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1.
A recent decision to allow higher levels of urban development in central Oahu, Hawaii, has heightened the concern about possible loss of agricultural land and further drops in aquifer levels. This paper examines such potential impacts and offers a procedure for incorporating them into land use planning. First, a water-balance simulation model computes the change in groundwater recharge under changes in land use and irrigation technology. The resulting changes, together with estimated water demands for the agricultural, commercial and residential sectors, are then included in a multiobjective programming model that identifies optimal patterns of land use conversion under different objective trade-offs. Objectives treated are the minimization of agricultural land loss and of water demand, and the maximumization of recharge over withdrawal. The second objective pertains to water management during drought, while the third refers to sustainable groundwater management. Results show that, depending on the relative importance given each of these two objectives, land moving out of sugar cane will differ significantly in amount and by type of irrigation presently used. The relative importance of these objectives thus needs to be determined if water is to play a coherent and guiding role in land use planning. 相似文献
2.
黄淮海平原水资源开发的环境效应及其调控对策 总被引：18，自引：2，他引：18
本文简要介绍了黄淮海平原水资源开发与农业持续发展的关系，本区人均、公顷平均水资源量均仅及全国平均值的２９％；耕地灌溉率每增加１％，粮食单产增加９４．２８ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，总产增加２０．５０×１０８ｋｇ。文中阐述了四大类型区水资源利用现状和水资源开发中的环境问题，诸如山前平原区的水污染与浅层地下水超采，海河低平原区饮水型氟中毒、地下水降落漏斗和地面沉降，黄淮平原区的渍害和滨海平原区的黄河断流和海水入侵等。针对上述水环境问题，本文提出了相应的调控对策，可供有关省（市）、地（市）决策部门参考。 相似文献
3.
水资源管理制度改革及种植业结构调整是提高西北干旱区绿洲水资源承载力的有效途径。结合2000-2015年临泽绿洲地表水与地下水资源利用、种植业分布格局、水利设施建设等资料,采用水资源承载力平衡指数（IWSD）和地下水开采潜力指数分析了临泽绿洲水资源供需平衡的年际变化,并利用适宜灌溉规模对绿洲水资源最大承载力进行了研究。分析得出：2000-2015年期间,在P=50%来水情况下仅蓼泉和板桥灌区能维持水资源供需平衡且地下水开采不超过最大允许开采量;受水资源管理改革、种植业结构调整等因素影响,绿洲单位面积耗水量下降0.35×104 m3·hm-2;优先保证绿洲内部生活、工业及生态用水,2020年规划下可承载灌溉面积为（3.51～3.91）×104 hm2。适当缩减绿洲边缘灌溉面积,协调各灌区井渠灌溉是实现绿洲“水-生态-经济”可持续发展的有效途径。 相似文献
4.
l introductionYucheng area is located in the downstream alluvial plain of the Yellow hiver in Shandong provillce,Nortll China. bouenced by the conhnenlal monsoon clllnate in wann tCmperate zone, fainfall isdistributed very unevenly in bine. AVerage annual precipitation amounts to 600 ~ with 70%concentrahng from June to September The mother material of soil is conStituted by river alluvium andmainly consistS of mealy sand and light loam. Vadose zone consistS of mealy san4 its dry bulk densi… 相似文献
5.
基于技术效率及影子价格的农业灌溉弹性需水研究——以黑龙江省为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于黑龙江省13个地市2000~2015年的农业投入和产出数据,采用随机非参数包络分析法（StoNED）,估算黑龙江省农业灌溉用水的技术效率和影子价格,提出了基于技术效率和影子价格的农业灌溉用水弹性需求分析模型,研究表明：在相同的产出条件下,2015年农业灌溉用水技术效率无效比2000年降低了23.68 %、农业灌溉用水技术效率有效提高了25.02%;哈尔滨市的农业灌溉用水技术效率最高,达到了0.978 8;齐齐哈尔市的农业灌溉用水技术效率最低,为0.685 4;黑龙江省农业灌溉用水影子价格平均值在2.04~3.86元/m3之间波动,各地市农业灌溉用水影子价格平均值波动性较大,其极差达到了11.92 元/m3;当其他投入保持不变的条件下,黑龙江省农业灌溉用水价格、农业总产出和农业用水技术效率每增加1%,农业灌溉用水量将分别减少4.64%、增加1.10%和减少0.20%。 相似文献
6.
In irrigated agricultural landscapes, land-use conversion may have landscape-level social, hydrological, and ecological effects. We used geographic information systems (GIS) and interviews to analyze development effects on irrigation in the Henry's Fork Watershed, Idaho. Farmers developed irrigation there in the 19th century, and incidental recharge from canal seepage and flood irrigation raised groundwater levels and expanded wetlands. Cohesive culture in agricultural communities sustained irrigation systems until amenity-driven demographic shifts beginning in the 1970s led to development approved by local governments with land-use planning but no water-management authority. Although only 5% of irrigated land has been converted, development has fragmented irrigated landscapes and made canal-system operation more difficult, potentially reducing groundwater levels, wetland extent, and return flows critical to downstream irrigators and fish and wildlife. We discuss future scenarios, highlighting the need for increased communication among local and state governments regarding land use and water management in irrigated landscapes across the West. 相似文献
7.
湖南省农业水问题浅析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
湖南省雨水丰沛，农业水资源总量完全可满足农业生产需要和支持其持续发展。但时空分布不均带来了一系列水问题：山丘区的季节性干旱和洪灾，平原区的涝灾；水资源开发利用效率、农田水分生产率低以及工业和城市用水压力等。解决湖南农业可持续发展的水问题，首先是强化雨水资源化过程，加强原有农业水利工程设施的修缮和配套建设，努力建设新的农田灌溉设施；改革农业水管理体制和制度，逐步实现农业水管理的“用水有偿化、投资多元化、经营企业化、管理法制化”；另外要立足省情，推进农业科学用水研究，提高水分生产力。 相似文献
8.
我国北方地下水危机与可持续农业的发展 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
我国北方地区大约70％的地下水资源开采量用来灌溉农业。超采地下水资源,带来了一系列生态环境地质问题,如区域地下水位下降、地面沉降、海水入侵、土地盐渍化和荒漠化等。针对上述问题,提出四大战略性对策与措施：(1)发展节水型农业,持续高效利用水资源;(2)南水北调和区域管理是解决北方地下水危机的重要途径;(3)保护水资源和水环境,增加水资源可利用量;(4)开展变化环境下的水循环与水量平衡研究,综合开发利用水资源。来解决北方地区地下水资源危机,保证可持续农业的发展,促进我国社会经济稳定健康发展。 相似文献
9.
Oases in arid northwestern China play a significant role in the region's economic stability and development. Overexploitation of the region's water resources has led to serious environmental consequences. In oases, irrigated agriculture is the primary consumer of water, but water shortages resulting from dramatically growing human needs have become a bottleneck for regional sustainable development, making effective management of the limited available water critical. Effective strategies must be formulated to increase agricultural productivity while reducing its environmental impacts. To support the development of such strategies, water use patterns were analyzed during the 2007 and 2008 growing seasons, from May to early October, to identify opportunities for improving water management using the Molden-Sakthivadivel water-accounting method, which combines groundwater and surface water into a single domain and can provide a good estimate of the uses, depletion, and productivity of water in a water basin context. The study area lies in Linze County, Gansu Province, China. In the study area, the inflow water resources consist of irrigation, precipitation, and soil water, which accounted for 89.3%, 8.9%, and 1.8% of the total in 2007, and 89.3%, 4.8%, and 5.9% in 2008, respectively. The irrigation depends heavily on groundwater, which accounted for 82.1% and 83.6% of the total irrigation water in 2007 and 2008, respectively. In 2007 and 2008, deep percolation accounted for 50.1% and 47.9% of the water outflow, respectively, with corresponding depleted fractions of 0.51 and 0.55, respectively. For the irrigation district as a whole, the water productivity was only 1.37 CNY/m3. To significantly increase crop water productivity and prevent depletion of the region's groundwater aquifer, it will be necessary to reduce the amount of water used for irrigation. Several water-saving agricultural practices are discussed and recommended. 相似文献
10.
Quantitative characterization and comprehensive evaluation of regional water resources using the Three Red Lines method 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Based on the synergetic development of new industrialization, rapid urbanization and agricultural modernization (IUAM), and from the viewpoint of interactive relationships between water resources and regional population, eco-environment, economy and society, the concepts of water resources intensity (WRI), water environment intensity (WEI), water resources relative efficiency (WRRE) and water environment relative efficiency (WERE) are defined with reference to energy intensity, resources efficiency and environment efficiency theory. On the basis of benchmarking theory, the quantitative characterization and evaluation method of “Three Red Lines” (the upper limit of water resources allocation, the baseline of utilization efficiency of water resources and the upper limit of sewage discharge) is proposed. According to these concepts and models, an empirical analysis of the Three Red Lines of water resources on the Chinese mainland between 2003 and 2012 was carried out. The results showed that total water consumption in eastern, central and western parts of China possesses “club convergence” characteristics, which means these areas have similar internal conditions appeared convergence in the development. Inter-provincial differences in water consumption continue to decrease, but the north–south differentiation characteristics in the eastern and central regions were still relatively obvious, while provincial differences in the eastern part were at a minimum and the central region had the largest. Water Resources Efficiency (WRE) of all four sectors in the Southwest rivers and Huaihe River basins were generally high. Industrial WRRE in the Songhua River, Yangtze River and Pearl River basins, agricultural WRRE in the Songhua River, Yellow River and northwestern river basins and domestic WRRE in the Liaohe River, Yangtze River and Pearl River basins were all low. Eco-environmental WRRE in the southeastern rivers and Yangtze River basins were low but showed an upward trend. Other river basins, except for the Northwestern rivers basin, had high eco-environmental WRRE with a downward trend. Western China, especially the northwestern part, had a low relative intensity of the water environment (WERI) and high integrated water environment management (IWEM) performance, but the relative intensities of the water resources (WRRI) were fairly high, and the comprehensive performance of integrated water resources management (IWRM) in these regions was low. In southern China, especially the southeastern part, the IWEM was fairly high, but the overall IWRM was lower. 相似文献
11.
干旱区水资源约束下的生态退耕空间优化及权衡分析——以奇台县为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
干旱区耕地大规模扩张导致水资源超载、生态问题频发,亟须退地还水。因此,探索水资源约束下的生态退耕空间优化方案,不仅有助于解决干旱区面临的问题,还可为土地利用规划和决策提供参考。目前对退耕方案多效益矛盾的研究尚量化不足,有鉴于此,本文建立生态退耕空间优化配置及权衡分析模型,以新疆奇台县为研究区进行模型应用,构建了水资源约束下的生态退耕方案群,并设计保有耕地优先和保护生态优先等两种情景,利用蚁群优化算法实现了生态退耕的空间配置模拟与优化。结果表明：耕地面积在保有耕地优先情景将减至9.94万hm2,保护生态优先情景则为6.96万hm2;在此退耕过程中,河道内生态用水占水资源总量的比例从10%增加到30%,防固沙量由713.22万t增加至816.59万t,经济效益则由34.86亿元下降至24.75亿元。通过比较单位经济效益的减少比例可产生的生态效益增加比例,确定耕地面积退至8.35万hm2时是权衡生态和经济效益下的生态退耕最优方案。退耕还草主要发生在奇台县耕地集中区的东北、西北及西南部边缘,将有利于北部的沙漠化防控和南部的水源保护。本研究实现了干旱区水资源约束下生态退耕方案空间模拟和优化,对农业经营和生态保护具有重要参考意义。 相似文献
12.
Although Ethiopia has abundant land for irrigation, only a fraction of its potential land is being utilized. This study evaluates suitability of lands for irrigation using groundwater in Ethiopia using GIS-based Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) techniques in order to enhance the country's agricultural industry. Key factors that significantly affect irrigation suitability evaluated in this study include physical land features (land use, soil, and slope), climate (rainfall and evapotranspiration), and market access (proximity to roads and access to market). These factors were weighted using a pair-wise comparison matrix, then reclassified and overlaid to identify suitable areas for groundwater irrigation using a 1-km grid. Groundwater data from the British Geological Survey were used to estimate the groundwater potential, which indicates the corresponding irrigation potential for major crops. Results indicated that more than 6 million ha of land are suitable for irrigation in Ethiopia. A large portion of the irrigable land is located in the Abbay, Rift Valley, Omo Ghibe, and Awash River basins. These basins have access to shallow groundwater (i.e., depth of groundwater less than 20 m from the surface) making it easier to extract. The comparison between available groundwater and total crop water requirements indicate that groundwater alone may not be sufficient to supply all suitable land. The study estimates that only 8% of the suitable land can be irrigated with the available shallow groundwater. However, groundwater is a viable option for supplementing surface water resources for irrigation in several basins in the country. 相似文献
13.
基于“水—能源—食物—生态”纽带因果关系和贝叶斯网络的锡尔河流域用水分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
跨界流域水资源利用系统因受气候变化、人口增长、政治博弈、生态反馈等许多因素的互馈影响,包含复杂的“水—能源—食物—生态”纽带因果关系,形成具有高度不确定性的复杂非线性系统。传统水资源规划方法中缺少对这种复杂纽带关系的约束,而目前研究这类纽带关系多基于耦合多个模型、集成建模的方法,数据需求大、对复杂因果关系的不确定性模拟能力不足。而贝叶斯网络能以概率分布代替参数确定值来模拟系统中因果关系的不确定性、同时减少数据需求。本文利用贝叶斯概率网络,选取锡尔河流域为研究对象,量化这一因不合理用水而导致咸海生态危机的跨界内陆河流域“水—能源—食物—生态”纽带中的因果关系。结果表明贝叶斯网络能有效地模拟纽带中因果关系的强弱与不确定性,分析1970—2015年间不同时期影响咸海入湖水量的主要因素。为用水预测与流域水资源利用管理提供了系统性认知的基础,并展现出在较低模型复杂度和成本下建模的潜力。苏联时期,咸海入湖水量对农业开发增长的灌溉用水、上游水库建设的蓄水过程和径流量等较敏感;苏联解体后,咸海入湖水量对下游国家不合理使用的灌溉用水及上游水库蓄水量等节点高度敏感。短期内,需提高洗盐与灌溉用水效率,改良种植结构、增加粮食作物占比,并预防干旱危害;长期而言,通过普及先进滴灌技术,能大幅节约农业用水,在50%和80%的滴灌普及率下,新增咸海入湖水量将达到6.4 km 3和9.6 km 3以上,有望逐步缓解咸海生态危机。 相似文献
14.
民勤湖区水资源与农业发展浅析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
本文从湖区水资源现状出发, 论述了水、盐碱是湖区发展农业生产的主要限制因素。探讨了地下水利用, 因水种植与土地弃耕和轮歇以及储水灌溉定额等问题。提出了解决水的措施; 干旱、盐碱、风沙应统筹考虑, 农林牧水综合治理的观点。建议从有限的水资源中拨出一定数量的水用于种草种树。 相似文献
15.
湖南省农业干旱灾害特征与洪水资源化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
近年来，由于降水时空分布不均，加之人们对水资源的不合理利用等原因，湖南省的农业干旱灾害不仅发生频率高、灾情重，而且具有明显的连季性和连年性，这严重制约该省农业的可持续发展。要从根本上缓解该省的农业旱灾，实现洪水资源化是一条重要的举施，且基于投入产出分析，主要作好4个方面的工作：更新改造与兴建扩建一批水利工程，增大供水量；加强山丘区工程与生物措施的结合，以提高洪水资源率；科学调度大型水库，蓄足洪水资源；利用地下水回灌及实施水系联网工程，增加可用水资源和实现洪水资源化。 相似文献
16.
土库曼斯坦水资源现状及利用问题 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土库曼斯坦地处亚洲中部干旱区西南部,沙漠广布,水资源短缺,是阿姆河等跨界河流水资源的主要消耗区,水资源利用问题及矛盾十分突出。开展该国水资源及其开发利用研究,对研究跨界河流及极度干旱区水资源可持续利用具有重要的借鉴意义。土库曼斯坦是中亚水资源总量最少的国家,河流多数跨界,出入境水量约为233×108 m3,可利用水量远大于国内水资源总量,其中地表水资源总量约为9.39×108 m3,地下水可开采量为5.69×108 m3,而该国最主要的水利工程——卡拉库姆运河调来了阿姆河近1/3的水量,增加了灌溉面积。在水资源利用中,实际用水量的90%以上被用于农业灌溉,工业用水占7%左右,城市生活用水占2%。土库曼斯坦水资源主要靠调水工程和灌渠从界外引入,由于缺乏技术和资金支持,基础设施老化、管理混乱、水资源纷争复杂多变等水资源利用问题十分突出。在全球变化背景下,土库曼斯坦应加强在水资源的合理配置与高效利用、水资源国际合作等方面的工作,合理开发利用水资源。 相似文献
17.
大型山丘平原交错区复杂的自然地理和人类活动特征增加了水文循环研究和水资源评价、管理的难度,地表水地下水耦合模型作为流域/区域水文循环模拟的重要工具,为解决这类大型区域诸多水文水资源问题提供了便利。针对目前地表水地下水耦合模型难以兼顾精度和效率的问题,论文提出了一种新型半松散耦合机制,将三维有限差分地下水流数值模型嵌入半分布式水文模型MODCYCLE,摒弃了目前流行的水文响应单元(HRU)与地下水网格单元空间和信息转换方式,通过建立子流域—网格单元的空间关联和地表水文—地下水流之间的实时信息交互,实现大型山丘平原交错区的地表水地下水耦合模拟。在三江平原构建了模型并开展应用研究。校验评估显示,模型达到了良好的模拟效果,具备了水文循环现状模拟和预测未来的能力。最后,利用该模型输出分析了三江平原2002—2014年的地表水地下水转化关系。结果表明,降水量和农业灌溉量的增加导致全区域土壤水蓄量年均增加6.51亿m3,但却使地表水和地下水储量分别减少0.99亿m3/a和3.03亿m3/a,降水量的增加并没有通过产流和入渗补给改善因用水急剧增加引起的地表水、地下水衰减的趋势;不同分区的降水入渗补给系数和基流指数差异显著,是多种自然和人为因素综合作用的结果。相关成果可为类似地区水文循环研究和水资源评价工作提供参考。 相似文献
18.
干旱区内耕地急剧扩张导致水资源严重超载,进而引发一系列生态问题,因此对干旱区绿洲耕地适宜规模进行科学评估,将为干旱区农业可持续发展与生态保护提供重要参考。本文以水资源为约束条件,选择2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年和2018年5个研究时段,分别测算了适宜当地社会经济发展和生态环境需求的“三生”用水量;并基于绿洲水热平衡原理,耦合作物种植结构、不同生长期内的作物系数以及灌溉保障率、耕地覆膜等因素,构建了干旱区耕地水热平衡估算模型,探讨了不同情景下新疆昌吉州耕地适宜规模及其超载程度。结果表明,5个时段中,临界耕地适宜规模情景下的种植业可用水量由2000年的31.75亿m3波动下降至2018年的24.83亿m3,而最佳耕地适宜规模情景下则由27.63亿m3波动下降至21.10亿m3。棉花和小麦在当地种植业结构中占比之和由43.58%提高到2018年的59.08%,两种作物的低耗水特性使其种植占比的提高有利于当地种植业向耕地规模扩张的方向演进。各时段中,保障充分生态用水的最佳耕地适宜规模在28.93万~48.97万hm2间波动,而保障最低生态用水的临界耕地适宜规模在42.63万~67.83万hm2间波动。虽然两种用水情景下的适宜耕地规模波动变化,但耕地面积超载程度始终呈上升趋势,超载程度分别由2000年处于不超载水平的-55.15%和-39.41%提高到2018年的接近于严重超载级别的19.92%和远超严重超载级别的71.37%,表明当地耕地规模已明显呈现过度开发的趋势。 相似文献
19.
The groundwater table has been declining at a rate of 0.65 m/yr in Luancheng County since large scale groundwater extraction carried out in the 1960s. The drop of precipitation, substantial increase in agricultural output, variations of crop planting structure and construction of water conservancy projects in the headwater area all tie up with the decline of the groundwater table. On the basis of analyzing the hydrogeological conditions and the water resources utilization of Luancheng County, a three-dimensional groundwater flow model was developed to simulate the county’s groundwater flow through finite-difference method using Visual Modflow software. We divide the research field into four parts after analyzing the hydrogeological condition. Based on parameter calibration and adjustment using measured data, the hydraulic conductivity and specific yield were simulated. Using the calibrated model, we analyze the agricultural water saving potentiality and its influence on the groundwater. The results are as follows: (1) if we decrease the amount of water extracted by 0.14×108 m3, the average groundwater table of the five observation wells in December will rise by 0.33 m; (2) if we decrease the water by 0.29× 108 m3, the average groundwater table of the five observation wells in December will rise by 0.64 m; and (3) if we increase the water by 0.29×108 m3, the average groundwater table of the five observation wells in December will decline by 0.45 m. So we can draw a conclusion that controlling the agricultural water use is an important way to prevent the decline of groundwater table. 相似文献
20.
由独山子区、奎屯市和乌苏市组成的“金三角”地区,是天山北坡经济带的重要组成部分,特别是独山子区将利用中亚和克拉玛依原油资源,建成我国最大的石油化工基地。但该地区由于资源性缺水,水资源的供求矛盾日益突出。因此,在实施外流域调水工程之前,为该地区经济社会发展,研究应急水源配置方案是非常必要的。在分析研究水资源开发利用现状的基础上,对奎屯河流域“金三角”地区社会经济发展近、远期各业对水资源的需求进行了分析预测;根据奎屯河流域水资源禀赋条件,奎屯河流域近期可向“金三角”地区提供水量为1.65×108 m3,经水资源供需平衡分析,认为要满足“金三角”地区近期2020年的发展需要还缺水1.95×108 m3,为此提出了近期解决“金三角”地区供水水源和水资源配置方案,并针对行政、经济一体化管理、水资源统一管理、水权与利益补偿、应急工程建设规模等重要问题进行了分析讨论;指出奎屯河流域平原区地下水可开采量将随着灌区配套工程建设、田间及渠系渗漏补给量的减少会有所减少,而且该区域地下水位已呈明显的下降趋势,应当谨慎评估地下水的可供水量;“金三角”地区应急供水方案需压减奎屯河流域灌溉面积2.33×104 hm2,至少涉及10×104涉农人口的安置和补偿问题,而且工程投资大,最佳的方案还是加快外流域调水工程的实施。对于加速“金三角”地区新型工业化、新型城镇化建设提供水资源保障,具有一定的借鉴、指导作用。 相似文献