和0.85。研究表明:有云天气下,云是影响地表太阳直接辐射数量和空间分布的主要因子;模型对时间步长不敏感。引起误差的原因主要是MODIS云产品的时空分辨率较低以及云的3D效应导致模拟的困难,对地形起伏较大地区,小比例尺的DEM也会导致较大的误差,同时实测值与模拟值的空间尺度不匹配也引起了一定误差。 相似文献
16.
17.
Using the observed data from 184 stations over the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau (YGP) from 1961 to 2005, the long-term trends in sunshine duration, cloud amount, dry visibility (Vd), dry extinction, and water vapor over the YGP are analyzed. The results show that 85% of the stations recorded shortening annual sunshine duration, with the decrease rates between ?12.2 and ?173.7 h/10yr. Results of Mann-Kendall tests indicate that, among the stations with decreasing sunshine duration, 63.7% of them experienced an abrupt change that started in the 1970s and peaked in the 1980s. This decreasing trend has reversed in the early years of the 21st century. The cloud cover and water vapor content in the mid and lower levels over the YGP had no obvious changes during the study period. The annual averages of Vd declined from 34 km in the 1960s to 27 km at present. The annual mean dry extinction coefficient trended upward, from 0.176 to 0.190, on the YGP from 1980 to 2005. Analyses of cloud cover, water vapor, atmospheric visibility, and dry extinction coefficient revealed that emitted tropospheric aerosols (including air pollutants) resulting from increased energy consumption over the YGP could be a major factor influencing the reductions of sunshine duration and atmospheric visibility. 相似文献
18.
1961—2000年中国太阳辐射区域特征的初步研究 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
利用中国122个辐射观测站1961—2000年的逐日地面辐射资料,同期729个气象站的逐日云量资料,分析了总辐射、直接辐射和散射辐射年代际距平分布和变化。按照中国地理气候区域的特征并考虑年总辐射,将中国划分为5个不同的辐射区域。分析了各区近40 a来总辐射、直接辐射、散射辐射的年际变化。结果表明:①总辐射和直接辐射年曝辐量在1961—1990年之间呈下降趋势,在20世纪80年代达到最低值,以青藏高原西南部地区降幅最明显;在1991—2000年总辐射和直接辐射年曝辐量有回升趋势,其中青藏高原地区回升最显著,但均未达到历史最高水平。5区总辐射近40 a来下降率为:-1.24%/10a,-1.66%/10a,-1.60%/10a,-1.89%/10a和-1.93%/10a。②近40 a来散射辐射年曝辐量除东北无明显变化外,南疆和青藏高原有降低趋势,而南方有略微增加趋势;通过对云量的分析发现西北地区低云量略增加,而其他地区低云量和总云量都有不同程度的下降趋势,5区总云量近40 a来下降率为:-2.99%/10a,-1.68%/10a,-3.10%/10a,-1.17%/10a和-1.01%/10a,低云量变化率为:-1.51%/10a,4.46%/10a,-1.47%/10a,-0.89%/10a和-0.75%/10a。最后对造成辐射长期变化的原因作了初步讨论。 相似文献
19.
定量遥感地表净辐射通量所需大气下行长波辐射估算模型改进 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
利用半湿润季风气候类型夏季近地层气象观测资料,对得到广泛应用的十种晴天大气下行辐射估算模型和两种昙天大气下行辐射估算模型进行检验。指出其中Iziomon(2003)晴天大气下行辐射估算模型是半湿润季风气候类型夏季较适用的估算模型。然而,在有云天空,Iziomon(2003)昙天估算模型误差比较大。本文依据实测资料,对Iziomon(2003)昙天大气下行辐射估算模型进行修正,修正后的模型估算值与实测值非常接近。由于应用常规气象站的大气温湿度来估算大气下行辐射仅代表近地层大气对其的贡献,不能反映整层大气的贡献,尤其在近地层与高空大气的水汽状况不一致时,上述模型将有较大的误差。为此本文结合Iziomon(2003)晴天模型中大气比辐射率的表达式,提出了运用红外辐射计以37°高度角对天空的观测值,来推算大气下行辐射的新方法。小汤山的试验数据表明,新模型的反演精度优于上述传统模型。 相似文献
20.
地表净辐射是地球表面的短波和长波辐射输入和输出通量辐射平衡的结果,也是地表蒸散与水热平衡研究中非常重要的方面。利用2014年8月下旬的Landsat8遥感影像,采用BISHT等提出的净辐射估算方法,首先通过计算瞬时大气传输率、瞬时短波太阳辐射和下行长波辐射得到了短波辐射与长波辐射的估算值,并进一步通过计算地表反照率等得到了瞬时净辐射和日均净辐射,最后利用地面实测净辐射值对估算结果进行了验证。研究表明：利用分辨率较高的Landsat8数据和部分气象参数能够很好地模拟该地区晴天的瞬时和日间净辐射的分布,并且与地面实测净辐射值具有较好的一致性,平均误差为14.5 W·m-2。研究弥补了利用其他遥感数据估算地表辐射参数复杂、精度偏低的缺陷,可以适用于干旱地区的晴天瞬时和日间净辐射值的估算,并且能够有效的提高估算精度。 相似文献